Abstract
Depending on the diversities of the plant species, the mechanisms of the stomatal opening are thought to be different. First, Paphiopedilum insigna var. sanderae do not have chloroplasts in the guard cells. However, the stomata of this plant function as normal. Plants lacking the chloroplasts in the guard cell imply that the chloroplasts in guard cells are not related to stomatal opening. The guard cells without chloroplasts cannot be the source cells of the photosynthetic products, and the guard cells must be act as the sink cells. Second, the distinctive features of guard cells are specialized cell walls, which are considerably thickened to 5 µm. In contrast, the thickness of mesophyll cell walls is less than 100 nm. In the guard cells, most of the photosynthetic products may be used for the production of cell walls. The low photosynthetic activities of chloroplasts in the guard cell cannot be sufficient to maintain the structures and functions of the guard cell walls. Third, 40~60 chloroplasts in the guard cell of Lilium longiflorum which is belong to angiosperm were found in the first time. Lilium longiflorum of the relationship with mesophyll cells cannot be completely excluded, but it is assumed that guard cell chloroplasts in Lilium longiflorum may play an important role for the stomatal opening.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Allaway WG, Milthorpe FL (1976) Structure and functioning of stomata. Academy Press 4:57–102
Avrill PJ, Willmer CM (1984) Functional stomata in a variegated leaf chimera of Pelargonium zonale L. without guard cell chloroplasts. J Exp Bot 35:1053–1059
Bowling DJF (1976) Malate-switch hypothesis to explain the action of stomata. Nature 262:393–394
Bowling DJF (1987) Measurement of the apoplastic activity of K + and Cl− in the leaf epidermis of Commelina communis in relation to stomatal activity. J Exp Bot 38:1351–1355
Brown R, Lemmon BE (1985) Development of stomata in Selaginell a: division polarity and plastid movements. American J Bot 72:1914–1925
Daloso DM, Dos Anjos L, Fernie AR (2016) Roles of sucrose in guard cell regulation. New Phyto 211:809–818
DeSilva DLR, Honour SJ, Mansfield TA (1996) Estimations of apoplastic concentrations of K + and Ca2+ in the vicinity of stomatal guard cells. New Phyto 134:463–469
Eigo A, Toshinori K (2018) Red Light-Induced Phosphorylation of Plasma Membrane H+-ATPase in Stomatal Guard Cells. Plant Physiol 178:838–849
Grantz DA, Amnon S (1988) Guard cells of Commelina communis L. do not respond metabolically to osmotic stress in isolated epidermis: Implications for stomatal responses to drought and humidity. Planta 174:166–173
Gautier H, Vavasseur A, Gans P, Lasc G (1991) Relationship between respiration and photosynthesis in guard cell and mesophyll cell protoplasts of Commelina communis L. Plant Physiol 95:636–641
Humble GD, Raschke K (1971) Stomatal opening quantitatively related to potassium transport evidence from electron probe analysis. Plant Physiol 48:447–453
Imamura S (1943) Untersuchungen über den Mechanismus der Turgorschwankung der Spaltoffnungs-Schliesszellen. Japanese J Bot 12:251–346
Kang Y, Outlaw WH, Anderson PC, Fiore GB (2007) Guard cell apoplastic sucrose concentration — a link between leaf photosynthesis and stomatal aperture size in apoplastic phloem loader Vicia faba L. Plant Cell Environ 30:551–558
Kim DJ, Lee JS (2017) Misconception and truths of morphological characteristics in plant stomata. Korean J Life Science 27:241–246
Lawson T, Oxborough K, Morison JIL, Baker NR (2002) Responses of photosynthetic electron transport in stomatal guard cells and mesophyll cells in intact leaves to light, CO2 and humidity. Plant Physiol 128:52–62
Lawson T, Oxborough K, Morison JIL, Baker NR (2003) The responses of guard and mesophyll cell photosynthesis to CO2, O2, light, and water stress in a range of species are similar. J Exp Bot 54:1743–1752
Lawson T (2009) Guard cell photosynthesis and stomatal function. New Phyto 181:13–34
Lee GB (2016) Plant Morphology. Life Science, Seoul Lee JS, Bowling DJF (1992) Effect of the mesophyll on stomatal opening in Commelina communis. J Exp Bot 43:951–957
Lee JS (1992) Influence of the mesophyll on stomatal opening. Ph.D thesis, Aberdeen University
