Abstract
Ferroelectric lithium niobate crystals offer a great potential for applications in modern optics. To provide powerful optical components, tailoring of key material parameters, especially of the refractive index n and the ferroelectric domain landscape, is required. Irradiation of lithium niobate crystals with accelerated ions causes strong structured modifications in the material. The effects induced by low-mass, high-energy ions (such as 3He with 41 MeV, which are not implanted, but transmit through the entire crystal volume) are reviewed. Irradiation yields large changes of the refractive index Δn, improved domain engineering capability within the material along the ion track, and waveguiding structures. The periodic modification of Δn as well as the formation of periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) (supported by radiation damage) is described. Two-step knock-on displacement processes, 3He→Nb and 3He→O causing thermal spikes, are identified as origin for the material modifications.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
H.J. Coufal, D. Psaltis, G.T. Sincerbox, Holographic Data Storage (Springer, Berlin, 2000)
R.M. Shelby, J.A. Hoffnagle, G.W. Burr, C.M. Jefferson, M.-P. Bernal, H. Coufal, R.K. Grygier, H. Guenther, R.M. Macfarlane, G.T. Sincerbox, Opt. Lett. 22, 1509 (1997)
K. Peithmann, A. Wiebrock, K. Buse, Appl. Phys. B 68, 777 (1999)
F.H. Mok, Opt. Lett. 18, 915 (1993)
A. Ashkin, G.D. Boyd, J.M. Dziedzic, R.G. Smith, A.A. Ballman, J.J. Levinstein, K. Nassau, Appl. Phys. Lett. 9, 72 (1966)
A.M. Glass, D. von der Linde, T.J. Negran, Appl. Phys. Lett. 25, 233 (1974)
V. Leyva, G.A. Rakuljic, B. O’Conner, Appl. Phys. Lett. 65, 1079 (1994)
S. Breer, H. Vogt, I. Nee, K. Buse, Electron. Lett. 34, 2419 (1999)
R.C. Alferness, R.V. Schmidt, E.H. Turner, Appl. Opt. 18, 4012 (1979)
W.K. Burns, A.B. Lee, A.F. Milton, Appl. Phys. Lett. 29, 790 (1976)
V. Ramaswamy, M.D. Divino, R.D. Standley, Appl. Phys. Lett. 32, 644 (1978)
R.V. Schmidt, I.P. Kaminow, Appl. Phys. Lett. 25, 458 (1974)
D. Kip, Appl. Phys. B 67, 131 (1998)
C. Becker, A. Greiner, T. Oesselke, A. Pape, W. Sohler, H. Suche, Opt. Lett. 23, 1194 (1998)
J.J. Amodei, W. Phillips, D.L. Staebler, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 7, 321 (1971)
K. Buse, S. Breer, K. Peithmann, S. Kapphan, M. Gao, E. Krätzig, Phys. Rev. B 56, 1225 (1997)
J. Hukriede, B. Gather, D. Kip, E. Krätzig, Phys. Status Solidi A 172, R3 (1999)
K. Peithmann, J. Hukriede, K. Buse, E. Krätzig, Phys. Rev. B 61, 4615 (2000)
G.L. Destefanis, P.D. Townsend, J.P. Galliard, Appl. Phys. Lett. 32, 293 (1978)
G.L. Destefanis, J.P. Galliard, E.L. Ligeon, S. Valette, B.W. Farmery, P.D. Townsend, A. Perez, J. Appl. Phys. 50, 7898 (1979)
P.J. Chandler, P.D. Townsend, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 19–20, 921 (1987)
E. Glavas, L. Zhang, P.J. Chandler, P.D. Townsend, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 32, 45 (1988)
L. Zhang, P.J. Chandler, P.D. Townsend, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 59–60, 1147 (1991)
H. Hu, F. Chen, B.-R. Shi, K.-M. Wang, D.-Y. Shen, Appl. Opt. 40, 3759 (2001)
H. Hu, F. Lu, F. Chen, B.-R. Shi, K.-M. Wang, D.-Y. Shen, J. Appl. Phys. 89, 5224 (2001)
G.G. Bentini, M. Bianconi, M. Chiarini, L. Correda, C. Sada, P. Mazzoldi, N. Argiolas, M. Bazzan, R. Guzzi, J. Appl. Phys. 92, 6477 (2002)
J. Olivares, G. Garcia, A. Garcia-Navarro, F. Agullo-Lopez, O. Caballero, A. Garcia-Cabanes, Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 183501 (2005)
A. Rivera, J. Olivares, G. Garcia, J.M. Cabrera, F. Agullo-Rueda, F. Agullo-Lopez, Phys. Status Solidi A 206, 1109 (2009)
D.F. Nelson, R.M. Mikulyak, J. Appl. Phys. 45, 3688 (1974)
B. Andreas, K. Peithmann, K. Buse, K. Maier, Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 3813 (2004)
J.F. Ziegler, J.P. Biersack, U. Littmark, The Stopping and Range of Ions in Solids (Pergamon, New York, 1985)
L. Jentjens, H. Hattermann, K. Peithmann, M. Haaks, K. Maier, M. Kösters, J. Appl. Phys. 103, 034104 (2008)
K. Peithmann, M.-R. Zamani-Meymian, M. Haaks, K. Maier, B. Andreas, I. Breunig, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 23, 2107 (2006)
B. Andreas, I. Breunig, K. Buse, ChemPhysChem 6, 1 (2005)
