Summary
Data from 1218 cases of childhood brain tumors (CBT) diagnosed between 1976 and 1994 and 2223 matched controls from the general population were included in an analysis of maternal beauty product exposure and beauty-related employment in 9 centers in 7 countries. A 50% increased odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.0–2.1] for CBT was observed among children of mothers who were exposed via personal use of and/or possible ambient contact with beauty products during the 5 years preceding the index child’s birth compared with children of mothers never exposed to beauty products during this time period. Overall maternal personal use of hair-coloring agents in the month before or during the pregnancy of the index child’s birth was not associated with CBT (OR = 1.0, CI = 0.83–1.3) or with astroglial (OR = 1.1, CI = 0.85–1.4), PNET (OR = 1.0, CI = 0.71–1.5) and other glial subtypes (OR = 1.0, CI = 0.62–1.0). Similarly, no statistically increased ORs or discernable pattern of risk estimates were observed for period of use or for number of applications per year for maternal personal use of hair-coloring agents overall or by histologic type. Among children born on or after 1980, increased ORs for CBT were associated with maternal non-work-related exposure to any beauty products (OR = 2.6, CI = 1.2–5.9), hair-dyes (OR = 11, CI = 1.2–90), and hair sprays (OR = 3.4, CI = 1.0–11). No overall increased OR for CBT was observed among children of mothers employed in beauty-related jobs during the 5 years preceding the index child’s birth compared with those who reported no beauty-related employment. In general, other specific beauty product-related exposures were not associated with increased ORs for CBT. Data from our study provide little evidence of an increased risk for CBT with mothers’ exposures to beauty products.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Abbreviations
- BRONOPOL:
-
2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol;
- CBT:
-
childhood brain tumors
- CI:
-
confidence intervals
- EMF:
-
electromagnetic fields
- 4-EMPD:
-
4-ethoxy-M-phenylenediamine sulfate
- ICD-O:
-
International Classification of Disease-Oncology
- ISCO:
-
International Classification of Occupations
- 4-MMPD:
-
4-methoxy-meta-phenylenediamine
- NDELA:
-
N-nitrosodiethanolamine
- NOC:
-
N-nitroso compounds
- NOS:
-
not-otherwise-specified
- OR:
-
odds ratio
- PNET:
-
primitive neuroectodermal tumors
- SD:
-
standard deviation
- SEARCH:
-
Surveillance of Environmental Aspects Related to Cancer in Humans
References
L Ries M Eisner C Kosary B Hankey B Miller L Clegg A Mariotto M Fay E Feuer B Edwards (Eds) (2000) SEER Cancer Statistics Review National Cancer Institute Bethesda 1975–2000
J Gurney M Smith G Bunin (1999) Chapter III: CNS and miscellaneous intracranial and intraspinal neoplasms L Ries M Smith J Gurney M Linet T Tamra J Young G Bunin (Eds) Cancer Incidence and Survival among Children and Adolescents: United States SEER Program 1975–1995. National Cancer Institute, SEER Program.NIH Pub Bethesda, MD 51–63
G Bunin J Buckley C Boesel L Rorke A Meadows (1994) ArticleTitleRisk factors for astrocytic glioma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the brain in young children: a report from the children’s cancer group Cancer Epidemiol Biomarker Prev 3 197–204 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByuB1M%2Fis1M%3D
R Kuijten G Bunin C Nass A Meadows (1990) ArticleTitleGestational and familial risk factors for childhood astrocytoma: results of a case–control study Cancer Res 50 2608–2612 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:By%2BB38jmt10%3D Occurrence Handle2328486
S Preston-Martin M Yu B Benton B Henderson (1982) ArticleTitleN-nitroso compounds and childhood brain tumors: a case–control study Cancer Res 42 5240–5245 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BiyD2M%2FmvFE%3D Occurrence Handle7139628
M McCredie P Maisonneuve P Boyle (1994) ArticleTitleAntenatal risk factors for malignant brain tumours in New South Wales children Int J Cancer 56 6–10 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByuD1cnhs1Y%3D Occurrence Handle8262678
E Holly P Bracci M Hong B Mueller S Preston-Martin (2002) ArticleTitleWest Coast study of childhood brain tumours and maternal use of hair-colouring products Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 16 226–235 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-3016.2002.00420.x Occurrence Handle12123435
S Cordier L Mandereau S Preston-Martin J Little F Lubin B Mueller E Holly G Filippini R Peris-Bonet M McCredie N Choi A Arsla (2001) ArticleTitleParental occupations and childhood brain tumors: results of an international case–control study Cancer Causes Control 12 865–874 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1012277703631 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MnmvVajuw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle11714115
R Kuijten G Bunin C Nass A Meadows (1992) ArticleTitleParental occupation and childhood astrocytoma: results of a case–control study Cancer Res 52 782–786 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:By2C2crmtFI%3D Occurrence Handle1737337
R McKean-Cowdin S Preston-Martin J Pogoda E Holly B Mueller R Davis (1998) ArticleTitleParental occupation and childhood brain tumors: astroglial and primitive neuroectodermal tumors J Occup Environ Med 40 332–340 Occurrence Handle10.1097/00043764-199804000-00007 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1c3jtlSitw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle9571524
