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The work of Gommans et al. on the effect of specific activity of 99mTc-nanocolloid (colloid albumin) on count rate in sentinel node procedures, presented most recently in this journal [1], is an excellent example of the application of basic principles to improve a clinical procedure. By increasing specific activity, and thereby reducing the number of particles labelled with a given amount of radioactivity, higher nodal count rates can be achieved, which in turn should improve detection of the sentinel node [2, 3, 4]. In previous work, an increase in specific activity was achieved by labelling a small portion of the kit [3], while in the most recent paper, Gommans et al. [1] turned their attention to maximising the specific activity of 99mTc used in labelling. However, in the discussion on this, Gommans et al. are somewhat imprecise.
Unlike many other radionuclides, 99mTc is never truly carrier-free and contains varying amounts of its decay product, 99Tc, with the amount of 99Tc present at elution being dependent upon the elution history of the 99Mo/99mTc generator and increasing with time due to decay of 99mTc. Equations for calculation of the amounts of 99mTc and 99Tc in generator eluates were derived by Lamson et al. [5]. It must be remembered that 14% of 99Mo decays directly to 99Tc, bypassing 99mTc. Based on these equations, the mole fraction of 99mTc (i.e. the fraction of total Tc atoms present which are 99mTc) is 0.277 for an elution 24 h after the previous one, and 0.768 for a second elution after 2 h [5]. The corresponding 99mTc/99Tc ratios are thus 1:2.6 and 3.3:1 in 24- and 2-h elutions, respectively, rather than 1:2 and 9:1, as suggested by Gommans et al. [1]. Moreover, this ratio applies at the instant of elution and declines continuously thereafter.
We can compare the effects of the two approaches which have been taken to increase the specific activity of 99mTc-nanocolloid: reduction of the amount of albumin colloid used and increase in the 99mTc/99Tc ratio. The commercial nanocolloid kit contains 0.5 mg colloidal albumin [6]. Gommans et al. have shown previously that the mean particle diameter is 12 nm; thus, there are approximately 550×1012 particles in a kit vial [3]. Increasing specific activity fourfold by labelling only 25% of a kit with the same amount of 99mTc resulted in a corresponding increase in sentinel node counts of sixfold (mean of 108 to 672 cps) while maintaining compliance with the manufacturer’s instructions; using 10% of the kit, the nodal count rate increased to 924 cps [3]. In the more recent work, increasing the specific activity of the Tc used in labelling 2.8-fold resulted in an increase in sentinel node counts of only 1.6-fold (mean of 1,070 to 1,738 cps) [1], suggesting diminishing returns from the latter intervention. This is indeed borne out when one calculates the loading on the particles. Theoretically, 1.3 GBq of 99mTc is equivalent to 40×1012 atoms. Thus, in a 24-h elution there would be 144×1012 atoms of Tc and 52×1012 in a 2-h elution. If this is added to 10% of a kit or 55×1012 particles, we can see that there is no net improvement: we are already at an average of ~1 atom of 99mTc per particle. Thus, the effective specific activity (MBq/μg colloid) is more important than true specific activity (MBq/μg Tc). To put it more simply: the same amount of 99mTc has been added to the same number of particles, so the amount of 99Tc is largely irrelevant in this situation.
References
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Ballinger, J.R. Effect of increased 99mTc/99Tc ratios on count rates in sentinel node procedures: a randomised study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 31, 306 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-003-1380-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-003-1380-1