K. Peithmann, A. Wiebrock, K. Buse, E. Krätzig, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 17, 586 (2000)
M.-R. Zamani-Meymian, L. Jentjens, N.L. Raeth, K. Peithmann, K. Maier, Appl. Phys. A 98, 909 (2010)
J. Burghoff, H. Hartung, S. Nolte, A. Tünnermann, Appl. Phys. A 86, 165 (2007)
L. Jentjens, N.L. Raeth, K. Peithmann, K. Maier, J. Appl. Phys. 109, 124104 (2011)
E.R. Hodgson, F. Agullo-Lopez, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 32, 42 (1988)
R. Pareja, R. Gonzalez, M.A. Pedrosa, Phys. Status Solidi A 84, 179 (1984)
F. Jermann, M. Simon, R. Böwer, E. Krätzig, O.F. Schirmer, Ferroelectrics 165, 319 (1995)
H. Kogelnik, Bell Syst. Tech. J. 48, 2909 (1969)
F. Hinterberger, H.G. Ehrlich, K. Euler, W. Hehemeyer, P. Meyer, P.V. Rossen, B. Schuller, G. Welp, Nucl. Instrum. Methods 130, 335 (1975)
F. Hinterberger, Physik der Teilchenbeschleuniger und Ionenoptik (Springer, Berlin, 2008)
U. Rohrer, P.S.I. Note (2005). http://pc532.psi.ch/trans.htm, based on a CERN–SLAC–FERMILAB version by K.L. Brown, D.C. Carey, C. Iselin, and F. Rothacker, Software and Information, CERN Rep. 80 (1980)
G.A. Magel, M.M. Fejer, R.L. Byer, Appl. Phys. Lett. 56, 234 (1989)
M. Yamada, N. Nada, M. Saitoh, K. Watanabe, Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 435 (1993)
R. Sowade, I. Breunig, I.C. Mayorga, J. Kiessling, C. Tulea, V. Dierolf, K. Buse, Opt. Express 17, 22303 (2009)
I. Breunig, J. Kiessling, R. Sowade, B. Knabe, K. Buse, New J. Phys. 10, 073003 (2008)
M.C. Wengler, B. Fassbender, E. Soergel, K. Buse, J. Appl. Phys. 96, 2816 (2004)
C.E. Valdivia, C.L. Sones, S. Mailis, J.D. Mills, R.W. Eason, Ferroelectrics 340, 75 (2006)
M.C. Wengler, M. Müller, E. Soergel, K. Buse, Appl. Phys. B 76, 393 (2003)
M.C. Wengler, U. Heinemeyer, E. Soergel, K. Buse, J. Appl. Phys. 98, 064104 (2005)
L. Jentjens, K. Peithmann, K. Maier, H. Steigerwald, T. Jungk, Appl. Phys. B 95, 441 (2009)
R.S. Weis, T.K. Gaylord, Appl. Phys. A 37, 191 (1985)
H. Steigerwald, F. Luedke, K. Buse, Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 032906 (2009)
A.C. Muir, C.L. Sones, S. Mailis, R.W. Eason, T. Jungk, Á. Hoffmann, E. Soergel, Opt. Express 16, 2336 (2008)
C.L. Sones, A.C. Muir, Y.J. Ying, S. Mailis, R.W. Eason, T. Jungk, Á. Hoffmann, E. Soergel, Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 072905 (2008)
D. Gabor, Nature 161, 777 (1948)
E. Krätzig, H. Kurz, Ferroelectrics 13, 295 (1976)
E. Krätzig, Ferroelectrics 21, 635 (1978)
E. Krätzig, R. Orlowski, Ferroelectrics 27, 241 (1980)
D. Kaletta, K. Ehrlich, J. Nucl. Mater. 51, 227 (1974)
M.-R. Zamani-Meymian, K. Peithmann, K. Maier, H. Schmid, W. Mader, J. Phys., Condens. Matter 21, 075402 (2009)
H.K. Schmid, J. Microsc. 194, 192 (1999)
B. Canut, R. Brenier, A. Meftah, P. Moretti, S.O. Salem, S. Ramos, P. Thevenard, M. Toulemonde, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 91, 312 (1994)
N. Itoh, A.M. Stoneham, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 146, 362 (1998)
A. Meftah, F. Brisard, J.M. Costantini, M. Hage-Ali, J.P. Stoquert, F. Studer, M. Toulemonde, Phys. Rev. B 48, 920 (1993)
G. Szenes, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 191, 54 (2002)
M. Toulemonde, C. Dufour, A. Meftah, E. Paumier, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 166–167, 903 (2000)
L.O. Svaasand, M. Eriksrud, A.P. Grande, F. Mo, J. Cryst. Growth 18, 179 (1973)
T. Vitova, M.-R. Zamani-Meymian, K. Peithmann, K. Maier, J. Hormes, J. Phys., Condens. Matter 21, 495401 (2009)
A. Garcia-Navarro, F. Agullo-Lopez, J. Olivares, J. Lamela, F. Jaque, J. Appl. Phys. 103, 093540 (2008)
Y. Jiang, K.-M. Wang, X.-L. Wang, F. Chen, C.-L. Jia, L. Wang, Y. Jiao, F. Lu, Phys. Rev. B 75, 195101 (2007)
J. Burghoff, S. Nolte, A. Tünnermann, Appl. Phys. A 89, 127 (2007)
K. Peithmann, M.-R. Zamani-Meymian, M. Haaks, K. Maier, B. Andreas, K. Buse, H. Modrow, Appl. Phys. B 82, 419 (2006)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Peithmann, K., Eversheim, PD., Goetze, J. et al. Structuring of material parameters in lithium niobate crystals with low-mass, high-energy ion radiation. Appl. Phys. B 105, 113 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-011-4681-2
Received:
Revised:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-011-4681-2