Abstract
The present study was undertaken to genetically evaluate Turkmen horses for genetic diversity and to evaluate whether they have experienced any recent genetic bottlenecks. A total of 565 individuals from Turkmen horses were characterized for within breed diversity using 12 microsatellite markers. The estimated mean allelic diversity was (9.42 ± 1.78) per locus, with a total of 131 alleles in genotyped samples. A high level of genetic variability within this breed was observed in terms of high values of effective number of alleles (4.70 ± 1.36), observed heterozygosity (0.757 ± 0.19), expected Nei’s heterozygosity (0.765 ± 0.13), and polymorphism information content (0.776 ± 0.17). The estimated cumulative probability of exclusion of wrongly named parents (PE) was high, with an average value of 99.96% that indicates the effectiveness of applied markers in resolving of parentage typing in Turkmen horse population. The paternity testing results did not show any misidentification and all selected animals were qualified based on genotypic information using a likelihood-based method. Low values of Wright’s fixation index, F IS (0.012) indicated low levels of inbreeding. A significant heterozygote excess on the basis of different models, as revealed from Sign and Wilcoxon sign rank test suggested that Turkmen horse population is not in mutation-drift equilibrium. But, the Modeshift indicator test showed a normal ‘L’ shaped distribution for allelic class and proportion of alleles, thus indicating the absence of bottleneck events in the recent past history of this breed. Further research work should be carrying out to clarify the cause of discrepancy observed for bottleneck results in this breed. In conclusion, despite unplanned breeding in Turkmen horse population, this breed still has sufficient genetic variability and could provide a valuable source of genetic material that may use for meeting the demands of future breeding programs.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Georgescu, S.E., Manea, M.A., and Costache, M., The genetic structure of indigenous Romanian Hucul horse breed inferred from microsatellite data, Roum. Biotechnol. Lett., 2008, vol. 13, pp. 4030–4036.
Barzev, G., Zhelyazkov, E., Barzeva, V., et al., Genetic diversity in Bulgarian Thoroughbred using microsatellite DNA markers, Agric. Sci. Technol., 2010, vol. 2, pp. 116–120.
Lee, S.Y. and Cho, G.J., Parentage testing of Thoroughbred horse in Korea using microsatellite DNA typing, J. Vet. Sci., 2006, vol. 7, pp. 63–67.
Costa, M.A.P., Bresse, R.M.C., Almeida, D.B., et al., Genotyping in the Brazilian Criollo Horse Stud Book: resources and perspectives, Genet. Mol. Res., 2010, vol. 9, pp. 1645–1653.
Khanshour, A.M., Conat, E.K., Juras, R., and Cothran, E.G., Microsatellite analysis for parentage testing of the Arabian horse breed from Syria, Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 2013, vol. 37, pp. 9–14.
Tozaki, T., Kakoi, H., Mashima, S., and Hirota, K., Population study and validation of paternity testing for Thoroughbred horses by 15 microsatellite loci, J. Vet. Med. Sci., 2001, vol. 63, pp. 1191–1197.
Dimsoski, P., Development of a 17-plex microsatellite polymerase chain reaction kit for genotyping horses. Croat. Med. J., 2003, vol. 44, pp. 332–335.
Budowle, B., Garofano, P., Hellman, A., and Ketchum, M., Recommendations for animal DNA forensic and identity testing, Int. J. Legal. Med., 2005, vol. 119, pp. 295–302.
Solis, A., Jugo, B.M., Meriaux, J.C., et al., Genetic diversity within and among four South European native horse breeds based on microsatellite DNA analysis: implications for conservation, J. Hered., 2005, vol. 96, pp. 670–678.
Guerin, G., Bertaud, M., and Amigues, Y., Characterization of seven new horse microsatellites: HMS1, HMS2, HMS3, HMS5, HMS6, HMS7, and HMS, Anim. Genet., 1994, vol. 25, p. 62.
Ellegren, H., Johansson, M., Sandberg, K., and Andersson, L., Cloning of highly polymorphic microsatellites in the horse, Anim. Genet., 1992, vol. 23, pp. 133–142.
Marklund, S., Ellegren, H., Eriksson, S., et al., Parentage testing and linkage analysis in the horse using a set of highly polymorphic microsatellites, Anim. Genet., 1994, vol. 25, pp. 19–23.
Binns, M.M., Uolmes, N.G., and Holliman, A.M., The identification of polymorphic microsatellite loci in the horse and their use in thoroughbred parentage testing, Brit. Vet. J., 1995, vol. 151, pp. 9–15.
Van Haeringen, H., Bowling, A.T., Stott, M.L., et al., A highly polymorphic horse microsatellite locus: VHL20, Anim. Genet., 1994, vol. 25, p. 207.
Breen, M., Lindgren, G., Binns, M.M., et al., Genetical and physical assignments of equine microsatellites—first integration of anchored markers in horse genome mapping, Mamm. Genome, 1997, vol. 8, pp. 267–273.
Marshall, T.C., A Program Designed for a Large-Scale Parentage Analysis Using Codominance Loci [CERVUS, version 2.0], Edinburgh: Univ. Edinburgh, 2000.
