Abstract
In this study, mango seed kernels extract contained a considerable amount of phenolics and flavonoids (17,400 and 3325 mg/100 g seed, respectively). The HPLC profiling revealed that hesperidin was the major phenolic compound of the mango seed kernels extract. This is the first report find hesperidin in mango extracts. The phenolic compounds of mango seed kernels extract were effective in scavenging free radicals of DPPH and ABTS with IC50 values of 47.3 and 7.9 μg/ml, respectively. The total antioxidant activity of mango seed kernels extract based on the reduction of molybdenum was also measured. The phenolic compounds of mango seed kernels extract potentially inhibited the protease, fibrinogenase, phospholipase A2, l-amino acid oxidase, hyaluronidase, and hemolytic activities of the most dangerous Cerastes cerastes and Echis coloratus viper venoms. The phenolic compounds of mango seed kernels extract could completely neutralize the hemorrhage and lethality of both venoms in experimental animals. It could be concluded that the mango seed kernels extract phenolic compounds with potential antioxidant activity are considered as a new avenue in the viper bite treatment.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Abdalla, A.E.M., Darwish, S.M., Ayad, E.H.E., El-Hamahmy, R.M., 2007. Egyptian mango by-product 1: compositional quality of mango seed kernel. Food Chem. 103, 1134–1140.
Ajila, C.M., Rao, U.J.S.P., 2013. Mango peel dietary fiber: composition and associated bound phenolics. J. Funct. Foods 202, 11–17.
Al-Abdulla, I.H., Sidki, A.M., Landon, J., 1991. An indirect hemolytic assay for assessing anti-venoms. Toxicon 29, 1043–1046.
Ao, C., Li, A., Elzaawely, A., Xuan, T.D., Tawata, S., 2008. Evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Ficus microcarpa L. extract. Food Control 19, 940–948.
Barone, J.M., Frezzatti, R., Silveira, P.F., 2014. Effects of N-acetyl-l-cysteine on redox status and markers of renal function in mice inoculated with Bothrops jararaca and Crotalus durissusterrificus venoms. Toxicon 79, 1–10.
Bee, A., Theakston, R.D.G., Harrison, R.A., Cartera, S.D., 2001. Novel in vitro assays for assessing the hemorrhagic activity of snake venoms and for demonstration of venom metalloproteinase inhibitors. Toxicon 39, 1429–1434.
Dorta, E., Gonzez, M., Lobo, M.G., Snchez-Moreno, C., Ancos, B., 2014. Screening of phenolic compounds in by-product extracts from mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) by HPLC–ESI–QTOF–MS and multivariate analysis for use as a food ingredient. Food Res. Int. 57, 51–60.
Dorta, E., Lobo, M.G., González, M., 2012. Using drying treatments to stabilize mango peel and seed: effect on antioxidant activity. LWT Food Sci. Technol. 45, 261–268.
Garg, A., Garg, S., Zaneveld, L.J.D., Singla, A.K., 2001. Chemistry and pharmacology of the Citrus bioflavonoid hesperidin. Phytother. Res. 15, 655–669.
Girish, K.S., Kemparaju, K., 2011. Overlooked issues of snakebite management: time for strategic approach. Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 11, 2494–2508.
Gutierrez, J.M., Avila, C., Rojas, E., Cerdas, L., 1988. An alternative in vitro method for testing the potency of the polyvalent anti-venom produced in Costa Rica. Toxicon 26, 411–413.
Harris, J.B., Scott-Davey, T., 2013. Secreted phospholipases A2 of snake venoms: effects on the peripheral neuromuscular system with comments on the role of phospholipases A2 in disorders of the CNS and their uses in industry. Toxins 5, 2533–2571.
Haslam, E., 1996. Natural polyphenols (vegetable tannins) as drugs and medicine: possible modes of action. J. Nat. Prod. 59, 205–215.
Houghton, P.J., 1998. Plant extracts active towards snake venom enzymes. In: Bailey, G.S. (Ed.), Enzymes from Snake Venom. Colorado, Alaken, pp. 689–703.
Jahurul, M.H.A., Zaidul, I.S.M., Kashif, G., Fahad, Y., Al-Juhaimi, Kar-Lin Nyam, N.A.N., Sahena, F., Mohd Omar, A.K., 2015. Mango (Mangifera indica L.) by-products and their valuable components: a review. Food Chem. 183, 173–180.
Kalpana, K.B., Srinivasan, M., Menon, V.P., 2009. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of hesperidin and its protective effect on H2O2 induced oxidative damage on pBR322 DNA and RBC cellular membrane. Mol. Cell Biochem. 323, 21–29.
Kanes, K., Tisserat, B., Berhow, M., Vandercook, C., 1993. Phenolic composition of various tissues of Rutaceae species. Phytochemistry 324, 967–974.
Katkar, G.D., Sundaram, M.S., Hemshekhar, M., Sharma, R.D., Santhosh, M.S., Sunitha, K., Rangappa, K.S., Girish, K.S., Kemparaju, K., Habiby, S.A., 2014. Melatonin alleviates Echis carinatus venom-induced toxicities by modulating inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress. J. Pineal Res. 56, 295–312.
Kemparaju, K., Girish, K.S., 2006. Snake venom hyaluronidase: a therapeutic target. Cell. Biochem. Funct. 24, 7–12.
Kim, J.Y., Jung, K.J., Choi, J.S., Chung, H.Y., 2004. Hesperetin: a potent antioxidant against peroxynitrite. Free Radic. Res. 38, 761–769.
Kim, K.H., Tsao, R., Yang, R., Cui, S.W., 2006. Phenolic acid profiles and antioxidant activities of wheat bran extracts and the effect of hydrolysis conditions. Food Chem. 95, 466–473.
