Abstract
Salinity, as an important abiotic parameter, has a negative influence on crop productivity. The application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and iron-silicon nanoparticles has been found to enhance plant growth and grain yield while also increasing its resistance to abiotic stresses. In this regard, a factorial experiment was carried out based on randomized complete block design with three repetitions under greenhouse conditions in 2021. Experimental factors included salinity in three levels (no salinity as control, salinity 35 and 70 mM) by NaCl, four plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria levels (no application as control, application of Azospirilum, Pseudomonas, both application of Azospirilum and Pseudomonas), and nanoparticles foliar application in four levels (foliar application with water as control, nano Fe, nano Si, foliar application of iron-silicon nanoparticles). The findings demonstrated that under salinity 70 mM, chlorophyll index (27.71%), quantum yield (23.8%), relative water content (43.69%) and grain yield (12.83%) increased in the dual application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and nanoparticles foliar application compared to control level (no application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and nanoparticles) in the same salinity level. However, under such conditions, electrolyte leakage, hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde content decreased by 38.93%, 35.34% and 35.13%, respectively, in comparison to the lack of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and nanoparticles applications under salinity 70 mM. Also, the usage of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and nanoparticles under 70 mM salinity increased the activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes (42.1% and 73.14%, respectively), as well as proline and soluble sugar content (55.41% and 64.08%, respectively) in comparison to lack of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and nanoparticles applications under non-salinity conditions. According to the results of the current study, the application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and nanoparticles could increase the grain yield of triticale under the highest salinity level due to improving physiological and biochemical traits.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Data Availability
Data is provided within the manuscript or supplementary information files.
References
Wojcik-Gront E, Studnicki M (2021) Long-term yield variability of triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack) tested using a CART model. Agriculture 11:92. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11020092
Singh P, Kumar V, Sharma J, Saini S, Sharma P, Kumar S, Sinhmar Y, Kumar D, Sharma A (2022) Silicon supplementation alleviates the salinity stress in wheat plants by enhancing the plant water status, photosynthetic pigments, proline content and antioxidant enzyme activities. Plants 11:2525. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1006617
Babaei Kh, SeyedSharuifh R, Pirzad AR, Khalilzadeh R (2017) Effects of bio fertilizer and nano Zn- Fe oxide on physiological traits, antioxidant enzymes activity and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under salinity stress. J Plant Interact 12(1):381–389. https://doi.org/10.1080/17429145.2017.1371798
Hasanuzzaman M, Bhuyan MB, Zulfiqar F, Raza A, Mohsin SM, Mahmud JA, Fujita M, Fotopoulos V (2020) Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defense in plants under abiotic stress: Revisiting the crucial role of a universal defense regulator. Antioxidants 9:681. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9080681
Abou Seeda MA, Abou El-Nour EAA, Maha MS, Abdallah MS, ElBassiouny H, Abd El-Monem AA (2022) Impacts of salinity stress on plants and their tolerance strategies: A Review. Middle East J Appl Sci. 12(3):282–400. https://doi.org/10.36632/mejas/2022.12.3.27
Annunziata MG, Ciarmiello LF, Woodrow P, Maximova E, Fuggi A, Carillo P (2017) Durum wheat roots adapt to salinity remodeling the cellular content of nitrogen metabolites and sucrose. Front Plant Sci 7:2035. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.02035
Reddy INBL, Kim SM, Kim BK, Yoon IS, Kwon TR (2017) Identification of rice accessions associated with K+/Na+ ratio and salt tolerance based on physiological and molecular responses. Rice Sci 24:360–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsci.2017.10.002
Rasheed A, Li H, Tahir MM, Mahmood A, Nawaz M, Shah AN, Aslam MT, Negm S, Moustafa M, Hassan MU, Wu Z (2022) The role of nanoparticles in plant biochemical, physiological, and molecular responses under drought stress: A review. Front Plant Sci 13:976179. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.976179
