Abstract
Capable of measuring volatile biomarker produced by the metabolism from several secretion pathways, flexible and stretchable metal oxide gas sensors have received increasing attention and their development for healthcare starts to gain momentum. Integration of semiconducting metal oxide on a soft, thin, flexible substrate is the key to enable the flexible property to the gas sensor and such integration typically involves either a direct growth or post transfer of the metal oxide on or to the flexible substrate. In addition to the planar plastic substrate, textile represents another important class of flexible substrates due to its ease of integration with clothing. Moreover, the integration of metal oxide on a single fiber provides a great versatility for different applications. Though flexible sensors can easily conform to the developable surface (e.g., cylinder or cone) from a bending deformation, the conformal contact between the sensor and the tissue surface that is often non-developable requires the sensor to be capable of stretching. Due to the intrinsically brittle nature of the semiconducting metal oxide, several stretchable structures have been explored. Despite the great strides made to the burgeoning area of flexible and stretchable metal oxide gas sensors, grand challenges still need to be overcome before the technology can be applied for the practical application. The selected challenges discussed in this mini-review also represent a fraction of possibilities and opportunities for the research community in the future.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Patel S, Park H, Bonato P, et al. A review of wearable sensors and systems with application in rehabilitation. J NeuroEng Rehabil, 2012, 9: 21
Trung T Q, Lee N E. Flexible and stretchable physical sensor integrated platforms for wearable human-activity monitoringand personal healthcare. Adv Mater, 2016, 28: 4338–4372
Cheng J P, Wang J, Li Q Q, et al. A review of recent developments in tin dioxide composites for gas sensing application. J Industrial Eng Chem, 2016, 44: 1–22
Mirzaei A, Leonardi S G, Neri G. Detection of hazardous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by metal oxide nanostructures-based gas sensors: A review. Ceramics Int, 2016, 42: 15119–15141
Reid M, Reid R D, Oswal P, et al. NaDos: A real-time, wearable, personal exposure monitor for hazardous organic vapors. Senss Actuators B-Chem, 2018, 255: 2996–3003
Kahn N, Lavie O, Paz M, et al. Dynamic nanoparticle-based flexible sensors: Diagnosis of ovarian carcinoma from exhaled breath. Nano Lett, 2015, 15: 7023–7028
Yamada Y, Hiyama S, Toyooka T, et al. Ultratrace measurement of acetone from skin using zeolite: Toward development of a wearable monitor of fat metabolism. Anal Chem, 2015, 87: 7588–7594
Kim J, Valdés-Ramírez G, Bandodkar A J, et al. Non-invasive mouthguard biosensor for continuous salivary monitoring of metabolites. Analyst, 2014, 139: 1632–1636
Banday K M, Pasikanti K K, Chan E C Y, et al. Use of urine volatile organic compounds to discriminate tuberculosis patients from healthy subjects. Anal Chem, 2011, 83: 5526–5534
Alwis K U, Blount B C, Britt A S, et al. Simultaneous analysis of 28 urinary VOC metabolites using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI/MSMS). Anal Chim Acta, 2012, 750: 152–160
Tricoli A, Nasiri N, De S. Wearable and miniaturized sensor technologies for personalized and preventive medicine. Adv Funct Mater, 2017, 27: 1605271
Feng F, Zheng J, Qin P, et al. A novel quartz crystal microbalance sensor array based on molecular imprinted polymers for simultaneous detection of clenbuterol and its metabolites. Talanta, 2017, 167: 94–102
Ding B, Kim J, Miyazaki Y, et al. Electrospun nanofibrous membranes coated quartz crystal microbalance as gas sensor for NH3 detection. Senss Actuators B-Chem, 2004, 101: 373–380