A Groot Particlede J Weyland J Nater (1994) Unwanted Effects of Cosmetics and Drugs Used in Dermatology EditionNumber3 Elsevier Amsterdam
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk to Humans, Vol. 35. Polnuclear Aromatic Compounds, Part 4: Bitumens, Coal-Tars and Derived Products, Shale-Oils and Soots. Lyon, 1985
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk to Humans, Vol. 57. Occupational Exposures of Hairdressers and Barbers and Personal Use of Hair Colourants; Some Hair Dyes, Cosmetic Colourants, Industrial Dyestuffs and Aromatic Amines. Lyon, 1993
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk to Humans, Vol. 16. Some Aromatic Amines and Related Nitro Compounds – Hair Dyes, Colouring Agents and Miscellaneous Industrial Chemicals. Lyon, 1978
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk to Humans, Vol. 1. Some Inorganic Substances, Chlorinated Hydrocarbons, Aromatic Amines, N-Nitroso Compounds, and Natural Products. Lyon, 1972
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk to Humans, Vol. 4. Some Aromic Amines, Hydrazine and Related Substances, N-Nitroso Compounds and Miscellaneous Alkylating Agents. Lyon, 1974
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): Overall Evaluation of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–42 [Suppl. 7, p. 248: N-Methyl-N’-Nitro-N-Nitroguanide (MNNG)]. Lyon, 1987
B Ames H Kammen E Yamasaki (1975) ArticleTitleHair dyes are mutagenic: identification of a variety of mutagenic ingredients Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72 2423–2427 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE2MXlt1Ohs7g%3D Occurrence Handle1094469
B Van Duuren (1980) ArticleTitleCarcinogenicity of hair dye components J Environ Pathol Toxicol 3 IssueID4 237–251 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3cXks1aks7c%3D Occurrence Handle6993608
W Flamm (1985) ArticleTitleHair dyes: laboratory evidence IARC Sci Publ 65 53–56 Occurrence Handle4086087
C Vecchia A Tavani (1995) ArticleTitleEpidemiologic evidence on hair dyes and the risk of cancer in humans Eur J Can Prev 4 31–43
J Sontag (1981) ArticleTitleCarcinogenicity of substituted-benzenediamines (phenylenediamines) in rats and mice J Natl Cancer Inst 66 591–602 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3MXhs12it7g%3D Occurrence Handle6937712
C Searle E Jones (1977) ArticleTitleEffects of repeated applications of two semi-permanent hair dyes to the skin of A and DBAf mice Br J Cancer 36 467–468 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:CSeD28%2FmtFI%3D Occurrence Handle588414
M Thun S Altekruse M Namboodiri E Calle D Myers C Heath (1994) ArticleTitleHair dye use and risk of fatal cancers in US women J Natl Cancer Inst 86 210–215 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByuC3M7hsFM%3D Occurrence Handle8283493
M Jacobs C Burnett A Penicnak J Herrera W Morris P Shubik M Apaja G Granroth (1984) ArticleTitleEvaluation of the toxicity and carcinogencity of hair dyes in Swiss mice Drug Chem Toxicol 7 573–586 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL2MXhvFSrs7w%3D Occurrence Handle6534733
OEHHA: Evidence on the Carcinogenicity of 4-Amino-2-Nitrophenol. Draft report to the Reproductive and Cancer Hazard Assessment Section, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency – September, 1998 (http://www.oehha.org/prop65/pdf/4am2ntro.pdf)
S Hecht (1998) N-nitrosamines W Rom (Eds) Environmental and Occupational Medicine. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers Philadelphia 1227–1238
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk to Humans, Vol. 17. Some N-Nitroso Compounds. Lyon, 1978
E Jones C Searle W Smith (1976) ArticleTitleMedulloblastomas and other tumours in mice treated neonatally with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea Acta Neuropathol 36 57–70 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00685148 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE28XlsFCqs74%3D Occurrence Handle184641
A Koestner R Denlinger (1975) ArticleTitleInduction of neurogenic and lymphoid neoplasms by the feeding of threshold levels of methyl- and ethylnitrosourea precursors to adult rats Food Cosmet Toxicol 13 605–609 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0015-6264(75)90149-2 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE28XhtVSlsL0%3D Occurrence Handle1205434
U.S. NTP: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Diethanolamine (CAS no. 111-42-2) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Dermal Studies). NTP technical report 478, NIH publication no. 97-3968. National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1997
U.S. NTP: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Lauric Acid Diethanolamine Condensate (CAS no. 120-40-1) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Dermal Studies). NTP technical report 480, NIH publication no. 97-3970. National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1999
U.S. NTP: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Coconut Oil Acid Diethanolamine Condensate (CAS no. 68603-42-9) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Dermal Studies). NTP technical report 479, NIH publication no. 01-3969. National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, NC, 2001
