Abstract
The study of the performance of the probes in the water-based Aqueous Particle Sensor II (APS II) and the metal-based Liquid Metal Cleanliness Analyzer (LiMCA) systems employing the mathematical model developed in Part I shows that the currently used parabolically shaped orifice is favorable for particle detection by providing a uniform and stable flow field and a parallel distributed electric current at the throat of the orifice. Combined with the Ohmic model of the electric sensing zone (ESZ), which correlates the ESZ resistance change with particle position within the ESZ, the model predicts that larger particles have longer transient times than do smaller ones, that less denser particles have shorter transient times than do more denser particles of the same size in water and metal based LiMCA systems. Differences in transient times become more pronounced the larger the inclusions, in keeping with experimental data. In the metal-based LiMCA system, conducting and nonconducting inclusions can be readily discriminated from one another as they generate negative and positive peak signals, respectively. The results prove that inclusion discrimination on the basis of particle density difference is realizable in a water-based LiMCA system and, from a theoretical standpoint, that particles of different density and conductivity in molten metals are potentially distinguishable with a LiMCA system using digital signal processing (DSP) technology. The APS II system has been successfully used in the physical modeling of some metallurgical operations and the LiMCA system in a broad range of applications in various molten metals.
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Abbreviations
- C in :
-
concentration of suspended inclusions at inlet (kg−1)
- C out :
-
concentration of suspended inclusions at outlet (kg−1)
- d w :
-
average diameter of filter webs (m)
- E :
-
electromotive force of a battery (V)
- h :
-
height position in cylindrical ladle
- H :
-
ladle height
- h b :
-
bubble penetration depth in the building type of powder injection regime
- I o :
-
electric current inside an ESZ in the absence of a particle (A)
- J max :
-
disengagement distance in powder injection processes
- L filter :
-
length of a filter (m)
- N 20 :
-
number of inclusions of size greater or equal to 20 µm (kg−1)
- N 25 :
-
number of inclusions of size greater or equal to 25 µm (kg−1)
- N in :
-
number density of inclusions per unit volume at the inlet of a tundish
- N out :
-
number density of inclusions per unit volume at the outlet of a tundish
- Q :
-
volumetric gas flow rate
- r :
-
radial position in a cylindrical ladle
- R AB :
-
electrical resistance between the electrodes without a particle (ohm)
- R B :
-
ballast resistance (ohm)
- ΔR AB :
-
electrical resistance increase generated by the passage of a particle (ohm)
- R ladle :
-
radius of a cylindrical ladle
- u s :
-
Stokes velocity of an inclusion
- V AB :
-
electrical potential between the electrodes without a particle (V)
- ΔV AB :
-
electrical potential increase generated by the passage of a particle (V)
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Guthrie, R.I.L., Li, M. In Situ detection of inclusions in liquid metals: Part II. Metallurgical applications of LiMCA systems. Metall Mater Trans B 32, 1081–1093 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-001-0096-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-001-0096-5