Abstract
In recent decades, researchers have been fascinated with geopolymer concrete because of its minimal carbon footprint. Geopolymer concrete (GPC) has been found a viable alternative for recycling industrial waste. The efficient use of these wastes in geopolymer concrete reduces environmental pollution. In the study, three industrial wastes were utilized for making geopolymer concrete at ambient temperature. These wastes are fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), and two different ceramic polishing waste (CPW). The study proposes fly ash as the primary binder. GGBS is projected as the additive for ambient curing, and CPWs as a recycling binder. The alkali activators Na2SiO3 and NaOH were used to manufacture the concrete mixture consisting of three binders. Important GPC factors such as workability, mechanical strength, sorptivity, water absorption, acid resistance, and chloride resistance have been examined. Further Carbon footprint is also measured to know the environmental impact. The findings revealed an improvement in capillary porosity and chloride permeability with the increase of CPWs upto 20%. The SEM images revealed improvement in microstructure with an increase in CPWs upto 20%. The use of CPWs also reduced the Carbon footprint of GPC. The study determined that the mechanical, durability and environmental qualities of multi-binder GPC make it suitable for structural concrete.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Abdollahnejad Z, Luukkonen T, Mastali M, Kinnunen P, Illikainen M (2019) Development of one-part alkali-activated ceramic/slag binders containing recycled ceramic aggregates. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 31(2):04018386, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0002608
ACI 318-19 (2019) Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
Ali ST, EL-Dieb AS, Aboubakr SH, Reda Taha MM (2016) Utilization of ceramic waste powder in self-compacting concrete. Proceeding of Fourth International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies, August 7–11, Las Vegas, USA, DOI: https://doi.org/10.18552/2016/scmt4s116
Aly ST, Kanaan DM, El-Dieb AS, Abu-Eishah SI (2018) Properties of Ceramic Waste Powder-Based Geopolymer Concrete. International Congress on Polymers in Concrete (ICPIC 2018) 429–435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78175-4_54
Aly ST, Kannan DM, El-Dieb AS, Taha MM, Abu-Eishah SI (2017) Ceramic waste powder: An alternative ingredient for green concrete. Proceedings of International Structural Engineering and Construction, July 24–29, Valencia, Spain, DOI: https://doi.org/10.14455/ISEC.res.2017.209
Ameri F, Shoaei P, Zareei SA, Behforouz B (2019) Geopolymers vs. alkali-activated materials (AAMs): A comparative study on durability, microstructure, and resistance to elevated temperatures of lightweight mortars. Construction and Building Materials 222:49–63, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.06.079
Amin SK, El–Sherbiny SA, El–Magd AAMA, Belal A, Abadir MF (2017) Fabrication of geopolymer bricks using ceramic dust waste. Construction and Building Materials 157:610–620, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.052
ASTM 1585-13 (2013) Standard test method for measurement of rate of absorption of water by hydraulic cement concrete ASTM C1202-19 (2019) Standard test method for electrical indication of concrete’s ability to resist chloride ion penetration
ASTM C204-11 (2011) Standard test methods for fineness of hydraulic cement by air-permeability apparatus
ASTM C642-13 (2013) Standard test method for density, absorption, and voids in hardened concrete
Chen X, Zhang D, Cheng S, Xu X, Zhao C, Wang X, Wu Q, Bai X (2022) Sustainable reuse of ceramic waste powder as a supplementary cementitious material in recycled aggregate concrete: Mechanical properties, durability and microstructure assessment. Journal of Building Engineering 52:104418, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104418
Cheng Y, Huang F, Liu R, Hou J, Li G (2015) Test research on effects of waste ceramic polishing powder on the permeability resistance of concrete. Materials and Structures 49(3):729–738, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-015-0533-6
Chindaprasirt P, Rattanasak U (2017) Characterization of the high-calcium fly ash geopolymer mortar with hot-weather curing systems for sustainable application. Advanced Powder Technology 28(9):2317–2324, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2017.06.013
Davidovits J (1993) Geopolymer cements to minimize carbon dioxide greenhouse warming. Ceramic Transactions 37(1):165–182
Davidovits J (2018) Why alkali-activated materials (AAM) are not geopolymers. Publication Technical Paper 25
Diaz-Loya EI, Allouche EN, Vaidya S (2011) Mechanical properties of fly-ash-based geopolymer concrete. ACI Materials Journal 108(3): 300, DOI: https://doi.org/10.14359/51682495
El-Dieb AS, Taha MR, Kanaan D, Aly ST (2018) Ceramic waste powder: From landfill to sustainable concretes. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Construction Materials 171(3):109–116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1680/jcoma.17.00019
Huseien GF, Ismail M, Tahir M, Mirza J, Hussein A, Khalid NH, Sarbini NN (2018) Performance of sustainable alkali activated mortars containing solid waste ceramic powder. Chemical Engineering Transactions 63:673–678, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1863113