Kishimoto, M., Takahashi, T., 2001. A spectrophotometric microplate assay for Lamino- acid oxidase. Anal. Biochem. 298, 136–139.
Kobayashi, M., Matsui-Yuasa, I., Fukuda-Shimizu, M., Mandai, Y., Tabuchi, M., Munakata, H., Kojima-Yuasa, A., 2013. Effect of mango seed kernel extract on the adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and in rats fed a high fat diet. Health (N.Y.) 5, 9–15.
Kondo, H., Kondo, S., Ikezawa, H., Murata, R., 1960. Studies on the quantitative method for the determination of hemorrhagic activity of Habu snake venom. Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol. 13, 43–52.
Laemmli, U.K., 1970. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 227, 680–685.
Lemos, F.J.A., Campos, F.A.P., Silva, C.P., Xavier-Filho, J., 1991. Proteinases and amylases of larval midgut of Zabrotes subfasciatus reared on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seeds. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 56, 219–228.
Marinetti, G.V., 1965. The action of phospholipase A on lipoproteins. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 60, 554–565.
Markland, F.S., Swenson, S., 2013. Snake venom metalloproteinases. Toxicon 62, 3–18.
Mc-Cleary, R.J., Kini, R.M., 2013. Snake bites and hemostasis/thrombosis. Thrombosis Res. 132, 642–646.
Meier, J., Theakston, R.D., 1986. Approximate LD50 determinations of snake venoms using eight to ten experimental animals. Toxicon 24, 395–401.
Mors, W.B., Nascimento, M.C., Pereira, B.M.R., Pereira, N.A., 2000. Plant natural products active against snake bite-the molecular approach. Phytochemistry 55, 627–642.
Oussedik-Oumehdi, H., Laraba-Djebari, F., 2008. Irradiated Cerastes cerastes venom as a novel tool for immunotherapy. Immunopharm. Immunot. 30, 37–43.
Ouyang, C., Teng, C.M., 1976. Fibrinogenolytic enzymes of Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus venom. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 420, 298–308.
Pithayanukul, P., Leanpolchareanchai, J., Saparpakorn, P., 2009. Molecular docking studies and anti-snake venom metalloproteinase activity of Thai mango seed kernel extract. Molecules 14, 3198–3213.
Prieto, P., Pineda, M., Aguilar, M., 1999. Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: specific application to the determination of vitamin E. Anal Biochem. 269, 337–341.
Pukrittayakamee, S., Warrel, D.A., Deasakorn, V., McMichael, A.J., White, N.J., Bunnag, G.D., 1988. The hyaluronidase activities of some Southeast Asian snake venoms. Toxicon 34, 1119–1125.
Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M., Rice-Evans, C., 1999. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 26, 1231–1237.
Ribeiro, S.M.R., Barbosa, L.C.A., Queiroz, J.H., Knödler, M., Schieber, A., 2008. Phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of Brazilian mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties. Food Chem. 110, 620–626.
Sells, P.G., Richards, A.M., Laing, G.D., Theakston, R.D.G., 1997. The use of hens’eggs as an alternative to the conventional in vivo rodent assay for antidotes to hemorrhagic venoms. Toxicon 35, 1413–1421.
Shirwaikar, A., Rajendran, K., Bodla, R., Kumar, C.D., 2004. Neutralization potential of viper Russelli Russelli (Russell’s viper) venom by ethanol leaf extract of Acalypha indica. J. Ethnopharmacol. 94, 267–273.
Soares, A.M., Ticli, F.K., Marcussi, S., Lourenco, M.V., Januarioc, A., Sampaioa, S.V., Gigliob, J.R., Lomonted, B., Pereirac, P.S., 2005. Medicinal plants with inhibitory properties against snake venoms. Curr. Med. Chem. 12, 2625–2641.
Sogi, D.S., Siddiq, M., Greiby, I., Dolan, K.D., 2013. Total phenolics, antioxidant activity, and functional properties of ‘Tommy Atkins’ mango peel and kernel as affected by drying methods. Food Chem. 141, 2649–2655.
Sunitha, K., Hemshekhar, M., Thushara, R.M., Santhosh, M.S., Sundaram, M.S., Kemparaju, M.K., Girish, K.S., 2015. Inflammation and oxidative stress in viper bite: an insight within and beyond. Toxicon 98, 89–97.
Velioglu, Y.S., Mazza, G., Gao, L., Oomah, B.D., 1998. Antioxidant activity and total phenolics in selected fruits, vegetables, and grain products. J. Agric. Food Chem. 46, 4113–4117.
Wahby, A.F., Abdel-Aty, A.M., El-Kady, E.M., 2012. Purification of hemorrhagic SVMPs from venoms of three vipers of Egypt. Toxicon 59, 329–337.
Zengin, S., Al, B., Yarbil, P., Guzel, R., Orkmez, M., Yildirim, C., Taysi, S., 2012. An assessment of oxidant/antioxidant status in patients with snake envenomation. Emerg. Med. J. 31, 48–52.
Zhishen, J., Mengcheng, T., Jianming, W., 1999. The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chem. 64, 555–559.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Authors’ contributions
AMA, WHS, MBH and ASF and SAM had the original idea for the study and carried out the design. AMA and WHS were responsible for data analysis and data cleaning. Drafted the manuscript was revised by all authors. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Rights and permissions
This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Abdel-Aty, A.M., Salama, W.H., Hamed, M.B. et al. Phenolic-antioxidant capacity of mango seed kernels: therapeutic effect against viper venoms. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 28, 594–601 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2018.06.008
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2018.06.008