Abstract
The results of calculation of the three-loop radiative correction to the renormalization constant of fermion masses for non-abelian gauge theory interacting with fermions are presented. Dimensional regularization and the t’Hooft-Veltman minimal subtraction scheme are used. The method of calculation is described in detail. The renormalization group function \({{\gamma }_{m}}\) determining the behavior of the effective mass of fermions is presented. The anomalous dimensions of fermions for QED and QCD up to three loops are given. All calculations were performed on a computer with the help of the SCHOOONSCHIP system for analytical manipulations.
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The effects determined by the nonzero quark and lepton masses in quantum chromodynamics, the standard \(SU(2) \times U(1)\) model, usual and supersymmetric grand unified theories are now attracting more and more attention. Considerable efforts were devoted to determining the mass of the Higgs scalar particle from the LEP experiments. The threshold effects [1], the light quark masses [2] and the value of the ratio \({{{{m}_{b}}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{{m}_{b}}} {{{m}_{\tau }}}}} \right. \kern-0em} {{{m}_{\tau }}}}\) in the frame of the grand unified theories [3] are usually investigated by the renormalization group (RG) method [4]. Application of the RG allows one to sum the leading momentum-dependent logarithms to all orders in terms of the limited number of the RG parameters (beta functions and anomalous dimensions) which are calculated in the framework of perturbation theory.
The most characteristic feature of the mass account is large contributions of the higher orders in perturbation theory. For example, the two-loop corrections to the ratio \({{{{m}_{b}}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{{m}_{b}}} {{{m}_{\tau }}}}} \right. \kern-0em} {{{m}_{\tau }}}}\) [3] are 20% from the leading contribution. In the \(SU(5)\) grand unified theory from two-loop analysis it was concluded [3] that the number of flavors cannot exceed six. The one-loop approximation gives a less rigid restriction—the number of flavors may be less than eight. The next approximations - the three loop and higher, can also change this restriction. Higher corrections to the renormalization group functions depend more strongly on the number of quarks.
We consider the non-Abelian gauge theory with fermions belonging to the representation \(R\) of the gauge group G:
Here \({{\eta }^{a}}\) is the ghost field, \(\alpha \) is the gauge parameter and \({{f}^{{abc}}}\) are totally antisymmetric structure constants of the gauge group \(G\). The indices of the fermion field \(\psi _{i}^{m}\) specify color (\(i\)) and flavor (\(m\)), respectively. The matrices \({{R}^{a}}\) obey the following relations:
In particular, the values of group invariants \(C\), \({{C}_{F}}\) and \(t\) in the fundamental (quark) representation of \(SU(N)\) are:
In this paper we adopt the renormalization prescription by ’t Hooft [5] the so-called “minimal subtraction scheme” (MS), which by definition subtracts only pole parts in \(\varepsilon \) from a given diagram. The renormalization constant \({{Z}_{\Gamma }}\) relating the dimensionally regularized 1PI Green function with the renormalized one
looks in this scheme like
with \(\varepsilon = (4 - {{n)} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{n)} 2}} \right. \kern-0em} 2}\), \(n\) being the space-time dimension, \(h = {{{{g}^{2}}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{{g}^{2}}} {{{{(4\pi )}}^{2}}}}} \right. \kern-0em} {{{{(4\pi )}}^{2}}}}\) and \(\mu \) is the renormalization parameter with the dimension of mass. The relationship between the bare charge \(h_{B}^{2}\) and the renormalized one includes the product of appropriate \(Z\)’s. The most convenient choice of \(Z\)’s is as follows:
Here \({{\tilde {Z}}_{1}}\) is the renormalization constant of the ghost-ghost-gluon vertex, \({{Z}_{3}}\) and \({{\tilde {Z}}_{3}}\) being those of the inverse gluon and ghost propagators, respectively. Bare parameters \({{m}_{B}}\) and \({{\alpha }_{B}}\) are connected with the renormalized ones as:
In [6] it was shown that \({{a}^{{(\nu )}}}(h)\) and \({{b}^{{(\nu )}}}(h)\) in the \(MS\) renormalization scheme are gauge independent. This gives us a possibility to use the simplest gauge for calculation. We choose to work in the Feynman gauge \(\alpha = 1\) throughout this paper.