Ahmed T, Noman M, Manzoor N, Shahid M, Abdullah M, Ali L, Wang G, Hashem A, Al-Arijani AF, Alqarawi AA, Fathi Abd-Allah E, Li B (2021) Nanoparticle-based amelioration of drought stress and cadmium toxicity in rice via triggering the stress responsive genetic mechanisms and nutrient acquisition. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 209:111829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111829
Adrees M, Khan ZS, Ali S, Hafeez M, Khalid S, Ur Rehman MZ, Hussain A, Hussain Kh, Ali ShahidChatha S, Rizwan M (2020) Simultaneous mitigation of cadmium and drought stress in wheat by soil application of iron nanoparticles. Chemosphere 238:124681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124681
Elsheery NI, Sunoj V, Wen Y, Zhu J, Muralidharan G, Cao K (2020) Foliar application of nanoparticles mitigates the chilling effect on photosynthesis and photoprotection in sugarcane. Plant Physiol Biochem 149:50–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.01.035
Verm KK, Song XP, Verma CL, Chen ZL, Rajput VD, Wu KC, Liao F, Chen GL, Li YR (2021) Functional relationship between photosynthetic leaf gas exchange in response to silicon application and water stress mitigation in sugarcane. Biol Res 54:15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40659-021-00338-2
Larkunthod P, Boonlakhorn J, Pansarakham P, Pongdontri P, Thongbai P, Theerakulpisut P (2022) Synthesis and characterization of silica nanoparticles from rice husk and their effects on physiology of rice under salt stress. Chil J Agric Res 82:412–425. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-58392022000300412
Mahmoud LM, Shalan AM, El-Boray MS, Vincent CI, El-Kady ME, Grosser JW, Dutt M (2022) Application of silicon nanoparticles enhances oxidative stress tolerance in salt stressed ‘Valencia’ sweet orange plants. Sci Hortic 295:110856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110856
Al-Kahtani MDF, Hafez YM, Attia K, Rashwan E, Al-Husnain L, Al-Gwaiz HIM, Abdelaal KAA (2021) Evaluation of silicon and proline application on the oxidative machinery in drought-stressed sugar beet. Antioxidants 10(3):1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10030398
Askary M, Talebi SM, Amini F, Bangan AD (2017) Efects of iron nanoparticles on Mentha piperita L. under salinity stress. Biologija 63(1):65–75. https://doi.org/10.6001/biologija.v63i1.3476
Sheykhbaglou R, Sedghi M, Fathi-Achachlouie B (2018) The efect of ferrous nano-oxide particles on physiological traits and nutritional compounds of soybean (Glycine max L.) seed. anais da academia brasileira de ciências. Assoc Air Balance Council 90(1):485–494. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201820160251
Hasanuzzaman M, Nahar K, Hossain MS, Anee TI, Parvin K, Fujita M (2017) Nitric oxide pretreatment enhances antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems to confer peg-induced oxidative stress in rapeseed. J Plant Interactions 12:323–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/17429145.2017.1362052
Cruz C, Cardoso P, Santos J, Matos D, Sá C, Figueira E (2023) Application of plant growth-promoting bacteria from cape verde to increase maize tolerance to salinity. Antioxidants 12:488. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020488
Bouremani N, Cherif-Silini H, Silini A, Bouket AC, Luptakova L, Alenezi FN, Baranov O, Belbahri L (2023) Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR): A rampart against the adverse effects of drought stress. Water 15:418. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15030418
Saberi Riseh R, Ebrahimi-Zarandi M, Tamanadar E, Moradi Pour M, Thakur VK (2021) Salinity stress: toward sustainable plant strategies and using plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria encapsulation for reducing It. Sustainability 13:12758. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212758
Neshat MR, Abbasi AR, Hosseinzadeh AH, Sarikhani MR, Dadashi Chavan D, Rasoulnia AR (2022) Plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPR) induce antioxidant tolerance against salinity stress through biochemical and physiological mechanisms. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 28(2):347–361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-022-01128-0
Sudhakar C, Lakshmi A, Giridara Kumar S (2001) Changes in the antioxidant enzyme efficacy in two high yielding genotypes of mulberry (Morus alba L.) under NaCl salinity. Plant Sci 167:613–619. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(01)00450-2
