Abstract
Ginsenoside Rd, a minor ginseng saponin, has several pharmacological activities. Traditionally, saponins are extracted using organic solvents or hot water extraction. However, both of these methods have disadvantages such as formation of artefacts and compound decomposition. Additionally, the use of organic solvents for extraction is hazardous to the environment. Therefore, we aimed to produce ginsenoside Rd without using organic solvents or hot extraction. We developed a simultaneous extraction and transformation process for higher yields of ginsenoside Rd using a combination of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and enzymes. Several commercial glycosidases in various combinations were studied for the enrichment of ginsenoside Rd from major ginsenosides by enzymatic transformation and HHP. We found that treatment with a combination of cellulase (2 U/mL), cellobiase (4 U/mL) and HHP of 100 Mpa at pH 4.8 and 45°C for 24 h resulted in a ginsenoside Rd content of 3.47 ± 0.35 mg/g of fresh ginseng. This yield is 2.1-fold higher than that of the corresponding enzyme treatment at atmospheric pressure (AP, 0.1 Mpa) at pH 4.8, 45°C and for 24 h. This simultaneous extraction and transformation process can be used for the preparation of Rd enriched ginseng beverage without using hazardous organic solvents.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Ye, R., Q. Yang, X. Kong, J. Han, X. Zhang, Y. Zhang, P. Li, J. Liu, M. Shi, L. Xiong, and G. Zhao (2011) Ginsenoside Rd atten-uates early oxidative damage and sequential inflammatory response after transient focal ischemia in rats. Neurochem. Int. 58: 391–398.
Wang, Y., X. Li, X. Wang, W. Lau, Y. Xing, X. Zhang, X. Ma, and F. Gao (2013) Ginsenoside Rd attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury via Akt/GSK-3beta signaling and inhibition of the mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway. PLoS One. 8: e70956.
Liu, X., J. Xia, L. Wang, Y. Song, J. Yang, Y. Yan, H. Ren, and G. Zhao (2009) Efficacy and safety of ginsenoside-Rd for acute ischaemic stroke: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II multicenter trial. Eur. J. Neurol. 16: 569–575.
Wang, L., Y. Zhang, J. Chen, S. Li, Y. Wang, L. Hu, and Y. Wu (2012) Immunosuppressive effects of ginsenoside-Rd on skin allograft rejection in rats. J. Surg. Res. 176: 267–274.
Yang, X. L., T. K. Guo, Y. H. Wang, Y. H. Huang, X. Liu, X. X. Wang, W. Li, X. Zhao, L. P. Wang, S. Yan, D. Wu, and Y. J. Wu (2012) Ginsenoside Rd attenuates the inflammatory response via modulating p38 and JNK signaling pathways in rats with TNBSinduced relapsing colitis. Int. Immunopharmacol. 12: 408–414.
Han, Y. and K. Y. Rhew (2013) Ginsenoside Rd induces protective anti-Candida albicans antibody through immunological adjuvant activity. Int. Immunopharmacol. 17: 651–657.
Kim, B. J. (2013) Involvement of melastatin type transient receptor potential 7 channels in ginsenoside Rd-induced apoptosis in gastric and breast cancer cells. J. Ginseng Res. 37: 201–209.
Kim, W. K., S. Y. Song, W. K. Oh, S. Kaewsuwan, T. L. Tran, W. S. Kim, and J. H. Sung (2013) Wound-healing effect of ginsenoside Rd from leaves of Panax ginseng via cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase pathway. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 702: 285–293.
Zeng, X., Y. Deng, Y. Feng, Y. Liu, L. Yang, Y. Huang, J. Sun, W. Liang, and Y. Guan (2010) Pharmacokinetics and safety of ginsenoside Rd following a single or multiple intravenous dose in healthy Chinese volunteers. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 50: 285–292.
Oleszek, W. and Z. Bialy (2006) Chromatographic determination of plant saponins–an update (2002–2005). J. Chromatogr. A. 1112: 78–91.
Park, C. -S., M. -H. Yoo, K. -H. Noh, and D. -K. Oh (2010) Biotransformation of ginsenosides by hydrolyzing the sugar moieties of ginsenosides using microbial glycosidases. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 87: 9–19.