Rana L, Gupta R, Kshetrimayum R, et al. Fabrication of surface acoustic wave based wireless NO2 gas sensor. Surf Coatings Tech, 2018, 343: 89–92
Devkota J, Kim K J, Ohodnicki P R, et al. Zeolitic imidazolate framework-coated acoustic sensors for room temperature detection of carbon dioxide and methane. Nanoscale, 2018, 10: 8075–8087
Jildeh Z B, Oberländer J, Kirchner P, et al. Thermocatalytic behavior of manganese (IV) oxide as nanoporous material on the dissociation of a gas mixture containing hydrogen peroxide. Nanomaterials, 2018, 8: 262
Soltis R E. Zirconia-based electrochemical oxygen sensor for accurately determining water vapor concentration. ECS Trans, 2013, 50: 295–300
Ivers-Tiffée E, Härdtl K H, Menesklou W, et al. Principles of solid state oxygen sensors for lean combustion gas control. Electrochim Acta, 2001, 47: 807–814
Fahad H M, Shiraki H, Amani M, et al. Room temperature multiplexed gas sensing using chemical-sensitive 3.5-nm-thin silicon transistors. Sci Adv, 2017, 3: e1602557–9
Bohrer F I, Colesniuc C N, Park J, et al. Comparative gas sensing in cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, and metal-free phthalocyanine chemiresistors. J Am Chem Soc, 2009, 131: 478–485
Marešová E, Tomecek D, Fitl P, et al. Textile chemiresistors with sensitive layers based on polymer ionic liquids: Applicability for detection of toxic gases and chemical warfare agents. Senss Actuators B-Chem, 2018, 266: 830–840
Banica F G. Chemical Sensors and Biosensors: Fundamentals and Applications. John Wiley & Sons, 2012
Dey A. Semiconductor metal oxide gas sensors: A review. Mater Sci Eng-B, 2018, 229: 206–217
Hahn Y B, Ahmad R, Tripathy N. Chemical and biological sensors based on metal oxide nanostructures. Chem Commun, 2012, 48: 10369
Kim H J, Lee J H. Highly sensitive and selective gas sensors using ptype oxide semiconductors: Overview. Senss Actuators B-Chem, 2014, 192: 607–627
Rashid T R, Phan D T, Chung G S. A flexible hydrogen sensor based on Pd nanoparticles decorated ZnO nanorods grown on polyimide tape. Senss Actuators B-Chem, 2013, 185: 777–784
Ye Z, Jiang Y, Tai H, et al. The investigation of reduced graphene oxide@SnO2–polyaniline composite thin films for ammonia detection at room temperature. J Mater Sci-Mater Electron, 2014, 26: 833–841
Singh G, Choudhary A, Haranath D, et al. ZnO decorated luminescent graphene as a potential gas sensor at room temperature. Carbon, 2012, 50: 385–394
Kim J W, Porte Y, Ko K Y, et al. Micropatternable double-faced ZnO nanoflowers for flexible gas sensor. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2017, 9: 32876–32886
Liu J, Li S, Zhang B, et al. Ultrasensitive and low detection limit of nitrogen dioxide gas sensor based on flower-like ZnO hierarchical nanostructure modified by reduced graphene oxide. Senss Actuators B-Chem, 2017, 249: 715–724
Rui K, Wang X, Du M, et al. Dual-function metal–organic framework-based wearable fibers for gas probing and energy storage. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2018, 10: 2837–2842
Lahlalia A, Filipovic L, Selberherr S. Modeling and simulation of novel semiconducting metal oxide gas sensors for wearable devices. IEEE Senss J, 2018, 18: 1960–1970
Park J, Kim J, Kim K, et al. Wearable, wireless gas sensors using highly stretchable and transparent structures of nanowires and graphene. Nanoscale, 2016, 8: 10591–10597
Comini E. Metal oxide nanowire chemical sensors: Innovation and quality of life. Mater Today, 2016, 19: 559–567
Hanf S, Bögözi T, Keiner R, et al. Fast and highly sensitive fiberenhanced Raman spectroscopic monitoring of molecular H2 and CH4 for point-of-care diagnosis of malabsorption disorders in exhaled human breath. Anal Chem, 2014, 87: 982–988
Mridha S, Basak D. Investigation of a p-CuO/n-ZnO thin film heterojunction for H2 gas-sensor applications. Semicond Sci Technol, 2006, 21: 928–932
