Abstract
We deal with generalized Melvin-like solutions associated with Lie algebras of rank 4 (\(A_4\), \(B_4\), \(C_4\), \(D_4\), \(F_4\)). Any solution has static cylindrically symmetric metric in D dimensions in the presence of four Abelian two-form and four scalar fields. The solution is governed by four moduli functions \(H_s(z)\) (\(s = 1,\ldots ,4\)) of squared radial coordinate \(z=\rho ^2\) obeying four differential equations of the Toda chain type. These functions are polynomials of powers \((n_1,n_2, n_3, n_4) = (4,6,6,4), (8,14,18,10), (7,12,15,16), (6,10,6,6), (22,42,30,16)\) for Lie algebras \(A_4\), \(B_4\), \(C_4\), \(D_4\), \(F_4\), respectively. The asymptotic behaviour for the polynomials at large z is governed by an integer-valued \(4 \times 4\) matrix \(\nu \) connected in a certain way with the inverse Cartan matrix of the Lie algebra and (in \(A_4\) case) the matrix representing a generator of the \({\mathbb {Z}}_2\)-group of symmetry of the Dynkin diagram. The symmetry properties and duality identities for polynomials are studied. We also present two-form flux integrals over a two-dimensional submanifold. Dilatonic black hole analogs of the obtained Melvin-type solutions, e.g. “phantom” ones, are also considered. The phantom black holes are described by fluxbrane polynomials under consideration.
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1 Introduction
In this semi-review paper, we study multidimensional generalization of Melvin’s solution [1], which was presented earlier in Ref. [2]. Originally, model from Ref. [2] contains metric, n Abelian 2-forms and \(l \ge n\) scalar fields. Here, we consider a special solutions with \(n =l =4\), governed by a \(4 \times 4\) Cartan matrix \((A_{i j})\) for Lie algebras of rank 4: \(A_4\), \(B_4\), \(C_4\), \(D_4\), and the exceptional algebra \(F_4\). The solutions from Ref. [2] are special case of the so-called generalized fluxbrane solutions from Ref. [3].
The original Melvin’s 4d solution describes the gravitational field of a magnetic flux tube. The multidimensional analog of such a flux tube, supported by a certain configuration of form fields, is referred to as a fluxbrane. Earlier the appearance of fluxbrane solutions was related mainly to supergravity models with motivations supported by by superstring/M-theory approach. For generalizations of the Melvin solution and fluxbrane solutions, see [4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21] and references therein.
In Ref. [3], there were considered the generalized fluxbrane solutions which are described in terms of moduli functions \(H_s(z) > 0\) defined on the interval \((0, +\infty )\), where \(z = \rho ^2\) and \(\rho \) is a radial coordinate. Functions \(H_s(z)\) obey n nonlinear differential master equations of Toda-like type governed by some matrix \((A_{s s'})\), and the following boundary conditions are imposed: \(H_{s}(+ 0) = 1\), \(s = 1,\ldots ,n\).
Here, we put the matrix \((A_{s s'})\) to be coinciding with a Cartan matrix for some simple finite-dimensional Lie algebra \({{\mathcal {G}}}\) of rank n. It was conjectured in Ref. [3] that in this case the solutions to master equations with the above boundary conditions are polynomials of the form:
where \(P_s^{(k)}\) are constants. Here, \(P_s^{(n_s)} \ne 0\) and
where we denote \((A^{s s'}) = (A_{s s'})^{-1}\). Integers \(n_s\) are components of the twice dual Weyl vector in the basis of simple (co-)roots [22].
For any simple finite-dimensional Lie algebra \({{\mathcal {G}}}\), the functions \(H_s\), which are called“fluxbrane polynomials”, define a special solution to open Toda chain equations [23, 24] corresponding to \({{\mathcal {G}}}\) [25]. It was pointed out in Ref. [3] that the conjecture on polynomial structure of \(H_{s}(z)\) is valid for all Lie algebras of A- and C- series.