U.S. NTP: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Triethanolamine (CAS no. 102-71-6) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Dermal Studies). NTP technical report 449, NIH publication no. 98-3365. National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1998
Council on Scientific Affairs: Formaldehyde. JAMA 261: 1183–1187, 1989
W Flamm V Frankos (1985) ArticleTitleFormaldehyde: laboratory evidence IARC Sci Publ 65 85–90 Occurrence Handle4086091
J Shaham R Gurvich A Kaufman (2002) ArticleTitleSister chromatid exchange in pathology staff occupationally exposed to formaldehyde Mutation Research 514 115–123 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XovFGgtw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle11815250
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk to Humans, Vol. 62. Wood Dust and Formaldehyde. Lyon, 1995
U.S. NTP: Carcinogenesis Bioassay of Di(2-Ethylhexyl)Phthalate (CAS no. 117-81-7) in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice (Feed Study). NTP technical report 217, NIH publication no. 82-1773. National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1982
W Kozumbo R Kroll R Rubin (1982) ArticleTitleAssessment of the mutagenicity of phthalate esters Environ Health Perspect 45 103–109 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXms1yrsA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle6754359
J Seed (1982) ArticleTitleMutagenic activity of phthalate esters in bacterial liquid suspension assays Environ Health Perspect 45 111–114 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXosVKksw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle6754360
J Ward B Diwan M Ohshima H Hu H Schuller J Rice (1986) ArticleTitleTumor-initiating and promoting activities of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in vivo and in vitro Environ Health Perspect 65 279–291 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL28XktlOhtro%3D Occurrence Handle3709454
R David M Moore M Cifone D Finney D Guest (1999) ArticleTitleChronic peroxisome proliferation and hepatomegaly associated with the hepatocellular tumorigenesis of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and the effects of recovery Toxicol Sci 50 195–205 Occurrence Handle10.1093/toxsci/50.2.195 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXls12rtbg%3D Occurrence Handle10478855
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk to Humans, Vol. 52. Chlorinated Drinking-water; Chlorination By-products; Some Other Halogenated Compounds; Cobalt and Cobalt Compounds. Lyon, 1991
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk to Humans, Vol. 23. Some Metals and Metallic Compounds. Lyon, 1980
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Vols. 1–42 [Suppl. 7, p 248: Lead and Lead Compunds]. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1987(Suppl. 7, p 230)
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk to Humans, Vol. 49. Chromium, Nickel and Welding. Lyon, 1990
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)/Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN): Cosmetics – Prohibited Ingredients and Related Safety Issues: contaminants raise concerns (http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/cos-210.html. Hypertext updated by dms 2001-JUN-14)
E Routledge J Parker J Odum J Ashby J Sumpter (1998) ArticleTitleSome alkyl hydroxy benzoate preservatives (parabens) are estrogenic Toxical Appl Pharmacol 153 12–19 Occurrence Handle10.1006/taap.1998.8544 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXotVaku7g%3D
T Okubo Y Yokoyama K Kano I Kano (2001) ArticleTitleER-dependent estrogenic activity of parabens assessed by proliferation of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells and expression of ERα and PR Food Chem Toxicol 39 1225–1232 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0278-6915(01)00073-4 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXotFSnsbg%3D Occurrence Handle11696396
T Zacharewski M Meek J Clemons Z Wu M Fielden J Matthews (1998) ArticleTitleExamination of the in vitro and in vivo estrogenic activities of eight commercial phthalate esters Toxicol Sci 46 282–293 Occurrence Handle10.1006/toxs.1998.2505 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXhvVWgsrw%3D Occurrence Handle10048131
J Matthews T Celius R Halgren T Zacharewski (2000) ArticleTitleDifferential estrogen receptor binding of estrogenic substances: a species comparison J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 74 223–234 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0960-0760(00)00126-6 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXit1Wjtg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle11162928
R Depue M Pike B Henderson (1983) ArticleTitleEstrogen exposure during gestation and risk of testicular cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 71 1151–1155 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BiuD1M7hslA%3D Occurrence Handle6140323
A Walker R Ross R Haile B Henderson (1998) ArticleTitleHormonal factors and risk of ovarian germ cell cancer in young women Br J Cancer 57 418–422
C Hsieh A Tzonou D Trichopoulos (1991) ArticleTitleBirth order and breast cancer risk Cancer Causes Control 2 95–98 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00053127 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:By6A3sfktVE%3D Occurrence Handle1873442