Moon H G, Jung Y, Han S D, et al. Chemiresistive electronic nose toward detection of biomarkers in exhaled breath. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2016, 8: 20969–20976
Zampetti E, Pantalei S, Muzyczuk A, et al. A high sensitive NO2 gas sensor based on PEDOT–PSS/TiO2 nanofibres. Senss Actuators BChem, 2013, 176: 390–398
Vreman H J, Stevenson D K, Oh W, et al. Semiportable electrochemical instrument for determining carbon monoxide in breath. Clin Chem, 1994, 40: 1927–1933
Bârsan N, Weimar U. Understanding the fundamental principles of metal oxide based gas sensors: The example of CO sensing with SnO2 sensors in the presence of humidity. J Phys Condens Mat, 2003, 15: R813
Chatterjee M, Ge X, Kostov Y, et al. A rate-based transcutaneous CO2 sensor for noninvasive respiration monitoring. Physiol Meas, 2015, 36: 883–894
Gouma P, Kalyanasundaram K, Yun X, et al. Nanosensor and breath analyzer for ammonia detection in exhaled human breath. IEEE Senss J, 2010, 10: 49–53
Sun C, Dutta P K. Selective detection of part per billion concentrations of ammonia using a p–n semiconducting oxide heterostructure. Senss Actuators B-Chem, 2016, 226: 156–169
Arena A, Donato N, Saitta G, et al. Flexible ethanol sensors on glossy paper substrates operating at room temperature. Senss Actuators B-Chem, 2010, 145: 488–494
Zhan S, Li D, Liang S, et al. A novel flexible room temperature ethanol gas sensor based on SnO2 doped poly-diallyldimethylammonium chloride. Sensors, 2013, 13: 4378–4389
Righettoni M, Tricoli A. Toward portable breath acetone analysis for diabetes detection. J Breath Res, 2011, 5: 037109
Righettoni M, Tricoli A, Pratsinis S E. Si:WO3 sensors for highly selective detection of acetone for easy diagnosis of diabetes by breath analysis. Anal Chem, 2010, 82: 3581–3587
Franke M E, Koplin T J, Simon U. Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles in chemiresistors: Does the nanoscale matter? Small, 2006, 2: 36–50
Barsan N, Koziej D, Weimar U. Metal oxide-based gas sensor research: How to? Senss Actuators B-Chem, 2007, 121: 18–35
Weisz P B. Effects of electronic charge transfer between adsorbate and solid on chemisorption and catalysis. J Chem Phys, 1953, 21: 1531–1538
Madou M J, Morrison S R. Chemical sensing with solid state devices. Elsevier, 1989
Bag A K, Tudu B, Roy J, et al. Optimization of sensor array in electronic nose: A rough set-based approach. IEEE Senss J, 2011, 11: 3001–3008
Miller D R, Akbar S A, Morris P A. Corrigendum to nanoscale metal oxide-based heterojunctions for gas sensing: A review. Senss Actuators B-Chem, 2015, 211: 569–570
Uddin A S M I, Yaqoob U, Phan D T, et al. A novel flexible acetylene gas sensor based on PI/PTFE-supported Ag-loaded vertical ZnO nanorods array. Senss Actuators B-Chem, 2016, 222: 536–543
Comini E. Integration of metal oxide nanowires in flexible gas sensing devices. Sensors, 2013, 13: 10659–10673
Nadarajah A, Word R C, Meiss J, et al. Flexible inorganic nanowire light-emitting diode. Nano Lett, 2008, 8: 534–537
Ahn H, Park J H, Kim S B, et al. Vertically aligned ZnO nanorod sensor on flexible substrate for ethanol gas monitoring. Electrochem Solid-State Lett, 2010, 13: J125
Shim J B, Kim H S, Chang H, et al. Growth and optical properties of aluminum-doped zinc oxide nanostructures on flexible substrates in flexible electronics. J Mater Sci-Mater Electron, 2011, 22: 1350–1356
Manekkathodi A, Lu M Y, Wang C W, et al. Direct growth of aligned zinc oxide nanorods on paper substrates for low-cost flexible electronics. Adv Mater, 2010, 22: 4059–4063
Gullapalli H, Vemuru V S M, Kumar A, et al. Flexible piezoelectric ZnO-paper nanocomposite strain sensor. Small, 2010, 6: 1641–1646
Artzi-Gerlitz R, Benkstein K D, Lahr D L, et al. Fabrication and gas sensing performance of parallel assemblies of metal oxide nanotubes supported by porous aluminum oxide membranes. Senss Actuators B-Chem, 2009, 136: 257–264