Here, we study some geometric properties of the solutions corresponding to Lie algebras of rank 4: we present some symmetry relations and duality identities of fluxbrane polynomials. The latter are controlling the transformations \(\rho \rightarrow 1/\rho \) and depend upon the groups of symmetry of Dynkin diagrams for Lie algebras. In our case, these groups of symmetry are trivial (i.e. identical) ones for Lie algebras \(B_4\), \(C_4\) and \(F_4\), while for the Lie algebra \(A_4\), we get the group \({\mathbb {Z}}_2\), and for the Lie algebra \(D_4\), we are led to symmetric group \(S_3\).
The analogous analysis was done earlier for the case of rank-2 Lie algebras: \(A_2\), \(B_2 = C_2\), \(G_2\) in Ref. [26], and for rank-3 algebras \(A_3\), \(B_3\), \(C_3\) in Ref. [27]. Also, in Ref. [28], the conjecture from Ref. [3] was verified for the Lie algebra \(E_6\) and certain duality relations for six \(E_6\)-polynomials were found.
The paper is organized as follows. In Sect. 2, we present a generalized Melvin solutions from Ref. [2] for the case of four scalar fields and four 2-forms. In Sect. 3, we deal with the solutions for the Lie algebras \(A_4\), \(B_4\), \(C_4\), \(D_4\) [29] and \(F_4\). We present symmetry properties, duality relations for polynomials and 2-form flux integrals \(\Phi ^s = \int F^s\) over a 2d submanifold, where \(F^s\) are 2-forms [30]. In Sect. 4, we consider black hole analogs of the obtained Melvin-type solutions, e.g. phantom ones.
It should be noted that the fluxbrane polynomials, which give us special solutions to Toda chain equations, may be useful for describing supergravity model solutions. Indeed, let us restrict ourselves to maximal supergravity models in dimensions \(D < 11\) [31] which are obtained from \(D= 11\) supergravity by dimensional reductions on tori. It is shown in Ref. [32] that there exist special cosmological and static cylindrically symmetric domain wall solutions in dimensions \(D= 3, 4, 5,6,7\), which are described by Toda equations corresponding to \(E_N\) Lie algebras with \(N = 11 - D\), where \(E_6, E_7, E_8\) are standard exceptional Lie algebras and \(E_5 = D_5\), \(E_4 = A_4\).Footnote 1 By putting a certain charge (corresponding to off-line root in Dynkin diagram) to zero, we get \(A_{N-1}\) Toda chains (TC) (\(N= 4,5,6,7,8\)) [33], while identifying certain pairs of charges, we get \(F_4\) TC from \(E_6\) one, \(B_4\) TC from \(D_5\) one and \(C_4\) TC from \(A_7\) one, see Ref. [34]. The \(D_5\) solution with a certain charge equal to zero gives us a \(D_4\) solution. For TC solutions (e.g. black brane and fluxbrane ones) in supergravitational models corresponding to Lie algebras of lower ranks (e.g. \(A_1\), \(A_2\)), see [21, 35,36,37] and references therein.
Another possible application of the results of this and previous our works on fluxbrane polynomials may be in considering of obtained 4d dilatonic solutions as backgrounds for studying of so-called quasinormal modes [38] and related problems (photon spheres, shadows, echoes, etc). This topic is rather popular at present, especially after the discovery of gravitational waves.
2 The set up and generalized Melvin solutions
Let us consider the following product manifold:
where \(M_1 = S^1\) and \(M_2\) is a \((D-2)\)-dimensional Ricci-flat manifold.
We define the action
where \(g=g_{MN}(x)dx^M\otimes dx^N\) is a metric on M, \(\mathbf {\varphi } = (\varphi ^a)\in {{\mathbb {R}}} ^4\) is vector of scalar fields, \( F^s = dA^s = \frac{1}{2} F^s_{M N} dx^{M} \wedge dx^{N}\) is a 2-form, \(\mathbf {\lambda }_s = (\lambda _{s}^{a}) \in {{\mathbb {R}}} ^4\) is dilatonic coupling vector, \(s = 1,\ldots ,4\); \(a =1,\ldots ,4\). Here, we use the notations \(|g| \equiv |\det (g_{MN})|\), \((F^s)^2 \equiv F^s_{M_1 M_{2}} F^s_{N_1 N_{2}} g^{M_1 N_1} g^{M_{2} N_{2}}\).