R Troisi N Potischman J Roberts G Harger N Markovic B Cole (2003) ArticleTitleCorrelation of serum hormone concentrations in maternal and umbilical cord samples Cancer Epidemiol Biomarker Prev 12 452–456 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXjsleiur4%3D
A Robison D Sirbasku G Stancel (1985) ArticleTitlesupports the growth of an estrogen-responsive tumor Toxicol Lett 27 109–113 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0378-4274(85)90127-4 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL2MXlvFWhtL4%3D Occurrence Handle4060181
J Scribner N Mottet (1981) ArticleTitleDDT acceleration of mammary gland tumors induced in the male Sprague–Dawley rat by 2-acetamidophenanthrene Carcinogenesis 2 1235–1239 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL38XhtFOhtrc%3D Occurrence Handle7326823
M Reuber (1978) ArticleTitleCarcinomas, sarcomas and other lesions in Osborne–Mendel rats ingesting endrin Exp Cell Biol 46 129–145 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE1cXktVWns7g%3D Occurrence Handle627295
H Bradlow D Davis D Sepkovic R Tiwari M Osborne (1997) ArticleTitleRole of the estrogen receptor in the action of organochlorine pesticides on estrogen metabolism in human breast cancer cell lines Sci Total Environ 208 9–14 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0048-9697(97)00287-8 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1c7lslOhuw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle9496644
E Dewailly S Dodin R Verreault P Ayotte L Sauve J Morin J Brisson (1994) ArticleTitleHigh organochlorine body burden in women with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 86 232–234 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByuC3M7hs1Y%3D Occurrence Handle8283497
M Wolff P Toniolo E Lee M Rivera N Dubin (1993) ArticleTitleBlood levels of organochlorine residues and risk of breast cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 85 648–652 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByyB38rhtlE%3D Occurrence Handle8468722
L Guillette T Gross G Masson J Matter H Percival A Woodward (1994) ArticleTitleDevelopmental abnormalities of the gonad and abnormal sex hormone concentrations in juvenile alligators from contaminated and control lakes in Florida Environ Health Perspect 102 680–688 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXhsl2qsr8%3D Occurrence Handle7895709
C Facemire T Gross L Guillette (1995) ArticleTitleReproductive impairment in the Florida panther: nature or nurture? Environ Health Perspect 103 IssueIDSuppl 4 79–86 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXmslSntbo%3D
P Berger E Sanders P Gardner N Negus (1977) ArticleTitlePhenolic plant compounds functioning as reproductive inhibitors in Microtus montanus Science 195 575–577 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE2sXosVCkuw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle319531
A Leopold M Erwin J Oh B Browning (1976) ArticleTitlePhytoestrogens: adverse effects on reproduction in California quail Science 191 98–100 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE28XosFejuw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle1246602
P Whitten C Lewis F Naftolin (1993) ArticleTitleA pytoestrogen diet induces the premature anovulatory syndrome in lactationally exposed female rats Biol Repro 49 1117–1121 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXisFWmug%3D%3D
P Whitten C Lewis F Naftolin (1995) ArticleTitlePhytoestrogen influences on the development of behavior and gonadotropin function Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 208 82–86 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXivFehtLo%3D Occurrence Handle7892301
P Whitten C Lewis E Russell F Naftolin (1995) ArticleTitleadverse effects of phytoestrogens J Nutr 125 771S–776S Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXktFGls74%3D Occurrence Handle7884563
R Kapur P Timiras (1997) ArticleTitleEstrogen-brain relationship during development and aging: effects on glial cells Neuroendrocrinol Lett 18 215–220 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXktVWrtLo%3D
P Shughrue W Stumpf N MacLusky J Zielinski R Hochberg (1990) ArticleTitleDevelopmental changes in estrogen receptors in mouse cerebral cortex between birth and postweaning: studies by autoradiography with 11 beta-methoxy-16 alpha-[125I] iodoestradiol Endrocrinology 126 1112–1124 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXhtlamu70%3D
D Keefer C Holderegger (1985) ArticleTitleThe ontogeny of estrogen receptors: brain and pituitary Brain Res 351 183–194 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BiqB3c%2FpsFY%3D Occurrence Handle3995345
B McEwen S Alves K Bulloch N Weiland (1997) ArticleTitleOvarian steroids and the brain: implications for cognition and aging Neurology 48 IssueID5 Suppl 7 S8–S15 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXjs1CnsrY%3D
B McEwen S Alves K Bulloch N Weiland (1998) ArticleTitleClinically relevant basic studies of gender differences and sex hormone effects Psychopharmacol Bull 34 251–259 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1M%2FitVGqsw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle9803750