Zang W, Nie Y, Zhu D, et al. Core–Shell In2O3/ZnO nanoarray nanogenerator as a self-powered active gas sensor with high H2S sensitivity and selectivity at room temperature. J Phys Chem C, 2014, 118: 9209–9216
Bai S, Tian Y, Cui M, et al. Polyaniline@SnO2 heterojunction loading on flexible PET thin film for detection of NH3 at room temperature. Senss Actuators B-Chem, 2016, 226: 540–547
Yi J, Lee J M, Park W I. Vertically aligned ZnO nanorods and graphene hybrid architectures for high-sensitive flexible gas sensors. Senss Actuators B-Chem, 2011, 155: 264–269
Zhou J, Xu N, Wang Z. Dissolving behavior and stability of ZnO wires in biofluids: A study on biodegradability and biocompatibility of ZnO nanostructures. Adv Mater, 2006, 18: 2432–2435
Zappa D, Comini E, Zamani R, et al. Preparation of copper oxide nanowire-based conductometric chemical sensors. Senss Actuators B-Chem, 2013, 182: 7–15
Mema R, Yuan L, Du Q, et al. Effect of surface stresses on CuO nanowire growth in the thermal oxidation of copper. Chem Phys Lett, 2011, 512: 87–91
Deshpande N G, Gudage Y G, Sharma R, et al. Studies on tin oxideintercalated polyaniline nanocomposite for ammonia gas sensing applications. Senss Actuators B-Chem, 2009, 138: 76–84
Prasad A K, Kubinski D J, Gouma P I. Comparison of sol–gel and ion beam deposited MoO3 thin film gas sensors for selective ammonia detection. Senss Actuators B-Chem, 2003, 93: 25–30
Yaqoob U, Phan D T, Uddin A S M I, et al. Highly flexible room temperature NO2 sensor based on MWCNTs-WO3 nanoparticles hybrid on a PET substrate. Senss Actuators B-Chem, 2015, 221: 760–768
Karunagaran B, Uthirakumar P, Chung S J, et al. TiO2 thin film gas sensor for monitoring ammonia. Mater Charact, 2007, 58: 680–684
Perillo P M, Rodríguez D F. Low temperature trimethylamine flexible gas sensor based on TiO2 membrane nanotubes. J Alloys Compd, 2016, 657: 765–769
Li S, Lin P, Zhao L, et al. The room temperature gas sensor based on polyaniline@flower-like WO3 nanocomposites and flexible PET substrate for NH3 detection. Senss Actuators B-Chem, 2018, 259: 505–513
Galstyan V, Vomiero A, Comini E, et al. TiO2 nanotubular and nanoporous arrays by electrochemical anodization on different substrates. RSC Adv, 2011, 1: 1038–1044
Galstyan V, Comini E, Vomiero A, et al. Fabrication of pure and Nb–TiO2 nanotubes and their functional properties. J Alloys Compd, 2012, 536: S488–S490
Fan Z, Ho J C, Takahashi T, et al. Toward the development of printable nanowire electronics and sensors. Adv Mater, 2009, 21: 3730–3743
Carlson A, Bowen A M, Huang Y, et al. Transfer printing techniques for materials assembly and micro/nanodevice fabrication. Adv Mater, 2012, 24: 5284–5318
Gao Y, Cheng H. Assembly of heterogeneous materials for biology and electronics: From bio-inspiration to bio-integration. J Electron Packag, 2017, 139: 020801
Yu Q, Chen F, Zhou H, et al. Design and analysis of magneticassisted transfer printing. J Appl Mech, 2018, 85: 101009
Jeong H Y, Lee D S, Choi H K, et al. Flexible room-temperature NO2 gas sensors based on carbon nanotubes/reduced graphene hybrid films. Appl Phys Lett, 2010, 96: 213105
Kumaresan Y, Lee R, Lim N, et al. Extremely flexible indium-gallium-zinc oxide (IGZO) based electronic devices placed on an ultrathin poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) substrate. Adv Electron Mater, 2018, 4: 1800167
Zheng Z Q, Yao J D, Wang B, et al. Light-controlling, flexible and transparent ethanol gas sensor based on ZnO nanoparticles for wearable devices. Sci Rep, 2015, 5: 11070
Choi S J, Choi H J, Koo W T, et al. Metal–organic frameworktemplated PdO-Co3O4 nanocubes functionalized by SWCNTs: Improved NO2 reaction kinetics on flexible heating film. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2017, 9: 40593–40603