The Green function \({{\Gamma }_{R}}\left( {\tfrac{{{{Q}^{2}}}}{{{{\mu }^{2}}}},h,m,\alpha } \right)\) in the \(MS\) scheme satisfies the renormalization group equation [5, 7]:
Here
The functions \(\beta (h),{{\gamma }_{m}}(h),\delta (h,\alpha )\) and \({{\gamma }_{\Gamma }}(h,\alpha )\) can be expressed in terms of the coefficients in front of \({{\varepsilon }^{{ - 1}}}\) in the decompositions of the corresponding renormalization constants \(Z\) [5, 7]:
where \({{\tilde {\gamma }}_{1}}\) is the anomalous dimension of the ghost-ghost-gluon vertex, \({{\gamma }_{3}}\) and \({{\tilde {\gamma }}_{3}}\) are anomalous dimensions of the gluon and ghost propagators respectively. The coefficients in front of \({1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 {{{\varepsilon }^{\nu }}}}} \right. \kern-0em} {{{\varepsilon }^{\nu }}}}(\nu \geqslant 2)\) for the renoramlization constants \({{Z}_{\Gamma }}\) and \({{Z}_{m}}\) are related to \({{c}^{{(1)}}}\) and \({{b}^{{(1)}}}\) by [5, 7]:
These relationships were used to partially verify our calculations.
The goal of this paper is to calculate the three-loop approximation for \({{\gamma }_{m}}(h)\). The two-loop calculations were presented in [8]. To find \({{\gamma }_{m}}(h)\), it is convenient to use the relation \({{\gamma }_{m}}(h) = - {{\gamma }_{2}}(h,\alpha ) + {{\gamma }_{{\bar {\psi }\psi }}}(h,\alpha )\) that follows from the equation
where
and \({{Z}_{{\bar {\psi }\psi }}}\) is the renormalization constant of the two-point fermion Green function with the insertion \(\bar {\psi }(y)\psi (y)\), i.e.
According to the method described in [9], for the renormalization constants \({{Z}_{{\bar {\psi }\psi }}}\) and \({{Z}_{2}}\) we shall use the following representation:
Here \(K\) is an operator that removes regular in \(\varepsilon \) terms
and \(R{\kern 1pt} '\) is the \(R\) operation for the minimal subtraction scheme without the last subtraction applied to the Green function \(\Gamma \), i.e.
We apply \(K\) and \(R{\kern 1pt} '\) operations to the diagrams of the following type:
where \( - {\kern 1pt} \otimes {\kern 1pt} - \) corresponds to the insertion \(\int {\bar {\psi }} (y)\psi (y){{d}^{n}}y\).
