Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-6 is a pleiotropic inflammatory cytokine with both pro- and anti-inflammatory capacities, produced by different cells and tissues, such as leukocytes, adipocytes, and endothelium. From the viewpoint of cardiologists, this cytokine is a reliable biomarker of cardiac dysfunction, occurrence of atrial fibrillation, cardiac myxoma with recurrence, remote metastasis or embolization, and atherosclerotic processes. Although IL-6 levels were detected in patients undergoing cardiac operations and reported sporadically, the perioperative kinetics of IL-6 in cardiac surgical patients was insufficiently elaborated. The influencing factors, clinical implications, and causative effects of IL-6 on clinical outcomes and potential treatment choices among cardiac surgical patients remained to be clarified as well. The purpose of this article is to discuss these aspects of IL-6 in patients undergoing a cardiac operation.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Ai AL, Hall D, Bolling SF. Interleukin-6 and hospital length of stay after open-heart surgery. Biol Psychiatry Psychopharmacol 2012; 14: 79–82.
Rose-John S, Heinrich PC. Soluble receptors for cytokines and growth factors: generation and biological function. Biochem J 1994; 300: 281–90.
Scheller J, Chalaris A, Schmidt-Arras D, Rose-John S. The pro-and anti-inflammatory properties of the cytokine interleukin-6. Biochim Biophys Acta 2011; 1813: 878–88.
Gu J, Hu J, Zhang HW, et al. Time-dependent changes of plasma inflammatory biomarkers in type A aortic dissection patients with out optimal medical management. J Cardiothorac Surg 2015; 10: 3. doi: 10.1186/s13019-014-0199-0.
Wollert KC, Drexler H. The role of interleukin-6 in the failing heart. Heart Fail Rev 2001; 6: 95–103.
Biffl WL, Moore EE, Moore FA, Barnett Jr. CC. Interleukin-6 suppression of neutrophil apoptosis is neutrophil concentration dependent. J Leukoc Biol 1995; 58: 582–4.
Yaoita H, Kawaguchi M, Maehara K, Maruyama Y. IS061: interleukin-6 induces apoptosis of cardiomyocytes via inducible nitric oxide synthase action in rat myocaroial reperfusion injury. Jpn Circ J 1997; 61: 34.
Hirota H, Chen J, Betz UA, et al. Loss of a gp130 cardiac muscle cell survival pathway is a critical event in the onset of heart failure during biomechanical stress. Cell 1999; 97: 189–98.
Matsushita K, Iwanaga S, Oda T, et al. Interleukin-6/soluble interleukin-6 receptor complex reduces infarct size via inhibiting myocardial apoptosis. Lab Invest 2005; 85: 1210–23.
Robertson S. Interleukin 6 and disease (Last Updated: Oct 26, 2015). News Medical http://www.news-medical.net/health/ Interleukin-6-and-Disease.aspx. Accessed Jan 9, 2018.
Tsutamoto T, Hisanaga T, Wada A, et al. Interleukin-6 spillover in the peripheral circulation increases with the severity of heart failure, and the high plasma level of interleukin-6 is an important prognostic predictor in patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 31: 391–8.
Fuchs M, Hilfiker A, Kaminski K, et al. Role of interleukin-6 for LV remodeling and survival after experimental myocardial infarction. FASEB J 2003; 17: 2118–20.
Lommi J, Pulkki K, Koskinen P, et al. Haemodynamic, neuroendocrine and metabolic correlates of circulating cytokine concentrations in congestive heart failure. Eur Heart J 1997; 18: 1620–5.
Negreva MN, Georgiev SJ, Penev AP. Cytokine interleukin-6 in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Int J Pharm Med Res 2015; 3: 16–20.
Mochizuki Y, Okamura Y, Iida H, Mori H, Shimada K. Interleukin-6 and “complex” cardiac myxoma. Ann Thorac Surg 1998; 66: 931–3.
Ezerioha N, Feng W. Intracardiac myxoma, cerebral aneurysms and elevated interleukin-6. Case Rep Neurol 2015; 7: 152–5. doi: 10.1159/000437256.
Heresi GA, Aytekin M, Hammel JP, Wang S, Chatterjee S, Dweik RA. Plasma interleukin-6 adds prognostic information in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J 2014; 43: 912–4.