Bradford MM (1976) A rapid and sensitive for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 72:248. https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1976.9999
Dubios M, Gilles KA, Hamilton JK, Roberts PA, Smith F (1956) Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Annalen der Chemie 28:350–356. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60111a017
Bates LS, Walderen RD, Taere ID (1973) Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant Soil 39:205–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00018060
Alexieva V, Sergiev I, Mapelli S, Karanov E (2001) The effect of drought and ultraviolet radiation on growth and stress markers in pea and wheat. Plant, Cell Environ 24:1337–1344. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2001.00778.x
Stewart RC, Beweley JD (1980) Lipid peroxidation associated with accelerated aging of soybean axes. Plant Physiol 65:245–248. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.65.2.245
Neufeld H, Chappelka AH, Somers GL, Burkey KO, Davison AW, Finkelstein P (2006) Visible foliar injury caused by ozone alters the relationship between SPAD meter readings and chlorophyll concentrations in cutleaf coneflower. Photosynth Res 87:281–286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-005-9008-x
Chelah MK, Nordin MNB, Mdisa MB, Yusop MK (2011) Composting increases BRIS soil health and sustains rice production. Science Asia 37(4):291–295. https://doi.org/10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2011.37.291
Ghorbanpour M, Mohammadi H, Kariman K (2020) Nanosilicon-based recovery of barley (Hordeum vulgare) plants subjected to drought stress. Environ Sci Nano J 7:443–461. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9EN00973F
Narimani H, Seyed Sharifi R (2023) Effect of foliar and soil application of zinc on grain filling, yield and some physiological traits of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under salinity stress. Russ J Plant Physiol 70(133):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1134/S102144372360040x
Hafez EM, Osman HS, Gowayed SM, Okasha SA, Omara AED, Sami R, Abd El-Monem AM, Abd El-Razek UA (2021) Minimizing the adversely impacts of water deficit and soil salinity on maize growth and productivity in response to the application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and silica nanoparticles. Agronomy 11:676. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040676
Taha RS, Seleiman MF, Shami A, Alhammad BA, Mahdi AHA (2021) Integrated application of selenium and silicon enhances growth and anatomical structure, antioxidant defense system and yield of whea grown in salt-stressed soil. Plants 10(6):1040. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10061040
Loudari A, Benadis C, Naciri R, Soulaimani A, Zeroual Y, El Gharous M, Kalaji HM, Oukarroum A (2020) Salt stress affects mineral nutrition in shoots and roots and chlorophyll a fluorescence of tomato plants grown in hydroponic culture. J Plant Interact 15(1):398–405. https://doi.org/10.1080/17429145.2020.1841842
Feng Y, Kreslavski VD, Shmarev AN, Ivanov AA, Zharmukhamedov SK, Kosobryukhov A, Yu M, Allakhverdiev SI, Shabala S (2022) Effects of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4) on growth, photosynthesis, antioxidant activity and distribution of mineral elements in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants. Plants 11(14):1894. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11141894
Shirani Bidabadi S, Sabbatini P, VanderWeide J (2022) Iron oxide (Fe2 O3 ) nanoparticles alleviate PEG-simulated drought stress in grape (Vitis vinifera L.) plants by regulating leaf antioxidants. Res Square 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2023.111847
Abdelaal KAA, Attia KA, Alamery SF, El-Afry MM, Ghazy AI, Tantawy DS, Al-Doss AA, El-Shawy ESE, AbuElsaoud AM, Hafez YM (2020) Exogenous application of proline and salicylic acid can mitigate the injurious impacts of drought stress on barley plants associated with physiological and histological characters. Sustainability 12:1736. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12051736
Prittesh P (2020) Amelioration effect of salt-tolerant plant growth-promoting bacteria on growth and physiological properties of rice (Oryza sativa) under salt-stressed conditions. Arch Microbiol 202(9):2419–2428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-020-01962-4
Das P, Manna I, Sil P, Bandyopadhyay M, Biswas AK (2019) Exogenous silicon alters organic acid production and enzymatic activity of TCA cycle in two NaCl stressed indica rice cultivars. Plant Physiol Biochem 136:76–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.12.026