We deal with a family of exact cylindrically symmetric solutions to the field equations corresponding for the action (2.2) and depending on the radial coordinate \(\rho \). The solution has the form [2]:
\(s, a = 1, \ldots , 4\), where \(g^1 = d\phi \otimes d\phi \) is a metric on \(M_1 = S^1\) and \(g^2\) is a Ricci-flat metric of signatute \((-,+, \dots , +)\) on \(M_{2}\). Here, \(q_s \ne 0\) are integration constants (\(q_s = - Q_s\) in notations of Ref. [2]).
Here, we denote \(z = \rho ^2\). As it was shown in earlier works, the functions \(H_s(z) > 0\) obey the set of master equations
with the boundary conditions
where
\(s = 1,\ldots , 4\). The boundary condition (2.7) guarantees the absence of a conic singularity (for the metric (2.3)) for \(\rho = +0\).
There are some relations for the parameters \(h_s\):
where
\(s, l = 1,\ldots , 4\). In these relations, we have denoted
The latter matrix is the so-called “quasi-Cartan” matrix. One can prove that if \((A_{s l})\) is a Cartan matrix for a certain simple Lie algebra \({{\mathcal {G}}}\) of rank 4, then there exists a set of vectors \(\mathbf {\lambda }_1, \ldots , \mathbf {\lambda }_4\) obeying (2.11). See also Remark 1 in the next section.
The solution under consideration can be understood as a special case of the fluxbrane solutions from [3, 19].
Therefore, here, we investigate a multidimensional generalization of Melvin’s solution [1] for the case of four-scalar fields and four 2-forms. Note that the original Melvin’s solution without scalar field would correspond to \(D = 4\), one (electromagnetic) 2-form, \(M_1 = S^1\) (\(0< \phi < 2 \pi \)), \(M_2 = {{\mathbb {R}}} ^2\) and \(g^2 = - dt \otimes dt + d x \otimes d x\).
3 Solutions related to simple classical rank-4 Lie algebras
In this section, we consider the solutions associated with Lie algebras \({{{\mathcal {G}}}}\) of rank 4. This means than the matrix \(A = (A_{sl})\) coincides with one of the Cartan matrices
for \({{{\mathcal {G}}}} = A_4, \, B_4, \, C_4, \, D_4, \, F_4\), respectively.
Each of these matrices can be graphically described by Dynkin diagrams shown in Fig. 1.
Using (2.9)–(2.11), we can get
where \(h_s = K_s^{-1}\), and
\(s,l = 1, 2, 3, 4\); (3.2) is a special case of (3.3).
From (2.9),(2.11), it also follows that
for any \(s \ne l\) obeying \(A_{sl}, A_{ls} \ne 0\). This implies
or
(\(h = K^{-1}\)) for \({{{\mathcal {G}}}} = A_4, B_4, C_4, D_4\), respectively, and
or
(\(h = K^{-1}\)) for \({{{\mathcal {G}}}} = F_4\).
Polynomials. According to the polynomial conjecture, the set of moduli functions \(H_1(z), \ldots , H_4(z)\), obeying Eqs. (2.6) and (2.7) with the Cartan matrix \(A = (A_{sl})\) from (3.1) are polynomials with powers
calculated by using (1.2) for Lie algebras \(A_4\), \(B_4\), \(C_4\), \(D_4\), \(F_4\), respectively.