Kanda T, Takahashi T. Interleukin-6 and cardiovascular diseases. Jpn Heart J 2004; 45: 183–93.
Negoro S, Kunisada K, Tone E, et al. Activation of JAK/STAT pathway transduces cytoprotective signal in rat acute myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Res 2000; 47: 797–805.
Kobara M, Noda K, Kitamura M, et al. Antibody against interleukin-6 receptor attenuates left ventricular remodelling after myocardial infarction in mice. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 87: 424–30.
Kobara M, Noda K, Kitamura M, et al. Antibody against interleukin-6 receptor attenuates left ventricular remodelling after myocardial infarction in mice. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 87: 424–30.
Amdur RL, Mukherjee M, Go A, et al. Interleukin-6 is a risk factor for atrial fibrillation in chronic kidney disease: findings from the CRIC study. PLoS One 2016; 11: e0148189. doi: 10.1371/journal. pone.0148189.
Abe K, Nishimura M, Sakakibara T. Interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor during cardiopulmonary bypass. Can J Anaesth 1994; 41: 876–7.
Casey LC. Role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of cardiopulmonary-induced multisystem organ failure. Ann Thorac Surg 1993; 56: S92–6.
Hirai S. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome after cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003; 9: 365–70.
Wan S, Marchant A, DeSmet JM, et al. Human cytokine responses to cardiac transplantation and coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996; 111: 469–77.
Ueki M, Kawasaki T, Habe K, Hamada K, Kawasaki C, Sata T. The effects of dexmedetomidine on inflammatory mediators after cardiopulmonary bypass. Anaesthesia 2014; 69: 693–700.
Hill GE, Pohorecki R, Whitten CW. Plasma lipid concentrations correlate inversely with CPB-induced interleukin-6 release. Can J Anaesth 1998; 45: 509–14.
Kawamura T, Inada K, Okada H, Okada K, Wakusawa R. Methylprednisolone inhibits increase of interleukin 8 and 6 during open heart surgery. Can J Anaesth 1995; 42: 399–403.
Ashraf SS, Tian Y, Zacharrias S, Cowan D, Martin P, Watterson K. Effects of cardiopulmonary bypass on neonatal and paediatric inflammatory profiles. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1997; 12: 862–8.
Wan S, Izzat MB, Lee TW, Wan IY, Tang NL, Yim AP. Avoiding cardiopulmonary bypass in multivessel CABG reduces cytokine response and myocardial injury. Ann Thorac Surg 1999; 68: 52–6 (discussion 56-7).
Beghetti M, Rimensberger PC, Kalangos A, Habre W, Gervaix A. Kinetics of procalcitonin, interleukin 6 and C-reactive protein after cardiopulmonary-bypass in children. Cardiol Young 2003; 13: 161–7.
Wan IY, Arifi AA,Wan S, et al. Beating heart revascularization with or without cardiopulmonary bypass: evaluation of inflammatory response in a prospective randomized study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004; 127: 1624–31.
Liebold A, Keyl C, Birnbaum DE. The heart produces but the lungs consume proinflammatory cytokines following cardiopulmonary bypass. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1999; 15: 340–5.
Maruna P, Kunstyr J, Plocova KM, et al. Predictors of infection after pulmonary endarterectomy for chronic thrombo-embolic pulmonary hypertension. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2011; 39: 195–200.
Lequier LL, Nikaidoh H, Leonard SR, et al. Preoperative and postoperative endotoxemia in children with congenital heart disease. Chest 2000; 117: 1706–12.
Jones KG, Brull DJ, Brown LC, et al. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the prognosis of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Circulation 2001; 103: 2260–5.
Dehoux MS, Hernot S, Asehnoune K, et al. Cardiopulmonary bypass decreases cytokine production in lipopolysaccharidestimulated whole blood cells: roles of interleukin-10 and the extracorporeal circuit. Crit Care Med 2000; 28: 1721–7.
Hauser GJ, Ben-Ari J, Colvin MP, et al. Interleukin-6 levels in serum and lung lavage fluid of children undergoing open heart surgery correlate with postoperative morbidity. Intensive Care Med 1998; 24: 481–6.