Zilaie MN, Arani AM, Etessami H, Dinarvand M, Dolati A (2022) Halotolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria-mediated alleviation of salinity and dust stress and improvement of forage yield in the desert halophyte seidlitzia rosmarinus. Environ Exp Bot 201:104952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2022.104952
Li HQ, Jiang XW (2017) Inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) improves salt tolerance of maize seedling. Russ J Plant Physiol 64:235–241. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1021443717020078
Zarei T, Moradi A, Kazemeini SA, Farajee H, Yadavi AR (2019) Improving sweet corn (Zea mays L. var saccharata) growth and yield using Pseudomonas fluorescens inoculation under varied watering regimes. Agric Water Manag 226(105757):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2019.105757
Alexandre K, Xiao H, Zhiyong Z, Yuhui M, Peng Z, Gibson MA, Yukui R (2017) Magnetic (Fe3O4) nanoparticles reduce heavy metals uptake and mitigate their toxicity in wheat seedling. Sustainability 9:790. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9050790
Carreiras J, Caçador I, Duarte B (2022) Bioaugmentation improves phytoprotection in halimione portulacoides exposed to mild salt stress: perspectives for salinized soil restoration. Preprints 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11081055
Sapre S, Gontia-Mishra I, Tiwari S (2022) Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria ameliorates salinity stress in pea (Pisum sativum). J Plant Growth Regul 41:647–656. https://springerlink.bibliotecabuap.elogim.com/article/10.1007/s00344-021-10329-y
Li Y, Xi K, Liu X, Han Sh, Han X, Li G, Yang L, Ma D, Fang Z, Gong S, Yin J, Zhu Y (2023) Silica nanoparticles promote wheat growth by mediating hormones and sugar metabolism. J Nanobiotechnol 21(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-022-01753-7
Tawfk M, Magda M, Mohamed H, Sadak Alice Sh, Thalooth T (2021) Iron oxide nanoparticles efect on growth, physiological traits and nutritional contents of Moringa oleifera grown in saline environment. Bull Natl Res Centre 45:177. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-021-00624-9
Gengmao Z, Yu H, Xing S, Shihui L, Quanmei S, Changhai W (2015) Salinity stress increases secondary metabolites and enzyme activity in safower. Ind Crops Prod. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.10.058
Hnilickova H, Kraus K, Vachova P, Hnilicka F (2021) Salinity stress affects photosynthesis, malondialdehyde formation, and proline content in Portulaca oleracea L. Plant 10(5):845. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10050845
Mushtaq A, Khan Z, Khan S, Rizwan S, Jabeen U, Bashir F, Ismail T, Anjum S, Masood A (2020) Effect of silicon on antioxidant enzymes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown under salt stress. Silicon 12:2783–2788. https://springerlink.bibliotecabuap.elogim.com/article/10.1007/s12633-020-00524-z
Mo X, Zhou M, Li Y, Yu L, Bai H, Shen P, Jiang C (2023) Safety assessment of a novel marine multi-stress-tolerant yeast Meyerozyma guilliermondii GXDK6 according to phenotype and whole genome-sequencing analysis. Food Sci Human Wellness. https://doi.org/10.26599/FSHW.2022.9250170
Yi J, Li H, Zhao Y, Shao M, Zhang H, Liu M (2022) Assessing soil water balance to optimize irrigation schedules of flood-irrigated maize fields with different cultivation histories in the arid region. Agric Water Manag 265:107543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107543
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to acknowledge the laboratory technician of the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, and t for technical support in preparing and testing of samples.
Funding
This study has been supported by a research grant from the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili (Ardabil, Iran). Also: the authors declare that no funds, grants, or additional support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by A.B. Fatemeh Aghaei C.D. Raouf Seyed Sharifi and E.F. Salim Farzaneh. The first draft of the manuscript was written by A.B.Fatemeh Aghaei and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics Approval
Not applicable.
Consent to Participate
Not applicable.
Consent for Publication
All authors have expressed explicit consent to submit this manuscript for publication.
Competing Interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Aghaei, F., Sharifi, R.S. & Farzaneh, S. Effects of Nano Iron-Silicon Oxide on Yield and Some Biochemical and Physiological Characteristics of Triticale Under Salinity Stress. Silicon 16, 3267–3279 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-024-02917-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-024-02917-w