C Pilgrim J Hutchison (1994) ArticleTitleDevelopmental regulation of sex differences in the brain: can the role of gonadal steroids be redefined? Neuroscience 60 843–855 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0306-4522(94)90267-4 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXkt1OjsLg%3D Occurrence Handle7936207
D Murphy N Cole M Segal (1998) ArticleTitleBrain-derived neurotrophic factor mediates estradiol-induced dendritic spine formation in hippocampal neurons Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 11412–11417 Occurrence Handle10.1073/pnas.95.19.11412 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXmt1ams7o%3D Occurrence Handle9736750
P Agrati Z Ma C Patrone G Picotti C Pellicciari G Bondiolotti M Bottone A Maggi (1997) ArticleTitleDopaminergic phenotype induced by oestrogens in a human neuroblastoma cell line Eur J Neurosci 9 1008–1016 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByiA38rpsVU%3D Occurrence Handle9182953
D Murphy N Cole V Greenberger M Segal (1998) ArticleTitleEstradiol increases dendritic spine density by reducing GABA neurotransmission in hippocampal neurons J Neurosci 18 2550–2559 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXitFCjs7w%3D Occurrence Handle9502814
E Gould C Woolley M Frankfurt B McEwen (1990) ArticleTitleGonadal steroids regulate dendritic spine density in hippocampal pyramidal cells in adulthood J Neurosci 10 1286–1291 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXit12rtbc%3D Occurrence Handle2329377
B McEwen H Coirini A Westlind-Danielsson M Frankfurt E Gould M Schumacher C Woolley (1991) ArticleTitleSteroid hormones as mediators of neural plasticity J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 39 223–232 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0960-0760(91)90067-F Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXmt1eltb0%3D
D Murphy M Segal (1996) ArticleTitleRegulation of dendritic spine density in cultured rat hippocampal neurols by steroid hormones J Neurosci 16 4059–4068 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK28XjvVGksb8%3D Occurrence Handle8753868
B Sherwin (2004) ArticleTitleEstrogen and cognitive functioning in women Endro Rev 24 133–151 Occurrence Handle10.1210/er.2001-0016
M Packard (1998) ArticleTitlePosttraing estrogen and memory modulation Horm Behav 34 126–139 Occurrence Handle10.1006/hbeh.1998.1464 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXlt1Ci Occurrence Handle9799623
F Tanriverdi L Silveira G MacColl P Bouloux (2003) ArticleTitleThe hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis: immune function and autoimmunity J Endocrinol 176 293–304 Occurrence Handle10.1677/joe.0.1760293 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXis1amtrw%3D Occurrence Handle12630914
B Blount M Silva S Caudill L Needham J Pirkle E Sampson G Lucier R Jackson J Brock (2000) ArticleTitleLevels of seven urinary phthalate metabolites in a human reference population Environ Health Perspect 10 979–982
D Hsu J Efird E Hedley-Whyte (1997) ArticleTitleProgesterone and estrogen receptors in meningiomas: prognostic considerations J Neurosurg 86 113–120 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByiC2c7otl0%3D Occurrence Handle8988089
R Carroll J Zhang P Black (1999) ArticleTitleExpression of estrogen receptors alpha and beta in human meningiomas J Neurooncol 42 109–116 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1006158514866 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1MzkslCitA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10421067
E Von Schoultz M Bixo H BackstromT. Silfvenius N Wilking R Henriksson (1990) ArticleTitleSex steroids in human brain tumors and breast cancer Cancer 65 949–952 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:By%2BC38vhs1U%3D Occurrence Handle2153438
R Martinez M Marcos A Figueras J Vaquero (1984) ArticleTitleEstrogen and progesterone receptors in intracranial tumors Clin Neuropharmacol 7 338–342 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BiqD2svis1M%3D Occurrence Handle6509443
M Arush S Postovsky D Goldsher R El Hasid S Constantini (1999) ArticleTitleClinical and radiographic response in three children with recurrent malignant cerebral tumors with high-dose tamoxifen Pediatr Hematol Oncol 16 245–250 Occurrence Handle10.1080/088800199277308 Occurrence Handle10326223
I Pollack R DaRosso P Robertson R Jakacki J Mirro J Blatt S Nicholson R Packer J Allen A Cisneros V Jordan (1997) ArticleTitleA phase I study of high-dose tamoxifen for the treatment of refractory malignant gliomas of childhood Clin Cancer Res 3 1109–1115 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXkvFCgsL0%3D Occurrence Handle9815790
J Madden L Fenton M Weil K Winston M Partington N Foreman (2001) ArticleTitleExperience with tamoxifen/etoposide in the treatment of a child with myxopapillary ependymoma Med Pediatr Oncol 37 67–69 Occurrence Handle10.1002/mpo.1168 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MvhsFChsA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle11466729
L Mastronardi F Puzzilli W Couldwell J Farah P Lunardi (1998) ArticleTitleTamoxifen and carboplatin combinational treatment of high-grade gliomas J Neurooncol 38 59–68 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1005968724240 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1c3gtVyrsg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle9540058