Santos AR, Heidemann SM,Walters 3rd. HL, Delius RE. Effect of inhaled corticosteroid on pulmonary injury and inflammatory mediator production after cardiopulmonary bypass in children. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2007; 8: 465–9.
Karube N, Adachi R, Ichikawa Y, Kosuge T, Yamazaki I, Soma T. Measurement of cytokine levels by coronary sinus blood sampling during cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. ASAIO J 1996; 42: M787–91.
Wan S, Leclerc JL, Desmet JM, Barvais L, Vincent JL. The source of cytokines during clinical cardiopulmonary bypass: the heart or the lung? Chest 1996; 110: 16S.
Sablotzki A, Dehne M, Menges T, Lehmann N. Alterations of the cytokine network in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Perfusion 1997; 12: 393–403.
Hammer S, Fuchs AT, Rinker C, Daebritz S, Kozlik-Feldmann R, Netz H. Interleukin-6and procalcitonin in serum of children undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Acta Cardiol 2004; 59: 624–9.
Grünenfelder J, Zünd G, Schoeberlein A, et al. Expression of adhesion molecules and cytokines after coronary artery bypass grafting during normothermic and hypothermic cardiac arrest. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2000; 17: 723–8.
Menasche P, Haydar S, Paynet J, DuBuit C, Merval R. A potential mechanism of vasodilation after warm heart surgery. The temperature-dependent release of cytokines. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1994; 107: 293–9.
Ohata T, Sawa Y, Kadoba K, et al. Normothermia has beneficial effects in cardiopulmonary bypass attenuating inflammatory reactions. ASAIO J 1995; 41: M288–91.
Steinberg JB, Kapelanski DP, Olson JD, Weiler JM. Cytokine and complement levels in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993; 106: 1008–16.
Carvalho MV, Maluf MA, Catani R, et al. Cytokines and pediatric open heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Cardiol Young 2001; 11: 36–43.
Saatvedt K, Lindberg H, Geiran OR, et al. Complement activation and release of tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-2, interleukin-6 and soluble tumour necrosis factor and interleukin-2 receptors during and after cardiopulmonary bypass in children. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1995; 55: 79–86.
Whitten CW, Hill GE, Ivy R, Greilich PE, Lipton JM. Does the duration of cardiopulmonary bypass or aortic cross-clamp, in the absence of blood and/or blood product administration, influence the IL-6 response to cardiac surgery? Anesth Analg 1998; 86: 28–33.
Tárnok A, Hambsch J, Emmrich F, et al. Complement activation, cytokines, and adhesion molecules in children undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass. Pediatr Cardiol 1999; 20: 113–25.
Olsson C, Siegbahn A, Henze A, et al. Heparin-coated cardiopulmonary bypass circuits reduce circulating complement factors and interleukin-6 in paediatric heart surgery. Scand Cardiovasc J 2000; 34: 33–40.
Butler J, Chong GL, Baigrie RJ, Pillai R, Westaby S, Rocker GM. Cytokine responses to cardiopulmonary bypass with membrane and bubble oxygenation. Ann Thorac Surg 1992; 53: 833–8.
Zupancich E, Paparella D, Turani F, et al. Mechanical ventilation affects inflammatory mediators in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass for cardiac surgery: a randomized clinical trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005; 130: 378–83.
Sawa Y, Shimazaki Y, Kadoba K, et al. Attenuation of cardiopulmonary bypass-derived inflammatory reactions reduces myocardial reperfusion injury in cardiac operations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996; 111: 29–35.
Seghaye MC, Duchateau J, Grabitz RG, et al. Influence of low-dose aprotinin on the inflammatory reaction due to cardiopulmonary bypass in children. Ann Thorac Surg 1996; 61: 1205–11.
Brull DJ, Sanders J, Rumley A, Lowe GD, Humphries SE, Montgomery HE. Impact of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on post-coronary artery bypass interleukin 6 release. Heart 2002; 87: 252–5.
Fansa I, Gol M, Nisanoglu V, Yavas S, Iscan Z, Tasdemir O. Does diltiazem inhibit the inflammatory response in cardiopulmonary bypass? Med Sci Monit 2003; 9: PI30–6.
Greilich PE, Brouse CF, Whitten CW, Chi L, Dimaio JM, Jessen ME. Antifibrinolytic therapy during cardiopulmonary bypass reduces proinflammatory cytokine levels: a randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled study of epsilon-aminocaproic acid and aprotinin. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003; 126: 1498–503.
