Background

Abnormalities of human cerebellum are common features of development, but rarely persist in postnatal life [1,2,3]. Literature has reports of isolated mild cerebellar malformations, major cerebellar dysplasias are however very rare [1,2,3]. Few cases of major cortical cerebellar dysplasias have been reported in association with some congenital muscular dystrophies and related disorders, or intrauterine infections [3,4,5].Cerebellar malformations have also been observed together with cerebral abnormalities or as a component of syndromes like Joubert syndrome, Arima syndrome, Senior–Loken syndrome, Chudley–McCullough syndrome, CHARGE syndrome, and PHACES syndrome [6, 7]. Isolated unilateral cerebellar dysplasia is, however, exceedingly rare with only a few cases reported so far [1, 3, 6, 8]. We have summarized the literature review including a comparison with this case report (Table 1). Cerebellar developmental abnormalities have been attributed to aberrant migration and malorientation of the Purkinje cells and altered organization of glial cells in the intrauterine period as well as first 6–8 months of extra uterine life [1, 3, 9, 10]. According to a classification suggested by Patel and Barkovich, the malformations have been broadly classified into two types, malformations with cerebellar hypoplasia and ones with cerebellar dysplasia. Each of these was further classified into focal and diffuse [6]. Another classification has been suggested by P Demaerel, for cerebellar dysplasia, which was based on the part of the cerebellum which was involved. The dysplasias were divided into type 1a, in which the anterior lobe of the cerebellum showed abnormal fissuration, type 1b, in which dysplasia of both anterior and posterior lobe of the cerebellum was present, and type 2, which had vermian and hemispheric abnormalities [11]. It is pertinent to distinguish amongst the three developmental/intrauterine cerebellar abnormalities namely cerebellar atrophy, hypoplasia, and dysplasia. The term cerebellar atrophy refers to a small cerebellum with shrunken folia and large cerebellar fissures or a cerebellum that shows progressive volume loss. The term cerebellar hypoplasia is used for cases with a small cerebellum with fissures of normal size as compared to the folia [6]. The cerebellum is considered dysplastic if signs of disorganized development, such as an abnormal folial pattern or heterotopic nodules of gray matter are seen [6]. Defective or vertical fissures, irregular or bumpy gray–white matter junction, and abnormal arborization of the white matter within cerebellar hemispheres can also be seen. Vertical or abnormal fissures may also be present in the vermis [7]. Patients with cerebellar hypoplasia and dysplasia may present with seizure disorders, global or motor developmental delay, neurocognitive defects, hypotonia, or accompanying oculomotor disease, facial/skeletal deformities [1].

Table 1 Showing comparative literature review
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Case presentation

A 25-year-old male patient, presented with episodes of generalized tonic–clonic seizures once every 4–6 months since 4 years of age. There was no preceding aura or any localizing features. No focal neurological deficit was noted. The patient’s examination revealed a full scale intelligence quotient (IQ) of 72, suggesting marginal learning disability. The Mini-Mental Scale Examination (MSME) revealed a score of 19, indicating mild cognitive impairment. There was no significant history that could be indicative of hypoxic ischemic antenatal insult or genetic predisposition for the symptoms. No significant past history of head trauma, febrile seizures, or meningoencephalitis was present. However, the patient had poor academic performance. No dysmorphic features could be identified. No cognitive deficits/signs to suggest cerebellar pathology were seen on neurological examination. Electroencephalography (EEG) showed generalized spike and wave discharges. Multiplanar and multisequence non-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain was performed using a 1.5-T MRI scanner (GE SIGNA). Reduced volume of the right cerebellar hemisphere was seen with disorganized architecture, fissural misorientation with individual folia running vertically rather than horizontally, abnormal folial pattern, and arborization of white matter. Signal intensity of cerebellar cortex as well as white matter was normal. No heterotopic nodules were seen. The right side of the vermis also showed relative hypoplasia with an abnormal folial pattern. The left cerebellar hemisphere was normal in morphology and signal intensity. A small extra-axial CSF collection was seen posterior to the dysplastic right cerebellar hemisphere, which was communicating with the fourth ventricle. Ipsilateral posterior fossa was relatively smaller (Figs. 1, 2, 3). No other structural or signal abnormality was noted in the rest of the brain. The patient was put on symptomatic treatment after neurosurgical review ruled out possibility of any favourable surgical intervention.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Axial T2- (a) and T1-weighted (b) sections of MRI brain show decreased volume of right cerebellar hemisphere with fissural malorientation and abnormal arborization of white matter

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Fig. 2
figure 2

Coronal T2- (a) and T1-weighted (b) sections of MRI brain of posterior fossa showing reduced volume of right cerebellar hemisphere with fissural malorientation, abnormal arborization of white matter predominantly involving mid and dorsal surface of right cerebellar hemisphere

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Fig. 3
figure 3

Sagittal T2-weighted sections of left (a) and right (b) cerebellar hemispheres, showing normal architecture on right side and architectural distortion with abnormal foliation on left side

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Conclusions

Notable isolated unilateral cerebellar dysplasia is a rare entity requiring symptomatic treatment and anomalous developmental process being the likely aetiology. As there are just a few reported cases, this case shall contribute to increase in awareness for this entity so that it can be diagnosed without delay and managed appropriately.