McAlpine M C, Ahmad H, Wang D, et al. Highly ordered nanowire arrays on plastic substrates for ultrasensitive flexible chemical sensors. Nat Mater, 2007, 6: 379–384
Geng C, Jiang Y, Yao Y, et al. Well-aligned ZnO nanowire arrays fabricated on silicon substrates. Adv Funct Mater, 2004, 14: 589–594
Duan X, Niu C, Sahi V, et al. High-performance thin-film transistors using semiconductor nanowires and nanoribbons. Nature, 2003, 425: 274–278
Huang Y, Duan X, Wei Q, et al. Directed assembly of one-dimensional nanostructures into functional networks. Science, 2001, 291: 630–633
Li X, Zhang L, Wang X, et al. Langmuir-Blodgett assembly of densely aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes from bulk materials. J Am Chem Soc, 2007, 129: 4890–4891
Jin S, Whang D, McAlpine M C, et al. Scalable interconnection and integration of nanowire devices without registration. Nano Lett, 2004, 4: 915–919
Tao A, Kim F, Hess C, et al. Langmuir-Blodgett silver nanowire monolayers for molecular sensing using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Nano Lett, 2003, 3: 1229–1233
Yu G, Cao A, Lieber C M. Large-area blown bubble films of aligned nanowires and carbon nanotubes. Nat Nanotech, 2007, 2: 372–377
Dong L, Bush J, Chirayos V, et al. Dielectrophoretically controlled fabrication of single-crystal nickel silicide nanowire interconnects. Nano Lett, 2005, 5: 2112–2115
Englander O, Christensen D, Kim J, et al. Electric-field assisted growth and self-assembly of intrinsic silicon nanowires. Nano Lett, 2005, 5: 705–708
Takahashi T, Takei K, Ho J C, et al. Monolayer resist for patterned contact printing of aligned nanowire arrays. J Am Chem Soc, 2009, 131: 2102–2103
Fan Z, Ho J C, Jacobson Z A, et al. Large-scale, heterogeneous integration of nanowire arrays for image sensor circuitry. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2008, 105: 11066–11070
Fan Z, Ho J C, Jacobson Z A, et al. Wafer-scale assembly of highly ordered semiconductor nanowire arrays by contact printing. Nano Lett, 2008, 8: 20–25
Yao J, Yan H, Lieber C M. A nanoscale combing technique for the large-scale assembly of highly aligned nanowires. Nat Nanotech, 2013, 8: 329–335
Ishikawa F N, Chang H K, Ryu K, et al. Transparent electronics based on transfer printed aligned carbon nanotubes on rigid and flexible substrates. ACS Nano, 2009, 3: 73–79
Chen P C, Sukcharoenchoke S, Ryu K, et al. 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) chemical sensing based on aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes and ZnO nanowires. Adv Mater, 2010, 22: 1900–1904
Huang H, Liang B, Liu Z, et al. Metal oxide nanowire transistors. J Mater Chem, 2012, 22: 13428–13445
Lim Z H, Chia Z X, Kevin M, et al. A facile approach towards ZnO nanorods conductive textile for room temperature multifunctional sensors. Senss Actuators B-Chem, 2010, 151: 121–126
Kinkeldei T, Zysset C, Münzenrieder N, et al. An electronic nose on flexible substrates integrated into a smart textile. Senss Actuators BChem, 2012, 174: 81–86
Subbiah D K, Mani G K, Babu K J, et al. Nanostructured ZnO on cotton fabrics–A novel flexible gas sensor & UV filter. J Cleaner Production, 2018, 194: 372–382
Yang A, Tao X, Wang R, et al. Room temperature gas sensing properties of SnO2/multiwall-carbon-nanotube composite nanofibers. Appl Phys Lett, 2007, 91: 133110
Tonezzer M, Lacerda R G. Zinc oxide nanowires on carbon microfiber as flexible gas sensor. Physica E-Low-dimensional Syst NanoStruct, 2012, 44: 1098–1102
Kim D H, Rogers J A. Stretchable electronics: Materials strategies and devices. Adv Mater, 2008, 20: 4887–4892
Rogers J A, Someya T, Huang Y. Materials and mechanics for stretchable electronics. Science, 2010, 327: 1603–1607
Cheng H, Yi N. Dissolvable tattoo sensors: From science fiction to a viable technology. Phys Scr, 2017, 92: 013001