Sucu N, Cinel I, Unlu A, et al. N-acetylcysteine for preventing pump-induced oxidoinflammatory response during cardiopulmonary bypass. Surg Today 2004; 34: 237–42.
Nakanishi K, Takeda S, Sakamoto A, Kitamura A. Effects of ulinastatin treatment on the cardiopulmonary bypass-induced hemodynamic instability and pulmonary dysfunction. Crit Care Med 2006; 34: 1351–7.
Matsumura Y, Morita K, Kinouchi K, Nakamura K, Kagawa H. Effect of modified ultrafiltration after operations for congenital heart disease with pulmonary hypertension. Tokyo Jikeikai Ika Daigaku Zasshi 2007; 122: 185–94.
Davies PG, Venkatesh B, Morgan TJ, et al. Plasma acetate, gluconate and interleukin-6 profiles during and after cardiopulmonary bypass: a comparison of Plasma-Lyte 148 with a bicarbonatebalanced solution. Crit Care 2011; 15: R21.
Xia WF, Liu Y, Zhou QS, Tang QZ, Zou HD. Comparison of the effects of propofol and midazolam on inflammation and oxidase stress in children with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiac surgery. Yonsei Med J 2011; 52: 326–32.
Kawahito K, Adachi H, Ino T. Influence of surgical procedures on interleukin-6 and monocyte chemotactic and activating factor responses: CABG vs. valvular surgery. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2000; 20: 1–6.
Parolari A, Camera M, Alamanni F, et al. Systemic inflammation after on-pump and off-pump coronary bypass surgery: a one-month follow-up. Ann Thorac Surg 2007; 84: 823–8.
Meng F, Ma J, Wang W, Lin B. Meta-analysis of interleukin 6, 8, and 10 between off-pump and on-pump coronary artery bypass groups. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2017; 17: 85–94.
Uyar IS, Onal S, Uysal A, Ozdemir U, Burma O, Bulut V. Evaluation of systemic inflammatory response in cardiovascular surgery via interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and neopterin. Heart Surg Forum 2014; 17: e13–7.
Strüber M, Cremer JT, Gohrbandt B, et al. Human cytokine responses to coronary artery bypass grafting with and without cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg 1999; 68: 1330–5.
Gunaydin S, Sari T, McCusker K, Schonrock U, Zorlutuna Y. Clinical evaluation of minimized extracorporeal circulation in high-risk coronary revascularization: impact on air handling, inflammation, hemodilution and myocardial function. Perfusion 2009; 24: 153–62.
Prondzinsky R, Knüpfer A, Stabenow I, et al. Cardiopulmonary bypass contributes to less than half of interleukin-6 release post cardiac surgery. Crit Care 1999; 3: P114.
Gulielmos V, Menschikowski M, Dill H, et al. Interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and myocardial enzyme response after coronary artery bypass grafting-a prospective randomized comparison of the conventional and three minimally invasive surgical techniques. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2000; 18: 594–601.
Ziabakhsh-Tabari S. Can perioperative C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 levels predict atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery? Saudi Med J 2008; 29: 1429–31.
Mohamed AA, Nor El-Dien DM. Preoperative serum levels of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 as predictors of the development of postoperative atrial fibrillation among patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Egypt J Cardiovasc Anesth 2013; 7: 50–5.
Hedman A, Larsson PT, Alam M, Wallen NH, Nordlander R, Samad BA. CRP, IL-6 and endothelin-1 levels in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Do preoperative inflammatory parameters predict early graft occlusion and late cardiovascular events? Int J Cardiol 2007; 120: 108–14.
Bacci MR, Murad N, Breda JR, et al. Inflammatory biomarker kinetics after mechanical and bioprosthetic valve replacement. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2015; 61: 58–60.
Trikas A, Papathanasiou S, Tousoulis D, et al. Left atrial function, cytokines and soluble apoptotic markers in mitral stenosis: effects of valvular replacement. Int J Cardiol 2005; 99: 111–5.