One can prove this conjecture by solving the system of nonlinear algebraic equations for the coefficients of these polynomials following from master equations (2.6). Below, we present a list of the polynomials obtained by using appropriate MATHEMATICA algorithm. For convenience, we use the rescaled variables (as in Ref. [25]):
\(A_4\)-case. For the Lie algebra \(A_4 \cong sl(5)\), we have
\(B_4\)-case. For the Lie algebra \(B_4 \cong so(9)\), the fluxbrane polynomials are:
\(C_4\)- case. For the Lie algebra \(C_4 \cong sp(6)\), we get the following polynomials
\(D_4\)- case. For the Lie algebra \(D_4 \cong so(8)\), we obtain the polynomials
\(F_4\)- case. For the exceptional Lie algebra \(F_4\), we find the following polynomials:
Let us denote
One can easily write down the asymptotic behaviour of the polynomials obtained:
where we introduced the integer valued matrix \(\nu = (\nu ^{sl})\) having the form
for Lie algebras \(A_4, B_4, C_4, D_4, F_4\), respectively. In these five cases, there is a simple property
Note that for Lie algebras \(B_4\), \(C_4\), \(D_4\) and \(F_4\), we have
where \(A^{-1}\) is inverse Cartan matrix, whereas in the \(A_4\)-case, the matrix \(\nu \) is related to the inverse Cartan matrix as follows:
Here, I is \(4 \times 4\) identity matrix and
is a permutation matrix corresponding to the permutation \(\sigma \in S_4\) (\(S_4\) is symmetric group)
by the following relation \(P = (P^i_j) = (\delta ^i_{\sigma (j)})\). Here, \(\sigma \) is the generator of the group \(G = \{ \sigma , \mathrm{id} \}\), which is the group of symmetry of the Dynkin diagram for \(A_4\). G is isomorphic to the group \({\mathbb {Z}}_2\).
In case of \(D_4\) the group of symmetry of the Dynkin diagram \(G'\) is isomorphic to the symmetric group \(S_3\) acting on the set of three vertices \(\{1, 3, 4 \}\) of the Dynkin diagram via their permutations. The existence of the above symmetry groups \(G \cong {\mathbb {Z}}_2\) and \(G' \cong S_3\) implies certain identity properties for the fluxbrane polynomials \(H_s(z)\).
Let us denote \({\hat{p}}_i = p_{\sigma (i)} \) for the \(A_4\) case, and \({\hat{p}}_i = p_{i}\) for \(B_4\), \(C_4\), \(D_4\), \(F_4\) cases (\(i= 1,2,3,4\)). We call the ordered set \(({\hat{p}}_i)\) as dual one to the ordered set \((p_i)\). It corresponds to the action (trivial or nontrivial) of the group \({\mathbb {Z}}_2\) on vertices of the Dynkin diagrams for above algebras.
Then, we obtain the following identities which were directly verified by using MATHEMATICA algorithms.
Symmetry relations.
Proposition 1
The fluxbrane polynomials obey for all \(p_i\) and \(z>0\) the identities:
for any \(\sigma ' \in S_3\), \(s= 1, \ldots , 4\). We call relations (3.39) as symmetry ones.
Duality relations.
Proposition 2
The fluxbrane polynomials corresponding to Lie algebras \(A_4\), \(B_4\), \(C_4\), \(D_4\) and \(F_4\) obey for all \(p_i > 0\) and \(z > 0\) the identities
\(s = 1, 2, 3, 4\).
We call relations (3.40) as duality ones. These relations may be used for deriving \(1/\rho \)-expansion for the metric and the fields involved at large distances.
Fluxes. Let us consider an oriented two-dimensional manifold \(M_{*} =(0, + \infty ) \times S^1\), \(R > 0\). One can calculate the flux integrals over this manifold:
where
The flux integrals \(\Phi ^s\) are convergent and read as follows: [30]
\(s =1, 2,3, 4\). Thus, any flux \(\Phi ^s\) depends upon one integration constant \(q_s \ne 0\), while the integrand form \(F^s\) depends upon all constants: \(q_1, q_2, q_3, q_4\).
In the \(A_4\)-case, we have:
where \(h_1 = h_2 = h_3 = h_4 = h\).
In the \(B_4\)=case, we find:
where \(h_1 = h_2 = h_3 = h\), \(h_4 = 2h \).
In the \(C_4\)-case, we obtain:
where \(h_1 = h_2 = h_3 = h\), \(h_4 = \frac{1}{2} h \).
In the \(D_4\)-case, we are led to relations:
where \(h_1 = h_2 = h_3 = h_4 = h\). (In all examples, relations (3.8) are used.)
In the \(F_4\)-case, we similarly obtain:
where \(h_1 = h_2 = h\), \(h_3 = h_4 = 2h\).
For \(D =4\) and \(g^2 = - dt \otimes dt + d x \otimes d x\), \(q_s\) coincides with the value of the x-component of the s-th magnetic field on the axis of symmetry, \(s =1,2,3,4\).