J Furth K Clifton (1966) Experimental pituitary tumours G Harris B Donovan (Eds) The Pituitary Gland. University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles 460–497
K Brunnemann S Hecht D Hoffmann (1982) ArticleTitleN-nitrosamines: environmental occurrence, in vivo formation and metabolism J Toxicol-Clin Toxicol 19 661–688 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXktVWhsLs%3D Occurrence Handle6761448
M Kiese E Rauscher (1968) ArticleTitleThe absorption of p-toluenediamine through human skin in hair dyeing Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 13 325–331 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0041-008X(68)90106-3 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaF1cXltVCktLk%3D Occurrence Handle5726661
H Maibach M Leaffer W Skinner (1975) ArticleTitlePercutaneous penetration following use of hair dyes Arch Dermatol 111 1444–1445 Occurrence Handle10.1001/archderm.111.11.1444 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:CSmD1cnntVw%3D Occurrence Handle1200652
F Marzulli D Anjo H Maibach (1981) ArticleTitleIn vivo skin penetration studies of 2,4-toluenediamine, 2,4-diaminoanisole, 2-nitro-p-phenylenediamine, p-dioxane and N-nitrosodiethanolamine in cosmetics Food Cosmet Toxicol 19 743–747 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0015-6264(81)90530-7 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL38Xhs1yms7c%3D Occurrence Handle7327475
H Hofer E Hruby (1983) ArticleTitleSkin penetration by 2,3-diaminoanisole in the rat Food Chem Toxicol 21 331–334 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0278-6915(83)90069-8 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXkvFemsrs%3D Occurrence Handle6683229
V Tsomi G Kalopissis (1982) ArticleTitleCutaneous penetration of some hairdyes in the hairless rat Toxicol Eur Res 4 119–127 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL38XmtVejurY%3D Occurrence Handle7135385
L Wolfram H Maibach (1985) ArticleTitlePercutaneous penetration of hair dyes Arch Dermatol Res 227 235–241 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00404323
W Steiling J Kreutz H Hofer (2001) ArticleTitlePercutaneous penetration/dermal absorption of hair dyes in vitro Toxicol in Vitro 15 565–570 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0887-2333(01)00062-5 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXmvVyhsro%3D Occurrence Handle11566592
R Bronaugh E Congdon R Scheuplein (1981) ArticleTitleThe effect of cosmetic vehicles on the penetration of N-nitrosodiethanolamine through excised human skin J Invest Dermatol 76 94–96 Occurrence Handle10.1111/1523-1747.ep12525384 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3MXpslKrsw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle7462682
A Dal Pozzo N Pastori (1996) ArticleTitlePercutaneous absorption of parabens from cosmetic formulations Int J Cosmetic Sci 18 57–66 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK28Xjtlelurg%3D
H Komatsu H Okamoto K Miyagawa M Hashida H Sezaki (1986) ArticleTitlePercutaneous absorption of butylparaben from liposomes in vitro Chem Pharm Bull 34 3423–3430 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL28Xltl2msbs%3D Occurrence Handle3791516
H Komatsu M Suzuki (1979) ArticleTitlePercutaneous absorption of butylparaben through guinea pig skin in vitro J Pharm Sci 68 596–598 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE1MXkslykt7k%3D Occurrence Handle430497
A Elsisi D Carter I Sipes (1989) ArticleTitleDermal absorption of phthalate diesters in rats Fundam Appl Toxicol 12 70–77 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0272-0590(89)90063-8 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXptVWmsw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle2925020
A Lansdown (2000) ArticleTitleLead in hair dyes, short-term appeal vs. long-term risk Int J Cosmetic Sci 22 167–168 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1467-2494.2000.00051.x Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXltFWhsrc%3D
C Sykes F Claeys-Thoreau (2000) ArticleTitleBlood lead levels and cosmetics Int J Cosmetic Sci 22 395–396 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1467-2494.2000.00077.x
F Marzulli P Watlington H Maibach (1978) ArticleTitleExploratory skin pentration findings relating to the use of lead acetate hair dyes.Hair as a test for monitoring uptake of systemic lead. Curr Probl Dermatol 7 196–204 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE1MXkt1Oitbs%3D Occurrence Handle752455
Bearer (1995) ArticleTitleEnvironmental health hazards: how children are different from adults The Future of Children – Critical Issues for Children and Youths 5 11–26 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BymD2s3gvVU%3D
R Goyer (1990) ArticleTitleTransplacental transport of lead Environ Health Perspect 89 101–105 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:By6B3cbjt1Q%3D Occurrence Handle2088735
O Takahashi S Oishi (2000) ArticleTitleDisposition of orally administered 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane (Bisphenol A) in pregnant rats and the placental transfer to fetuses Environ Health Perspect 108 931–935 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXotVWrtbg%3D Occurrence Handle11049811
C Newman (1986) ArticleTitleThe thalidomide syndrome: risks of exposure and spectrum of malformations Clin Perinatol 13 555–573 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BiiD38bgsVw%3D Occurrence Handle3533365