Yilmaz E, Ustundag B, Sen Y, Akarsu S, Kurt AN, Dogan Y. The levels of ghrelin, TNF-α, and IL-6 in children with cyanotic and acyanotic congenital heart disease. Mediators Inflamm 2007; 2007: 32403. doi: 10.1155/2007/32403.
Afify MF, Mohamed GB, El-Maboud MA, Abdel-Latif EA. Serum levels of ghrelin, tumor necrosis factor- and interleukin-6 in infants and children with congenital heart disease. J Trop Pediatr 2009; 55: 388–92.
Wang D, Fang J, Wang R, et al. Elevated serum ghrelin, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 in congenital heart disease. Pediatr Int 2016; 58: 259–64.
Selimovic N, Bergh C-H, Andersson B, Sakiniene E, Carlsten H, Rundqvist B. Growth factors and interleukin-6 across the lung circulation in pulmonary hypertension. ERJ Express 2009; 34: 662–8. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00174908.
Humbert M, Monti G, Brenot F, et al. Increased interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 serum concentrations in severe primary pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151: 1628–31.
Madhok AB, Ojamaa K, Haridas V, Parnell VA, Pahwa S, Chowdhury D. Cytokine response in children undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease. Pediatr Cardiol 2006; 27: 408–13.
Gupta M, Johann-Liang R, Sison CP, Quaegebeur J, Friedman DM. Relation of early pleural effusion after pediatric open heart surgery to cardiopulmonary bypass time and systemic inflammation as measured by serum interleukin-6. AmJ Cardiol 2001; 87: 1220–3, A7-8.
Modan-Moses D, Prince A, Kanety H, et al. Patterns and prognostic value of troponin, interleukin-6, and leptin after pediatric openheart surgery. J Crit Care 2009; 24: 419–25.
Gessler P, Pfenninger J, Pfammatter JP, Carrel T, Baenziger O, Dahinden C. Plasma levels of interleukin-8 and expression of interleukin-8 receptors on circulating neutrophils and monocytes after cardiopulmonary bypass in children. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003; 126: 718–25.
Ashraf SS, Tian Y, Cowan D, et al. Proinflammatory cytokine release during pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass: influence of centrifugal and roller pumps. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1997; 11: 718–22.
Furuya Y, Satoh T, Kuwana M. Interleukin-6 as a potential therapeutic target for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Int J Rheumatol 2010; 2010: 720305. doi: 10.1155/2010/720305.
Boulate D, Perros F, Dorfmuller P, et al. Pulmonary microvascular lesions regress in reperfused chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. J Heart Lung Transplant 2015; 34: 457–67.
Mlejnsky F, Klein AA, Lindner J, et al. A randomised controlled trial of roller versus centrifugal cardiopulmonary bypass pumps in patients undergoing pulmonary endarterectomy. Perfusion 2015; 30: 520–8.
Botta Jr. DM. Biomarkers for diagnosis in thoracic aortic disease: PRO. Cardiol Clin 2010; 28: 207–11.
Wen D, Zhou XL, Li JJ, et al. Plasma concentrations of interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor- and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in aortic dissection. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 413: 198–202.
Artemiou P, Charokopos N, Rouska E, et al. C-reactive protein/interleukin-6 ratio as marker of the size of the uncomplicated thoracic aortic aneurysms. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2012; 15: 871–7.
Dawson J, Cockerill GW, Choke E, Belli AM, Loftus I, Thompson MM. Aortic aneurysms secrete interleukin-6 into the circulation. J Vasc Surg 2007; 45: 350–6.
Wallinder J, Bergqvist D, Henriksson AE. Proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine balance in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm and the impact of aneurysm size. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2009; 43: 258–61.
Juvonen J, Surcel HM, Satta J, et al. Elevated circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17: 2843–7.
Flondell-Sité D, Lindblad B, Kölbel T, Gottsäter A. Cytokines and systemic biomarkers are related to the size of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Cytokine 2009; 46: 211–5.
Swartbol P, Truedsson L, Norgren L. Adverse reactions during endovascular treatment of aortic aneurysms may be triggered by interleukin 6 release from the thrombotic content. J Vasc Surg 1998; 28: 664–8.
Cheuk BL, Chan YC, Cheng SW. Changes in inflammatory response after endovascular treatment for type B aortic dissection. PLoS One 2012; 7: e37389.
