Abstract
The INM-IO numerical World Ocean model is verified through the calculation of the model ocean climate. The numerical experiment was conducted for a period of 500 years following the CORE-I protocol. We analyze some basic elements of the large-scale ocean circulation and local and integral characteristics of the model solution. The model limitations and ways they are overcome are described. The results generally fit the level of leading models. This experiment is a necessary step preceding the transition to high-resolution diagnostic and prognostic calculations of the state of the World Ocean and its individual basins.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
A. S. Sarkisyan, Theory and Computation of Ocean Currents (Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1966; Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 1969).
G. I. Marchuk, Numerical Solution of Problems of Atmospheric and Oceanic Dynamics (Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1974) [in Russian].
A. S. Sarkisyan, “Fifty years of numerical modeling of baroclinic ocean,” Izv., Atmos. Ocean. Phys. 48 (1), 1–14 (2012).
Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis—Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Ed. by T. F. Stocker, D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, et al. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2013).
R. D. Smith, M. E. Maltrud, F. O. Bryan, and M. W. Hecht, “Numerical simulation of the North Atlantic Ocean at 1/10°,” J. Phys. Oceanogr. 30, 1532–1561 (2000).
E. P. Chassignet and D. P. Marshall, “Gulf Stream separation in numerical ocean models,” in Ocean Modeling in an Eddying Regime, Ed. by M. W. Hecht and H. Hasumi (American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 2008), pp. 39–61.
Y. S. Chang, Z. D. Garraffo, H. Peters, and T. M. Özgökmen, “Pathways of Nordic Overflows from climate model scale and eddy resolving simulations,” Ocean modeling 29, 66–84 (2009).
M. E. Maltrud and J. L. McClean, “An eddy resolving global 1/10° ocean simulation,” Ocean Modell. 8, 31–54 (2005).
Y. Masumoto, H. Sasaki, T. Kagimoto, et al., “A fiftyyear eddy-resolving simulation of the world ocean—Preliminary outcomes of OFES (OGCM for the Earth Simulator),” J. Earth Simul. 1, 35–56 (2004).
A. M. Treguier and B. Barnier, DRAKKAR, Coordination of high resolution global ocean simulations and developments of the NEMO modelling framework, Project INSU–LEFE and GMMC report of activity 2010–2012 (2010).
A. V. Gusev and N. A. Diansky, “Numerical simulation of the World Ocean circulation and its climatic variability for 1948–2007 using the INMOM,” Izv., Atmos. Ocean. Phys. 50 (1), 1–12 (2014).
R. A. Ibrayev, “Model of enclosed and semi-enclosed sea hydrodynamics,” Russ. J. Numer. Anal. Math. Modell. 16 (4), 291–304 (2001).
P. D. Killworth, D. Stainforth, D. J. Webb, and S. Paterson, “The development of a free surface Bryan–Cox–Semtner model,” J. Phys. Oceanogr. 21, 1333–1348 (1991).
V. V. Kalmykov and R. Ibrayev, “The overlapping algorithm for solving shallow water equations on massivelyparallel architectures with distributed memory,” Vestn. Ufim. Gos. Aviats. Tekh. Univ. 17 (5), 252–259 (2013).
V. V. Kalmykov and R. A. Ibrayev, “A framework for the ocean-ice-atmosphere-land coupled modeling on massively-parallel architectures,” Vychisl. Metody Program. 14, 88–95 (2013).
V. V. Kalmykov and R. A. Ibrayev, “Software for combined modeling of the ocean–ice–atmosphere–soil system on massively parallel computers,” Certificate of state registration of computer programs No. 2013619320, Russia (October 1, 2013).
V. V. Kalmykov, Extended Abstract of Candidate’s Dissertation in Mathematics and Physics (Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 2013).
M. A. Tolstykh, R. A. Ibrayev, E. M. Volodin, et al., Models of the Global Atmosphere and World Ocean: Algorithms and Supercomputer Technologies (MGU, Moscow, 2013) [in Russian].
R. A. Ibrayev, V. V. Kalmykov, K. V. Ushakov, and R. N. Khabeev, “Eddy-resolving 1/10° model of the World Ocean,” Ekol. Bezop. Pribrezhn. Shel’f. Zon Kompleksn. Ispol’z. Resur. Shel’fa 25 (2), 30–44 (2011).
R. A. Ibrayev, R. N. Khabeev, and K. V. Ushakov, “Eddy-resolving 1/10° model of the World Ocean,” Izv., Atmos. Ocean. Phys. 48 (1), 37–46 (2012).
S. M. Griffies, A. Biastoch, C. Boning, et al., “Coordinated ocean–ice reference experiments (COREs),” Ocean Modell. 26 (1–2), 1–46 (2009).