Botstein, D., White, R.L., Skolnick, M., and Davis, R.W., Construction of a genetic linkage map in man using restriction fragment length polymorphism, Am. J. Hum. Genet., 1980, vol. 32, pp. 314–331.
Kimura, M. and Crow, J.F., The number of alleles that can be maintained in a finite population, Genet., 1964, vol. 49, pp. 725–738.
Yeh, F.C., Yang, R.C., and Boyle, T., POPGENE. Microsoft Windows-Based Freeware for Population Genetic Analysis: Release 1.31, Edmonton: Univ. Alberta, 1999.
Marshall, T.C., Slate, J., Kruuk, L.E.B., and Pemberton, J.M., Statistical confidence for likelihood based paternity inference in natural populations, Mol. Ecol., 1998, vol. 7, pp. 639–655.
Pandey, A.K., Sharma, R., Singh, Y., et al., Evaluation of genetic variability in Kenkatha cattle by microsatellite markers, Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 2006, vol. 12, pp. 1685–1690.
Weir, B.S., Inferences about linkage disequilibrium, Biometrics, 1979, vol. 35, pp. 235–254.
Ohta, T. and Kimura, M., The model of mutation appropriate to estimate the number of electrophoretically detectable alleles in a genetic population, Genet. Res., 1973, vol., 22, pp. 201–204.
Di Rienzo, A., Peterson, A., Garza, J.C., et al., Mutational processes of simple sequence repeat loci in human population, Pro. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 1994, vol. 91, pp. 3166–3170.
Piry, S., Luikart, G., and Cornuet, J.M., Bottleneck: a computer program for detecting recent reductions in effective population using allele frequency data, J. Hered., 1999, vol. 90, pp. 502–503. http://www.ensam.inra.fr/URLB/Bottleneck
Cornuet, J.M. and Luikart, G., Description and power analysis of two tests for detecting recent population bottlenecks from allele frequency data, Genet., 1996, vol. 144, pp. 2001–2014.
Luikart, G., Allendorf, F.W., Cornuet, J.M., and Sherwin, W.B., Distortion of allele frequency distributions provides a test for recent population bottlenecks, J. Hered., 1998, vol. 89, pp. 238–247.
Luιs, C., Juras, R., Oom, M.M., and Cothran, E.G., Genetic diversity and relationships of Portuguese and other horse breeds based on protein and microsatellite loci variation, Anim. Genet., 2007, vol. 38, pp. 20–27.
Georgescu, S.E., Manea, M.A., and Costache, M., The genetic structure of indigenous Romanian Hucul horse breed inferred from microsatellite data, Roum. Biotechnol. Lett., 2008, vol. 13, pp. 4030–4036.
Vostry, L., Kracikova, O., Hofmanova, B., et al., Intraline and inter-line genetic diversity in sire lines of the Old Kladruber horse based on microsatellite analysis of DNA, Czech. J. Anim. Sci., 2011, vol. 56, pp. 163–175.
Zuccaro, A., Bordonaro, S., Criscione, A., et al., Genetic diversity and admixture analysis of Sanfratellano and three other Italian horse breeds assessed by microsatellite markers, Anim., 2008, vol. 2, pp. 991–998.
Giacomoni, E.H., Fernández-Stolz, G.P., and Freitas, T.R.O., Genetic diversity in the Pantaneiro horse breed assessed using microsatellite DNA markers, Genet. Mol. Res., 2008, vol. 7, pp. 261–270.
Avdi, M. and Banos, G., Genetic diversity and inbreeding in the Greek Skyros horse livestock, Science, 2008, vol. 114, pp. 362–365.
Cho, G.J., Genetic relationship among the Korean native and alien horses estimated by microsatellite polymorphism, Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 2006, vol. 19, pp. 784–788.
Tozaki, T., Takezaki, N., Hasegawa, et al., Microsatellite variation in Japanese and Asian horses and their phylogenetic relationship using a European horse outgroup, J. Hered., 2003, vol. 94, pp. 374–380.
Luis, C., Cothran, E.G., and Oom, M.M., Inbreeding and genetic structure in the endangered Sorraia horse breed: implications for its conservation and management, J. Hered., 2007, vol. 98, pp. 232–237.
Manly, B.F.J., The Statistics of Natural Selection, London: Chapman and Hall, 1985.
Jamieson, A., The effectiveness of using co-dominant polymorphic allelic series for [1] checking pedigrees and [2] distinguishing full-sib pair members, Anim. Genet., 1994, vol. 25, suppl. 1, pp. 37–44.
Cho, G.J., Microsatellite DNA polymorphism of Thoroughbred horses in Korea, Korean J. Genet., 2002, vol. 24, pp. 177–182.
Curi, R.A. and Lopes, C.R., Evaluation of nine microsatellite loci and misidentification paternity frequency in a population of Gyr breed bovines, Braz. J. Vet. Res. Anim. Sci., 2002, vol. 39, pp. 129–135.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
The article is published in the original.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rahimi-Mianji, G., Nejati-Javaremi, A. & Farhadi, A. Genetic diversity, parentage verification, and genetic bottlenecks evaluation in iranian turkmen horse1 . Russ J Genet 51, 916–924 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1022795415090082
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1022795415090082