We note also that by putting \(q_1 = 0\), we get the Melvin-type solutions corresponding to Lie algebras \(A_3\), \(B_3\), \(C_3\), \(A_3\) and \(C_3\), respectively, which were analysed in Ref. [27]. (The case of the rank 2 Lie algebra \(G_2\) [26] may be obtained for the \(D_4\) case when \(q_1 = q_3 = q_4\).) The case of non-exceptional Lie algebras of rank 4 was considered earlier in [29].
Special solutions. Let us put \(p_1 = p_2= p_3 = p_4 = p > 0\). We get binomial relations
which certainly satisfy the master equations (2.6) with boundary conditions (2.7) imposed when parameters \(q_s\) obey
\(s = 1,2,3,4.\)
Relation (3.49) is satisfied for all polynomials presented above. One can also readily check the relations for fluxes in (3.43) for the special case \(p_1 = p_2= p_3 = p_4 = p\).
4 Dilatonic black holes for simple Lie algebras of rank 4
Relations (constraints) on dilatonic coupling vectors (2.10), (2.11) appear also for dilatonic black hole solutions which are defined on the manifold
where \(R_0 = 2 \mu > 0\) and \(M_2\) is a Ricci-flat manifold. These solutions on the manifold \(M'\) from (4.1) for the model under consideration may be extracted from general black brane solutions from refs. [21, 25, 39]. They read:
\(s,a = 1,2,3,4\), where \(f = 1 - 2\mu R^{-1}\), \(g^0\) is the standard metric on \(M_0 = S^2\) and \(g^2\) is a Ricci-flat metric of signature \((+, \dots , +)\) on \(M_{2}\). Here, \(Q_s \ne 0\) are integration constants (charges).
The functions \(\mathbf{H}_s = \mathbf{H}_s (R) > 0\) obey the master equations
with the following boundary conditions on the horizon and at infinity imposed:
where
\(s = 1, 2,3,4\). Here, relations (2.9) are also valid.
For Lie algebras of rank 4, the functions \(\mathbf{H}_s\) are polynomials of rank (3.9) with respect to \( R^{-1}\). By using approach of Ref. [25], these polynomials may be obtained (at least for small enough \(Q_s\)) from fluxbrane polynomials \(H_s(z)\) presented in this paper extended to negative values of parameters \(p_s\).
Indeed, let us denote \(f = 1 - 2\mu /R\). Then, the relations (4.5) may be rewritten as
\(s = 1,2,3,4\). These relations could be solved (at least for small enough \(Q_s\)) by using fluxbrane polynomials \( H_{s}(f) = H_{s}(f; \mathbf {p})\), corresponding to \(4 \times 4\) Cartan matrix \((A_{s l})\), where \(\mathbf {p} = (p_1,p_2,p_3,p_4)\) is the set of parameters. Here, we impose the restrictions \(p_s \ne 0\) for all s.
Due to approach of Ref. [25], we put
for \(s = 1,2,3,4\). Then, the relations (4.8), are satisfied identically if [25]
\(s = 1,2,3,4\).
We call the set of parameters \(\mathbf {p} = (p_1,p_2,p_3,p_4)\) (\(p_i \ne 0\)) as proper one if [25]
for all \(f \in [0,1]\) and \(s = 1,2,3,4\). In what follows, we consider only proper \(\mathbf {p}\). In relations (4.10), we have \(p_s < 0\) and \(B_s < 0\) for \(s = 1,2,3,4\).
The boundary conditions (4.6) are valid since due to relation (4.9)
\(s = 1,2,3,4\).
Locally, for small enough \(p_i\) the relation (4.10) defines one-to-one correspondence between the sets of parameters \((p_1,p_2,p_3,p_4)\) and \((Q_1^2, Q_2^2,Q_3^2, Q_4^2 )\) and the set \((p_1,p_2,p_3,p_4)\) is proper.