Puri, M., D. Sharma, and C. J. Barrow (2012) Enzyme-assisted extraction of bioactives from plants. Trends Biotechnol. 30: 37–44.
Jun, X. (2013) High-pressure processing as emergent technology for the extraction of bioactive ingredients from plant materials. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 53: 837–852.
Oh, S., K. Shin, and H. Suh (2011) Method for active ingredients extraction of ginseng using ultra high pressure. Republic of Korea Patent KR 10-2010-0051268.
Shin, C., M. Lee, E. Kim, J. Park, K. Kim, and Y. Lee (2011) A Method for processing red ginseng by enzyme and high hydrostatic pressure. Republic of Korea Patent KR 10-2008-0127814.
Kim, C. T., C. J. Kim, N. S. Kim, Y. J. Cho, J. S. Maeng, B. H. Ahn, D. Y. Kim, and H. Y. Lee] (2013) An extracting method of ginseng by high pressure/enzyme decomposition. Republic of Korea patent Patent KR 10-2011-0092204.
Hyun, C., B. H. Lee, H. J. You, M. S. Park, and G. E. Ji (2006) Differential transformation of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng by Lactic acid bacteria. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 16: 1629–1633.
Chen, R., F. Meng, S. Zhang, and Z. Liu (2009) Effects of ultrahigh pressure extraction conditions on yields and antioxidant activity of ginsenoside from ginseng. Sep. Purif. Technol. 66: 340–346.
Lee, H. S., H. J. Lee, H. J. Yu, W. Ju do, Y. Kim, C. T. Kim, C. J. Kim, Y. J. Cho, N. Kim, S. Y. Choi, and H. J. Suh (2011) A comparison between high hydrostatic pressure extraction and heat extraction of ginsenosides from ginseng (Panax ginseng CA Meyer). J. Sci. Food Agric. 91: 1466–1473.
Buckow, R. (2006) Pressure and temperature effects on the enzymatic conversion of biopolymers. Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany.
Shin, K. -C. (2013) Production of Ginsenoside Rd from Ginsenoside Rc by a-L-arabinofuranosidase from Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 23: 483–488.
Quan, L. H., J. W. Min, D. U. Yang, Y. J. Kim, and D. C. Yang (2012) Enzymatic biotransformation of ginsenoside Rb1 to 20(S)-Rg3 by recombinant β-glucosidase from Microbacterium esteraromaticum. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 94: 377–384.
Kim J. K., C. H. Cui, Q. Liu, M. H. Yoon, S. C. Kim, and W. T. Im (2013) Mass production of the ginsenoside Rg3(S) through the combinative use of two glycoside hydrolases. Food Chem. 141: 1369–1377.
Masson, P., C. Tonello, and C. Balny (2001) High-pressure biotechnology in medicine and pharmaceutical science. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 1: 85–88.
Weemaes, C., S. De Cordt, K. Goossens, L. Ludikhuyze, M. Hendrick, K. Heremans, and P. Tobback (1996) High pressure thermal and combined pressure-temperature stability of a-amylases from Bacillus species. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 50: 49–56.
Salvador, Â. C., M. C. Santos, and J. A. Saraiva (2010) Effect of the ionic liquid [bmim]Cl and high pressure on the activity of cellulase. Green. Chem. 12: 632–635.
Murao, S., Y. Nomura, M. Yoshikawa, T. Shin, H. Oyama, and M. Arai (1992) Enhancement of activities of cellulases under high hydrostatic pressure. Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 56: 1366–1367.
Ikeda, Y., A. Parashar, and D. C. Bressler (2014) Highly retained enzymatic activities of two different cellulases immobilized on non-porous and porous silica particles. Biotechnol. Bioproc. Eng. 19: 621–628.
Liu, J. and X. Cao (2014) Biodegradation of cellulose by β-glucosidase and cellulase immobilized on a pH-responsive copolymer. Biotechnol. Bioproc. Eng. 19: 829–837.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Palaniyandi, S.A., Damodharan, K., Lee, K.W. et al. Enrichment of ginsenoside Rd in Panax ginseng extract with combination of enzyme treatment and high hydrostatic pressure. Biotechnol Bioproc E 20, 608–613 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12257-014-0857-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12257-014-0857-z