Gabriel EA, Locali RF, Romano CC, Duarte AJ, Palma JH, Buffolo E. Analysis of the inflammatory response in endovascular treatment of aortic aneurysms. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2007; 31: 406–12.
Dawson JA, Choke E, Cockerill GW, Loftus IM, Thompson MM. The long-term effects of open and endovascular aneurysm repair on circulating interleukin-6. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2009; 37: 43–5.
Stamataki E, Stathopoulos A, Garini E, Glynos K, Routsi CI. 4AP9-4 serum interleukin 6 increase correlates with s100b protein in elective abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2010; 27: 90.
Treska V, Kocova J, Boudova L, Topolcan O, Molacek J, Tonar Z. Tissue levels of interleukins 6, 8 and of tumor necrosis factor alpha in the wall of ruptured and asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysms. Eur Surg 2007; 39: 307–10.
Seino Y, Ikeda U, Shimada K. Increased expression of interleukin 6 mRNA in cardiac myxomas. Br Heart J 1993; 69: 565–7.
Mendoza CE, Rosado MF, Bernal L. The role of interleukin-6 in cases of cardiac myxoma. Clinical features, immunologic abnormalities, and a possible role in recurrence. Tex Heart Inst J 2001; 28: 3–7.
Abdallah AN, Billes MA, Attia Y, Doutremepuich C, Cassaigne A, Iron A. Evaluation of plasma levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 as rejection markers in a cohort of 142 heart grafted patients followed by endomyocardial biopsy. Eur Heart J 1997; 18: 1024–9.
Perez-Villa F, Benito B, Llancaqueo M, Cuppoletti A, Roig E. Elevated levels of serum interleukin-6 are associated with low grade cellular rejection in patients with heart transplantation. Transplant Proc 2006; 38: 3012–5.
Kubala L, Cíz M, Vondrácek J, et al. Perioperative and postoperative course of cytokines and the metabolic activity of neutrophils in human cardiac operations and heart transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002; 124: 1122–9.
Sakai T, Latson TW, Whitten CW, et al. Perioperative measurements of interleukin-6 and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in cardiac transplant patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1993; 7: 17–22.
Birks EJ, Burton PB, Owen V, et al. Elevated tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in myocardium and serum of malfunctioning donor hearts. Circulation 2000; 102: III352–8.
Plenz G, Eschert H, Erren M, et al. The interleukin-6/interleukin-6-receptor system is activated in donor hearts. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39: 1508–12.
Finkel MS, Hoffman RA, Shen L, Oddis CV, Simmons RL, Hattler BG. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) as a mediator of stunned myocardium. Am J Cardiol 1993; 71: 1231–2.
Hummel M, Czerlinski S, Friedel N, et al. Interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 concentrations as predictors of outcome in ventricular assist device patients before heart transplantation. Crit Care Med 1994; 22: 448–54.
Clark AL, Loebe M, Potapov EV, et al. Ventricular assist device in severe heart failure: effects on cytokines, complement and body weight. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 2275–83.
Goldstein DJ, Moazami N, Seldomridge JA, et al. Circulatory resuscitation with left ventricular assist device support reduces interleukins 6 and 8 levels. Ann Thorac Surg 1997; 63: 971–4.
Loebe M, Koster A, Sänger S, et al. Inflammatory response after implantation of a left ventricular assist device: comparison between the axial flow MicroMed DeBakey VAD and the pulsatile Novacor device. ASAIO J 2001; 47: 272–4.
Birks EJ, Latif N, Owen V, et al. Quantitative myocardial cytokine expression and activation of the apoptotic pathway in patients who require left ventricular assist devices. Circulation 2001; 104: I233–40.
Caruso R, Caselli C, Cozzi L, et al. Myocardial interleukin-6 in the setting of left ventricular mechanical assistance: relation with outcome and C-reactive protein. Clin Chem Lab Med 2015; 53: 1359–66.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
To cite this article: Yuan SM. Interleukin-6 and cardiac operations. Eur. Cytokine Netw. 2018; 29(1): 1-15 doi:10.1684/ecn.2018.0406
About this article
Cite this article
Yuan, SM. Interleukin-6 and cardiac operations. Eur Cytokine Netw 29, 1–15 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1684/ecn.2018.0406
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1684/ecn.2018.0406