Lee JS, Bowling DJF (1995) Influence of the mesophyll on stomatal opening. Australian J Plant Physiol 22:357–363
Lee JS, Park CH (2016) Morphological characteristics and conceptualization of guard cells in different plants. J Environ Sci 25:1289–1297
Messenger SM, Buckley TN, Mott KA (2006) Evidence for involvement of photosynthetic processes in the stomatal response to CO2. Plant Physiol 140:771–778
Mott KA (2009) Stomatal responses to light and CO depend on the mesophyll. Plant Cell Environ 32:1479–1631
Mott KA, Peak D (2018) Effects of the mesophyll on stomatal responses in Amphistomatous leaves. Plant Cell Environ 41:2835–2843
Nelson SD, Mayo JM (1975) The occurrence of functional nonchlorophyllous guard cells in paphiopedilum spp. Canadian J Bot 53:1–7
Olsen RL, Pratt RB, Gump P, Kemper A, Tallman G. (2002) Red light activates a chloroplast-dependent ion uptake mechanism for stomatal opening under reduced CO2 concentrations in Vicia spp. New Phyto 153:497–508
Outlaw WH, De Vleighere-He X (2001) Transpiration rate: an importance factor in controlling sucrose content of the guard cell apoplast of broad bean. Plant Physiol 126:1717–1724
Outlaw WH (2003) Integration of cellular and physiological functions of guard cells. Critical Rev Plant Sci 22:503–529
Reckmann U, Scheibe R, Raschke K (1990) Rubisco activity in guard cell compared with the solute requirement for stomatal opening. Plant Physiol 92:246–253
Salisbury FB, Ross CW (1978) Plant Physiology. Wadaworth Pub. Com. Inc., Belmont. CA
Schwartz A, Zeiger E (1984) Metabolic energy for stomatal opening: roles of photophosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. Planta 161:129–136
Sharkey TD, Raschke K (1981) Effect of light quality on stomatal opening in leaves of Xanthium strumarium L. Plant Physiol 68:1170–1174
Sibbernsen E, Mott KA (2010) Stomatal responses to flooding of the intercellular air spaces suggest a vapor-phase signal between the mesophyll and the guard cells. Plant Physiol 153:1435–1442
Stadler R, Büttner M, Ache P, Hedrich R, Ivashikina N, Melzer M, Sarah M, Shearson SM, Steven M, Smith SM, Norbert SN (2003) Diurnal and light-regulated expression of AtSTP1 in guard cells of Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 133:528–537
Stevens RA, Martin ES (1978) Structural and functional aspects of stomata: Developmental studies in Polypodium vulgare. Planta 142:307–316
Taiz L, Zeiger E (2015) Plant Physiology and Development. Sinauer Assoc. Inc., Sunderland, MA
Talbott LD, Zeiger E (1996) Central roles for potassium and sucrose in guard-cell osmoregulation. Plant Physiol 111:1051–1057
Tarczynski MC, Outlaw WH, Arold N, Neuhoff V, Hampp R (1989) Electrophoretic assay for ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase in guard cells and other leaf cells of Vicia faba L. Plant Physiol 89:1088–1093
Travis AJ, Mansfield TA (1977) Studies of malate formation in isolated guard cells. New Phyto 78:541–546
Tracy L, Oxborough K, Morison JIL, Baker NR (2003) The responses of guard and mesophyll cell photosynthesis to CO2, O2, light, and water stress in a range of species are similar. J Exp Bot 54:1743–1752
Udo R, Renate S, Klaus R (1990) Rubisco activity in guard cells compared with the solute requirement for stomatal opening. Plant Physiol 92:246–253
Vavasseur A, Raghavendra AS (2005) Guard cell metabolism and CO2 sensing. New Phyto 165:665–682
Willmer CM, Fricker M (1996) Stomata. Chapman & Hall, London
Zhang SB, Guan ZJ, Chang W, Hu H, Yin Q, Cao KF (2011) Slow photosynthetic induction and low photosynthesis in Paphiopedilum armeniacum are related to its lack of guard cell chloroplast and peculiar stomatal anatomy. Physiol Planta 142:118–127
Zuzana K, Jiří J, Zuzana IH, Lucie K, Jana A (2014) Unbiased estimation of chloroplast number in mesophyll cells: advantage of a genuine three-dimensional approach. J Exp Bot 65:609–620
Acknowledgements
I appreciate to Park, Sang-Hee who is a teacher as she allows me to use the lily’s stomata picture in this paper.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lee, J.S. The Sustainable Reasons of Controversy over the Mechanisms for the Stomatal Opening. J. Plant Biol. 62, 254–262 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12374-019-0055-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12374-019-0055-9