Zhu J, Dexheimer M, Cheng H. Reconfigurable systems for multifunctional electronics. npj Flex Electron, 2017, 1: 8
Khang D Y, Jiang H, Huang Y, et al. A stretchable form of singlecrystal silicon for high-performance electronics on rubber substrates. Science, 2006, 311: 208–212
Cheng H, Song J. A simply analytic study of buckled thin films on compliant substrates. J Appl Mech, 2013, 81: 024501
Cheng H, Zhang Y, Hwang K C, et al. Buckling of a stiff thin film on a pre-strained bi-layer substrate. Int J Solids Struct, 2014, 51: 3113–3118
Kim D H, Song J, Mook Choi W, et al. Materials and noncoplanar mesh designs for integrated circuits with linear elastic responses to extreme mechanical deformations. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2008, 105: 18675–18680
Xu S, Zhang Y, Cho J, et al. Stretchable batteries with self-similar serpentine interconnects and integrated wireless recharging systems. Nat Commun, 2013, 4: 1543
Zhang Y, Fu H, Su Y, et al. Mechanics of ultra-stretchable selfsimilar serpentine interconnects. Acta Mater, 2013, 61: 7816–7827
Yu Q, Chen F, Li M, et al. Buckling analysis of stiff thin films suspended on a substrate with tripod surface relief structure. Appl Phys Lett, 2017, 111: 121904
Cheng H, Wu J, Li M, et al. An analytical model of strain isolation for stretchable and flexible electronics. Appl Phys Lett, 2011, 98: 061902
Lee J, Wu J, Shi M, et al. Stretchable GaAs photovoltaics with designs that enable high areal coverage. Adv Mater, 2011, 23: 986–991
Liu Z, Cheng H, Wu J. Mechanics of solar module on structured substrates. J Appl Mech, 2014, 81: 064502
Kang D, Pikhitsa P V, Choi Y W, et al. Ultrasensitive mechanical crack-based sensor inspired by the spider sensory system. Nature, 2014, 516: 222–226
Liu Z, Yu M, Lv J, et al. Dispersed, porous nanoislands landing on stretchable nanocrack gold films: Maintenance of stretchability and controllable impedance. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2014, 6: 13487–13495
Won Y, Kim A, Yang W, et al. A highly stretchable, helical copper nanowire conductor exhibiting a stretchability of 700%. NPG Asia Mater, 2014, 6: e132
Xu S, Yan Z, Jang K I, et al. Assembly of micro/nanomaterials into complex, three-dimensional architectures by compressive buckling. Science, 2015, 347: 154–159
Song Z, Ma T, Tang R, et al. Origami lithium-ion batteries. Nat Commun, 2014, 5: 3140
Yan Z, Zhang F, Wang J, et al. Controlled mechanical buckling for origami-inspired construction of 3D microstructures in advanced materials. Adv Funct Mater, 2016, 26: 2629–2639
Blees M K, Barnard A W, Rose P A, et al. Graphene kirigami. Nature, 2015, 524: 204–207
Song Z, Wang X, Lv C, et al. Kirigami-based stretchable lithium-ion batteries. Sci Rep, 2015, 5: 10988
Park J, Lee Y, Hong J, et al. Tactile-direction-sensitive and stretchable electronic skins based on human-skin-inspired interlocked microstructures. ACS Nano, 2014, 8: 12020–12029
Ha M, Lim S, Park J, et al. Bioinspired interlocked and hierarchical design of ZnO nanowire arrays for static and dynamic pressuresensitive electronic skins. Adv Funct Mater, 2015, 25: 2841–2849
Song Z, Huang Z, Liu J, et al. Fully stretchable and humidity-resistant quantum dot gas sensors. ACS Sens, 2018, 3: 1048–1055
Song Z, Xu S, Liu J, et al. Enhanced catalytic activity of SnO2 quantum dot films employing atomic ligand-exchange strategy for fast response H2S gas sensors. Senss Actuators B-Chem, 2018, 271: 147–156
Kim D, Kim D, Lee H, et al. Body-attachable and stretchable multisensors integrated with wirelessly rechargeable energy storage devices. Adv Mater, 2016, 28: 748–756
Gutruf P, Zeller E, Walia S, et al. Stretchable and tunable microtectonic ZnO-based sensors and photonics. Small, 2015, 11: 4532–4539
Liao X, Liao Q, Zhang Z, et al. A highly stretchable ZnO@fiberbased multifunctional nanosensor for strain/temperature/UV detection. Adv Funct Mater, 2016, 26: 3074–3081