T Colborn F vom Saal A Soto (1993) ArticleTitleDevelopmental effects of endrocrine-disrupting chemicals in wildlife and humans Environ Health Perspect 101 378–384 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXhtFGitrg%3D Occurrence Handle8080506
W Newsom D Davies J Doucet (1995) ArticleTitlePCB and organochlorine pesticides in Canadian human milk – 1992 Chemosphere 30 2143–2153 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0045-6535(95)00086-N Occurrence Handle7620848
L Tomatis V Turusov E Cardis J Cabral (1990) ArticleTitleTumour incidence in the progeny of male rats exposed to ethylnitrosourea before mating Mutat Res 229 231–237 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXitFagsro%3D Occurrence Handle2320033
B Finette J O’Neill P Vacek R Albertini (1998) ArticleTitleGene mutations with characteristic deletions in cord blood T lymphocytes associated with passive maternal exposure to tobacco smoke Nature Med 4 1144–1151 Occurrence Handle10.1038/2640 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXms1GgtrY%3D Occurrence Handle9771747
E Holly C Lele P Bracci (1998) ArticleTitleHair-color products and risk for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: a population-based study in the San Francisco Bay Area Am J Public Health 88 1767–1773 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1M%2FlvVGisA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle9842372
M McCredie J Little S Cotton B Mueller R Peris-Bonet N Choi S Cordier G Filippini E Holly B Modan A Arslan S Preston-Martin (1999) ArticleTitleSEARCH International Case–Control study of childhood brain tumours: role of index pregnancy and birth, and mother’s reproduction history Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 13 325–341 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-3016.1999.00195.x Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1MzmvV2htw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10440052
S Preston-Martin J Pogoda B Mueller F Lubin B Modan E Holly G Filippini S Cordier R Peris-Bonet W Choi J Little A Arslan (1998) ArticleTitleResults from an international case–control study of childhood brain tumors: the role of prenatal vitamin supplementation Environ Health Perspect 106 887–892 Occurrence Handle9646053
S Preston-Martin J Pogoda B Mueller F Lubin B Modan E Holly G Filippini S Cordier R Peris-Bonet W Choi J Little A Arslan (1998) ArticleTitlePrenatal vitamin supplementation and pediatric brain tumors: huge international variation in use and possible reduction in risk Child’s Nerv Syst 14 551–557 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s003810050271 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1M%2FlsVWisQ%3D%3D
G Filippini P Maisonneuve M McCredie R Peris-Bonet B Modan S Preston-Martin B Mueller E Holly S Cordier N Choi J Little A Arslan P Boyle (2002) ArticleTitleRelation of childhood brain tumors to exposure of parents and children to tobacco smoke: the SEARCH International Case–Control Study Int J Cancer 100 206–213 Occurrence Handle10.1002/ijc.10465 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XkvFyns7o%3D Occurrence Handle12115571
R McKean-Cowdin J Pogoda W Lijinsky E Holly B Mueller S Preston-Martin (2003) ArticleTitleMaternal prenatal exposure to nitrosatable drugs and childhood brain tumours Int J Epidemiol 32 211–217 Occurrence Handle10.1093/ije/dyg050 Occurrence Handle12714539
M Norman E Holly D Ahn S Preston-Martin B Mueller P Bracci (1996) ArticleTitlePrenatal exposure to tobacco smoke and childhood brain tumors: results from the U.S. West Coast Childhood Brain Tumor Study Cancer Epidemiol Biomarker Prev 5 127–133 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByiD3c3ptlE%3D
E Holly P Bracci B Mueller S Preston-Martin (1998) ArticleTitleFarm and animal exposures and pediatric brain tumors: results from the United States West Coast childhood brain tumor study Cancer Epidemiol Biomarker Prev 7 797–802 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1cvitl2isg%3D%3D
S Cordier M Iglesias C Le Goaster M Guyot L Mandereau D Hemon (1994) ArticleTitleIncidence and risk factors for childhood brain tumors in the Ile de France Int J Cancer 59 776–782 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByqD1c%2FosFI%3D Occurrence Handle7989118
S Cordier B Lefeuvre G Filippini R Peris-Bonet M Farinotti G Lovicu L Mandereau (1997) ArticleTitleParental occupation, occupational exposure to solvents and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and risk of childhood brain tumors (Italy, France, Spain) Cancer Causes Control 8 688–697 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1018419118841 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByiH28nosFQ%3D Occurrence Handle9328190
B Mueller K Newton E Holly S Preston-Martin (2001) ArticleTitleResidential water source and the risk of childhood brain tumors Environ Health Perspect 109 551–556 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXlsFSht78%3D Occurrence Handle11445506
S Preston-Martin J Gurney J Pogoda E Holly B Mueller (1996) ArticleTitleBrain tumor risk in children in relation to electric blankets and water bed heaters: results from the United States West Coast Childhood Brain Tumor Study Am J Epidemiol 143 1116–1122 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BymB383nsF0%3D Occurrence Handle8633600