Relations (4.12) imply the following formula for the Hawking temperature [25]
Special solutions. For any algebra under consideration, there exists a special solution with binomial relations for moduli functions
with \(P > 0\), if
\(s = 1,2,3,4\). This may be readily verified by substituting these functions into the master equations (4.5). The corresponding fluxbrane polynomials (3.49) have coinciding (negative) parameters \(p_1 = p_2= p_3 = p_4 = p < 0\) which obey
where \( -1< p < 0\). (For this values the set (p, p, p, p) is proper one.) Relation (4.16) may be extracted just from (4.9). The Hawking temperature in this case reads as
Here, the identity \(1/(1 + p) = 1 + P/(2\mu )\) is used.
Phantom black holes. Now, we consider the case of special solution with \(p > 0\). We get from (4.16) \(- 2\mu< P < 0\) and due to relation (4.15), we find \(K_s Q_s^2 < 0\) which imply (due to \(K_s > 0\)) \(Q_s^2 < 0\), i.e. we are led to pure imaginary charges \(Q_s\). But one can overcome this point by considering from the very beginning “phantom” fields of forms \(F^s\), i.e. one should consider the action with wrong signs of electromagnetic-type terms
instead of (2.2). Models with phantom “electromagnetic-type” field were considered in the literature, see for example [40, 41]. In this case, one should replace the relation (4.7) by
For special phantom black hole solutions, we obtain
(\(- 2\mu< P < 0\)) instead of (4.15). In general case, the phantom black hole solutions are described by formulae (of this Section) presented above with the relation (4.19) instead of (4.7). These solutions use fluxbrane polynomials with positive \(p_i\) which were studied in previous sections.
5 Conclusions
In this paper, the generalized multidimensional family of Melvin-type solutions was considered corresponding to finite-dimensional Lie algebras of rank 4: \({{{\mathcal {G}}}} = A_4, B_4, C_4, D_4, F_4\). Each solution of that family is governed by a set of 4 fluxbrane polynomials \(H_s(z)\), \(s =1,2,3,4\). These so-called fluxbrane polynomials define special solutions to open Toda chain equations corresponding to the Lie algebra \({{{\mathcal {G}}}}\).
The polynomials \(H_s(z)\) depend also upon parameters \(q_s\), which coincides for \(D =4\) (up to a sign) with the values of colored magnetic fields on the axis of symmetry.
We have presented the symmetry relations and the duality identities for polynomials under consideration. These identities may be used in deriving \(1/\rho \)-expansion for solutions at large distances \(\rho \). We have also presented two-dimensional flux integrals \(\Phi ^s = \int _{M_{*}} F^s\) (\(s =1, 2,3,4\)) over a two-dimensional submanifold \(M_{*}\). Each total flux \(\Phi ^s\) depends only upon one corresponding parameter \(q_s\), whereas the integrand \(F^s\) depends on all parameters \(q_s\), \(s =1,2,3,4\).
Here, we have suggested a possible applications of the fluxbrane polynomials under consideration to a class of dilatonic black hole solutions which are analogs of the Melvin-type solutions. A subclass of special charged black hole solutions governed by two parameters: \(P > 0\) and \(\mu > 0\), was considered. It was pointed out that the consideration of black hole solution in the model with “phantom” fields of forms will use original fluxbrane polynomials \( H_{s}(f;(p_1,p_2,p_3,p_4))\), i.e. those which have positive values of parameters \(p_i\), \(i = 1,2,3,4\). (For usual charged black holes one should deal with negative \(p_i\).) The detailed consideration of such phantom black holes governed by fluxbrane polynomials (for these and other Lie algebras) will be a subject of separate paper.
Notes
In Ref. [32], the existence of polynomial Toda chain solutions corresponding to \(E_8\) Lie algebra (with proper powers of polynomials) was conjected, and polynomials related to \(D_4\) Lie algebra were presented.
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Acknowledgements
This paper has been supported by the RUDN University Strategic Academic Leadership Program (recipients: V.D.I. - mathematical model development and S.V.B. - simulation model development). The reported study was funded by RFBR, project number 19-02-00346 (recipients S.V.B and V.D.I. - physical model development).
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Bolokhov, S.V., Ivashchuk, V.D. On generalized Melvin solutions for Lie algebras of rank 4. Eur. Phys. J. Plus 136, 225 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-021-01193-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-021-01193-6