As an illustrative example we consider calculation of the contribution to \({{Z}_{{\bar {\psi }\psi }}}\) from one of the three-loop diagrams. For example,
The \(R{\kern 1pt} '\) for this diagram with the combinatorial factor and appropriate counterterms can schematically be represented as:
Substituting expressions for the one- and two-loop diagrams and multiplying them by appropriate \(KR{\kern 1pt} '\), we get for the diagram, counterterms with two- and one-loop subdiagrams the following expression:
All calculations were performed on the CDC-6500 computer using the algebraic manipulation system SCHOONSCHIP [10]. In Appendix, we present contributions to \(Z_{2}^{{ - 1}}\) and \({{Z}_{{\bar {\psi }\psi }}}\) from diagrams with one- and two-loop insertions, factorized diagrams and 1PI diagrams. At the three loop level we get:
Using (1) and (3) we get
At the two loop level our results coincide with that presented in [8]. Unlike the \(\beta \)- function, the three-loop contribution to γm depends on the Riemann function \(\zeta (3) = \sum\nolimits_{l = 1}^\infty {{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 {{{l}^{3}}}}} \right. \kern-0em} {{{l}^{3}}}}} \). The coefficient in \({{\gamma }_{m}}\) proportional to \({{C}_{F}}{{t}^{2}}{{f}^{2}}\) coincides with that predicted in [11]. For the quantum chromodynamics (\(SU(3)\) gauge group with \(C = 3\), \({{C}_{F}} = {4 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {4 3}} \right. \kern-0em} 3}\), \(t = {1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}} \right. \kern-0em} 2}\)) we have:
For completeness we present also expression for the \(\beta \)- function [12]:
From (4), one can easily get \({{\gamma }_{2}}\) and \({{\gamma }_{m}}\) for the quantum electrodynamics, by setting \(C = 0\), \({{C}_{F}} = 1\), \(tf = 1\):
The solutions of the renormalization group Eq. (2) in the t’Hooft scheme are expressed in terms of the effective parameters \(\bar {h}\), \(\bar {m}\), \(\bar {\alpha }\) determined by the system of equations:
The expression for \(\bar {h}(L)\) up to three loops was given in [12]:
Here \(L = \ln\tfrac{{{{Q}^{2}}}}{{{{\Lambda }^{2}}}} \equiv \int {\tfrac{{dx}}{{\beta (x)}}} + \ln\tfrac{{{{Q}^{2}}}}{{{{\mu }^{2}}}}\). An arbitrary integration constant is chosen to cancel the term with \({1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 {{{L}^{2}}}}} \right. \kern-0em} {{{L}^{2}}}}\) in the decomposition of \(\bar {h}(L)\).
The solution for \({{\bar {m}}_{i}}\) is:
At the present time \(\delta (h,\alpha )\) in an arbitrary gauge at the three-loop level is not known. But in the MS scheme physical quantities depend only on \(\overline h \), so for them we can use the renormalization group at the three-loop level.
The most interesting application of our results can be the \({{{{m}_{b}}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{{m}_{b}}} {{{m}_{\tau }}}}} \right. \kern-0em} {{{m}_{\tau }}}}\) ratio in the \(SU(5)\) grand unified theory and calculation of \({{\gamma }_{m}}(h)\) at three loop level in supersymmetric theories [12].
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I am very grateful to D.V. Shirkov, A.L. Kataev and D.I. Kazakov for valuable discussions.
The present text was published in 1982 as a JINR Communication, JINR-P2-82-900.
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APPENDIX
APPENDIX
The three-loop 1PI diagrams of the fermion propagator are given in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.
The contributions to \(Z_{2}^{{ - 1}}\) from different sets of the diagrams (\( - KR{\kern 1pt} '\)):
Figure 2d: \( - \tfrac{2}{{{{\varepsilon }^{3}}}}C_{F}^{2}C\).
The contributions to \({{Z}_{{\overline \psi \psi }}}\) from the diagrams with the insertion \( - {\kern 1pt} \otimes {\kern 1pt} - \) were calculated simultaneously with the diagrams shown in Figs. 1 and 2. In fact, for the fermion propagator instead of \({{\hat {p}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\hat {p}} {{{p}^{2}}}}} \right. \kern-0em} {{{p}^{2}}}}\) we used \((\hat {p} + {{m)} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{m)} {{{p}^{2}}}}} \right. \kern-0em} {{{p}^{2}}}}\), and after multiplication of all propagators we kept only the part without the mass term and the part linear in \(m\). The coefficient in front of \(m\) determines the contribution of the diagrams with the mass insertion. For example, from the diagram
we get the following diagrams with the insertion:
The contributions to \({{Z}_{{\bar {\psi }\psi }}}\) from different sets of diagrams (\( - KR{\kern 1pt} '\))
Figure 2d: 0.
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Tarasov, O.V. Anomalous Dimensions of Quark Masses in the Three-Loop Approximation. Phys. Part. Nuclei Lett. 17, 109–115 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1547477120020223
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1547477120020223