S Preston-Martin J Pogoda B Mueller E Holly W Lijinsky R Davis (1996) ArticleTitleMaternal consumption of cured meats and vitamins in relation to pediatric brain tumors Cancer Epidemiol Biomarker Prev 5 599–605 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BymH387nsVA%3D
J Gurney B Mueller S Preston-Martin A McDaniel E Holly J Pogoda R Davis (1997) ArticleTitleA study of pediatric brain tumors and their association with epilepsy and anticonvulsant use Neuroepidemiology 16 248–255 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1c%2FgsVegsw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle9346345
J Gurney S Preston-Martin A McDaniel B Mueller E Holly (1996) ArticleTitleHead injury as a risk factor for brain tumors in children: results from a multicenter case–control study Epidemiology 7 485–489 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByiD3MnjsVc%3D Occurrence Handle8862978
S Preston-Martin J Pogoda B Mueller F Lubin E Holly G Filippini (1998) ArticleTitlePrenatal vitamin supplementation and risk of childhood brain tumors Int J Cancer Suppl 11 17–22 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1M%2FptlOmsw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle9876471
InstitutionalAuthorNameWorld Health Organization (1976) International Classification of Disease-Oncology WHO Geneva
InstitutionalAuthorNameInternational Labor Office (1968) International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) International Labour Organisation Geneva
D Pregibon (1981) ArticleTitleLogistic regression diagnostics Ann Statistics 9 705–724
Breslow N, Day N: Statistical Methods in Cancer Research, The Analysis of Case–Control Studies, IARC Scientific Publ. No. 32. IARC, Lyon, France, 1980
R Little R Friend P Spector (1991) SAS System for Linear Models EditionNumber3 SAS Institute Inc Cary, NC
J Rice J Ward (1982) ArticleTitleAge dependence of susceptibilitiy to carcinogenesis in the nervous system Ann NY Acad Sci 381 274–289 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL38XltVCqtLo%3D Occurrence Handle6953795
H Isaacs (2002) ArticleTitleI. Perinatal brain tumors: a review of 250 cases Pediatr Neurol 27 249–261 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0887-8994(02)00472-1 Occurrence Handle12435562
H Isaacs (2002) ArticleTitleII. Perinatal brain tumors: a review of 250 cases Pediatr Neurol 27 333–342 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0887-8994(02)00459-9 Occurrence Handle12504200
M Gago-Dominguez D Bell M Watson J Yuan J Castelao D Hein K Chan G Coetzee R Ross M Yu (2003) ArticleTitlePermanent hair dyes and bladder cancer: risk modification by cytochrome P4501A2 and N-actyltransferases 1 and 2 Carcinogenesis 24 483–489 Occurrence Handle10.1093/carcin/24.3.483 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXjslagsbo%3D Occurrence Handle12663508
S Zahm D Weisenburger P Babbitt R Saal J Vaught A Blair (1992) ArticleTitleUse of hair coloring products and the risk of lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia Am J Public Health 82 990–998 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:By2A3cznt1w%3D Occurrence Handle1609918
M Prival V Mitchell Y Gomez (1980) ArticleTitleMutagenicity of a new hair dye ingredient:4-Ethoxy-m-phenylenediamine Science 207 907–908 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3cXhsFartbY%3D Occurrence Handle6986651
P Kleihues P Lantos P Magee (1976) ArticleTitleChemical carcinogenesis in the nervous system Int Rev Exp Pathol 15 153–232 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE28XhslClsLk%3D Occurrence Handle176123
P Hartge J Cahill D West M Hauck D Austin D Silverman R Hoover (1984) ArticleTitleDesign and methods in a multicenter case–control interview study Am J Publ Health 74 52–56 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BiuD2sjjvVU%3D
T Sorahan L Hamilton K Gardiner J Hodgson J Harrington (1999) ArticleTitleMaternal occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields before, during, and after pregnancy in relation to risks of childhood cancers: findings from the Oxford Survey of Childhood Cancers, 1953–1981 deaths Am J Ind Med 35 348–357 Occurrence Handle10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199904)35:4<348::AID-AJIM5>3.0.CO;2-X Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1M7os1Wgsg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10086211
M Feychting B Floderus A Ahlbom (2000) ArticleTitleParental occupational exposure to magnetic fields and childhood cancer (Sweden) Cancer Causes Control 11 151–156 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1008922016813 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c7ntlCgsQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10710199
United Nations. International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC). United Nations, New York, 1971
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Conducted under the auspices of the Surveillance of Environmental Aspects Related to Cancer in Humans (SEARCH) program of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Efird, J.T., Holly, E.A., Cordier, S. et al. Beauty product-related exposures and childhood brain tumors in seven countries: results from the SEARCH International Brain Tumor Study. J Neurooncol 72, 133–147 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-004-3121-0
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-004-3121-0