C. Schrum and J. Backhaus, “Sensitivity of atmosphere–ocean heat exchange and heat content in North Sea and Baltic Sea. A comparative assessment,” Tellus, 51A, 526–549 (1999).
W. Large and S. Yeager, Diurnal to decadal global forcing for ocean and sea-ice models: the data sets and flux climatologies, NCAR Technical Note: NCAR/TN-460+STR (CGD Division of the National Center for Atmospheric Research, 2004).
W. H. Munk and E. R. Anderson, “Note on the theory of the thermocline,” J. Mar. Res. 7, 276–295 (1948).
S. T. Zalezak, “Fully multidimensional flux-corrected transport algorithm for fluids,” J. Comput. Phys. 31, 335–362 (1979).
W. Large and S. Yeager, “The global climatology of an interannually varying air–sea flux data set,” Clim. Dyn. 33 (2–3), 341–364 (2009).
M. Steele, R. Morfley, and W. Ermold, “PHC: A global ocean hydrography with a high-quality Arctic Ocean,” J. Clim. 14, 2079–2087 (2001).
World Ocean Atlas 2009. http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/ OC5/WOA09/pr_woa09.html.
R. J. Murray, “Explicit generation of orthogonal grids for ocean models,” J. Comput. Phys. 126 (2), 251–273 (1996).
ETOPO5. Data Announcement 88-MGG-02. Digital relief of the surface of the Earth. (National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, Colorado, 1988).
M. Conkright, J. Antonov, O. Baranova, et al., World Ocean Database 2001, Vol. 1: Introduction. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 42 (NOAA, Washington, DC, 2002).
R. W. Reynolds and T. M. Smith, “Improved global sea surface temperature analyses using optimum interpolation,” J. Clim. 7 (6), 929–948 (1994).
J. L. Sarmiento, “On the North and Tropical Atlantic heat balance,” J. Geophys. Res. 91 (C10), 11677–11690 (1986).
J. Stroeve, Sea Ice Trends and Climatologies from SMMR and SSM/I-SSMIS (Updated Dataset for 1979–2013) (NASA DAAC at the National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder, Colorado, 2003).
G. C. Johnson, B. M. Sloyan, W. S. Kessler, and K. E. McTaggart, “Direct measurements of upper ocean currents and water properties across the tropical Pacific during the 1990s,” Prog. Oceanogr. 52, 31–36 (2002).
J. A. Knauss, “Measurements of the Cromwell Current,” Deep-Sea Res. (1953).6, 265–274, IN25–IN26, 275–286 (1959–1960).
G. Monterey and S. Levitus, Climatological Cycle of Mixed Layer Depth in the World Ocean (NOAA NESDIS, Washington, DC, 1997).
A. H. Orsi, T. W. Whitworth III, and W. D. Nowlin, Jr., “On the meridional extent and fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current,” Deep-Sea Res. 42 (5), 641–673 (1995).
C. Gordon, C. Cooper, C. A. Senior, et al., “The simulation of SST, sea ice extents and ocean heat transports in a version of the Hadley Centre coupled model without flux adjustments,” Clim. Dyn. 16, 147–168 (2000).
K. Trenberth and J. Caron, “Estimates of meridional atmosphere and ocean heat transports,” J. Clim. 14, 3433–3443 (2001).
A. M. Da Silva, C. Young, and S. Levitus, Atlas of surface marine data. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 6 (1994).
S. Cunningham, S. Alderson, B. King, and M. Brandon, “Transport and variability of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in Drake Passage,” J. Geophys. Res. 108 (C5), 8084 (2003).
E. J. Katz, R. L. Molinari, D. E. Cartwright, et al., “The seasonal transport of the Equatorial Undercurrent in the western Atlantic (during the Global Weather Experiment),” Oceanol. Acta 4 (4), 445–450 (1981).
A. T. Roach, K. Aagaard, C. H. Pease, et al., “Direct measurements of transport and water properties through the Bering Strait,” J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans 100 (18), 443–458 (1995).
E. Fahrbach, J. Meincke, S. Osterhus, et al., “Direct measurements of volume transports through Fram Strait,” Polar Res. 20, 217–224 (2001).
J. A. Knauss, “A note on the transport of the Gulf Stream,” Deep-Sea Res. 16 (Suppl.), 117–123 (1969).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Original Russian Text © K.V. Ushakov, R.A. Ibrayev, V.V. Kalmykov, 2015, published in Izvestiya AN. Fizika Atmosfery i Okeana, 2015, Vol. 51, No. 4, pp. 416–436.
The paper is dedicated to the memory of Academician G.I. Marchuk.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ushakov, K.V., Ibrayev, R.A. & Kalmykov, V.V. Simulation of the world ocean climate with a massively parallel numerical model. Izv. Atmos. Ocean. Phys. 51, 362–380 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001433815040131
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001433815040131