Gutruf P, Shah C M, Walia S, et al. Transparent functional oxide stretchable electronics: Micro-tectonics enabled high strain electrodes. NPG Asia Mater, 2013, 5
Mishra Y K, Kaps S, Schuchardt A, et al. Fabrication of macroscopically flexible and highly porous 3D semiconductor networks from interpenetrating nanostructures by a simple flame transport approach. Part Part Syst Charact, 2013, 30: 775–783
Paulowicz I, Hrkac V, Kaps S, et al. Three-dimensional SnO2 nanowire networks for multifunctional applications: From high-temperature stretchable ceramics to ultraresponsive sensors. Adv Electron Mater, 2015, 1: 1500081
Zhang R Q, Lifshitz Y, Lee S T. Oxide-assisted growth of semiconducting nanowires. Adv Mater, 2003, 15: 635–640
Wang Z L. Nanobelts, nanowires, and nanodiskettes of semiconducting oxides—From materials to nanodevices. Adv Mater, 2003, 15: 432–436
Liu H, Li M, Voznyy O, et al. Physically flexible, rapid-response gas sensor based on colloidal quantum dot solids. Adv Mater, 2014, 26: 2718–2724
Song Z, Wei Z, Wang B, et al. Sensitive room-temperature H2S gas sensors employing SnO2 quantum wire/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites. Chem Mater, 2016, 28: 1205–1212
Prades J D, Jimenez-Diaz R, Hernandez-Ramirez F, et al. Harnessing self-heating in nanowires for energy efficient, fully autonomous and ultra-fast gas sensors. Senss Actuators B-Chem, 2010, 144: 1–5
Prades J D, Jimenez-Diaz R, Hernandez-Ramirez F, et al. Ultralow power consumption gas sensors based on self-heated individual nanowires. Appl Phys Lett, 2008, 93: 123110
Prades J D, Jimenez-Diaz R, Hernandez-Ramirez F, et al. Equivalence between thermal and room temperature UV light-modulated responses of gas sensors based on individual SnO2 nanowires. Senss Actuators B-Chem, 2009, 140: 337–341
Law M, Kind H, Messer B, et al. Photochemical sensing of NO2 with SnO2 nanoribbon nanosensors at room temperature. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2002, 41: 2405–2408
Comini E, Faglia G, Sberveglieri G. UV light activation of tin oxide thin films for NO2 sensing at low temperatures. Senss Actuators BChem, 2001, 78: 73–77
Comini E, Ottini L, Faglia G, et al. light activation of tin oxide thin films for UV activation for CO monitoring. IEEE Senss J, 2004, 4: 17–20
Comini E, Cristalli A, Faglia G, et al. Light enhanced gas sensing properties of indium oxide and tin dioxide sensors. Senss Actuators B-Chem, 2000, 65: 260–263
de Lacy Costello B P J, Ewen R J, Ratcliffe N M, et al. Highly sensitive room temperature sensors based on the UV-LED activation of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Senss Actuators B-Chem, 2008, 134: 945–952
Tien N T, Jeon S, Kim D I, et al. A flexible bimodal sensor array for simultaneous sensing of pressure and temperature. Adv Mater, 2014, 26: 796–804
Peng G, Tisch U, Adams O, et al. Diagnosing lung cancer in exhaled breath using gold nanoparticles. Nat Nanotech, 2009, 4: 669–673
Kim N H, Choi S J, Yang D J, et al. Highly sensitive and selective hydrogen sulfide and toluene sensors using Pd functionalized WO3 nanofibers for potential diagnosis of halitosis and lung cancer. Senss Actuators B-Chem, 2014, 193: 574–581
Lai X, Cao K, Shen G, et al. Ordered mesoporous NiFe2O4 with ultrathin framework for low-ppb toluene sensing. Sci Bull, 2018, 63: 187–193
Oprea A, Courbat J, Briand D, et al. Environmental monitoring with a multisensor platform on polyimide foil. Senss Actuators B-Chem, 2012, 171–172: 190–197
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zheng, X., Cheng, H. Flexible and stretchable metal oxide gas sensors for healthcare. Sci. China Technol. Sci. 62, 209–223 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-018-9397-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-018-9397-5