Abstract
The body centered cubic (bcc) metals undergo a high level of dynamic recovery during elevated temperature straining so that the stress increases monotonically to a steady-state value σs. The strain rate and σs are related by means of the power, the exponential, or the sinh law with an Arrhenius temperature relationship. The activation energy for a iron has values of 250–280 kJ/mol, whereas for β titanium and β zirconium it is in the range 134–184 kJ/mol. The structure developed during hot working consists of elongated grains containing subgrains of dimension inversely proportional to σs. In warm working of α iron (limited to below 0.66T m), the textures are similar to those for cold working. In working β titanium and β zirconium which is limited to above 0.6T m except in β stabilized alloys or as matrix in α+ β processing, the bcc textures transform into α textures. The α iron relies principally on substructure strengthening in association with carbides. The β phases can be thermomechanically processed to provide equiaxed or lamellar a in a variety of dimensions and combinations, with or without substructure. Hot working of the bcc refractory metal alloys, principally molybdenum, is similar to hot working of α iron.
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References
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This paper is the third of a series of papers on hot working.
An erratum to this article is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02834804.
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Bourell, D.L., McQueen, H.J. Thermomechanical processing of iron, titanium, and zirconium alloys in the bcc structure. J. Materials Shaping Technology 5, 53–73 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02833686
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02833686