Huseien GF, Sam ARM, Shah KW, Mirza J (2020) Effects of ceramic tile powder waste on properties of self-compacted alkali-activated concrete. Construction and Building Materials 236:117574, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117574
Huseien GF, Sam ARM, Shah KW, Mirza J, Tahir MM (2019) Evaluation of alkali-activated mortars containing high volume waste ceramic powder and fly ash replacing GBFS. Construction and Building Materials 210:78–92, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.194
IS 383 (2016) Indian standard specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for concrete bureau of Indian standards IS 456 (2000) Indian standard plain and reinforced concrete code practice bureau of Indian standards
IS 516 (Part 1/Sec 1) (2021) Testing of strength of hardened concrete section 1 compressive, flexural and split tensile strength bureau of Indian standards
IS 516 (Part 8/Sec 1) (2020) Determination of modulus of elasticity section 1 static modulus of elasticity and poisson’s ratio in compression bureau of Indian standards
IS 1199 (2018) Indian standard fresh concrete - methods of sampling, testing and analysis. Part 2 Determination of Consistency of Fresh Concrete Bureau of Indian Standards
IS 10262 (2019) Concrete mix proportioning — Guidelines bureau of Indian Standards
Jindal BB, Jangra P, Garg A (2020) Effects of ultra-fine slag as mineral admixture on the compressive strength, water absorption and permeability of rice husk ash based geopolymer concrete. Materials Today: Proceedings 32:871–877, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.219
Kaya M (2021) The effect of micro-SiO2 and micro-Al2O3 additive on the strength properties of ceramic powder-based geopolymer pastes. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 24(1):333–350, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-021-01323-3
Kaya M (2022) Mechanical properties of ceramic powder based geopolymer mortars. Magazine of Civil Engineering 112(4):11207, DOI: https://doi.org/10.34910/MCE.112.7
Khale D, Chaudhary R (2007) Mechanism of geopolymerization and factors influencing its development: A review. Journal of Materials Science 42(3):729–746, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0401-4
Kumar VS, Ganesan N, Indira PV (2017) Effect of molarity of sodium hydroxide and curing method on the compressive strength of ternary blend geopolymer concrete. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 80(1):2011, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/80/1/012011
Lee S, Shin S, (2019) Prediction on compressive and split tensile strengths of GGBFS/FA based GPC. Materials 12(24):4198, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12244198
Li LG, Zhuo ZY, Kwan AKH, Zhang TS, Lu DG (2020) Cementing efficiency factors of ceramic polishing residue in compressive strength and chloride resistance of mortar. Powder Technology 367:163–171, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2020.03.050
Lloyd N, Rangan V (2010) Geopolymer concrete with fly ash Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies 3:1493–1504, Ancona, Italy: UWM Center for By-Products Utilization
Mehta A, Siddique R (2017) Sulfuric acid resistance of fly ash based geopolymer concrete. Construction and Building Materials 146:136–143, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.077
Meshram RB, Kumar S (2021) Comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of geopolymer cement manufacturing with Portland cement in Indian context. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 19(6):4791–4802, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03336-9
Mithun BM, Narasimhan MC (2016) Performance of alkali activated slag concrete mixes incorporating copper slag as fine aggregate. Journal of Cleaner Production 112:837–844, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.06.026
Nath P, Sarker PK (2014) Effect of GGBFS on setting, workability and early strength properties of fly ash geopolymer concrete cured in ambient condition. Construction and Building Materials 66:163–171, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.05.080
Nath P, Sarker PK (2017) Flexural strength and elastic modulus of ambient-cured blended low-calcium fly ash geopolymer concrete. Construction and Building Materials 130:22–31, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.11.034
Rashad AM, Essa GMF (2020) Effect of ceramic waste powder on alkali-activated slag pastes cured in hot weather after exposure to elevated temperature. Cement and Concrete Composites 111:103617, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103617
Salas DA, Ramirez AD, Ulloa N, Baykara H, Boero AJ (2018) Life cycle assessment of geopolymer concrete. Construction and Building Materials 190:170–177, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.09.123
Sarkar M, Dana K (2021) Partial replacement of metakaolin with red ceramic waste in geopolymer. Ceramics International 47(3):3473–3483, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.09.191
Shah KW, Huseien GF (2020) Bond strength performance of ceramic, fly ash and GBFS ternary wastes combined alkali-activated mortars exposed to aggressive environments. Construction and Building Materials 251:119088, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119088
Shoaei P, Musaeei HR, Mirlohi F, Narimanizamanabadi S, Ameri F, Bahrami N (2019) Waste ceramic powder-based geopolymer mortars: Effect of curing temperature and alkaline solution-to-binder ratio Construction and Building Materials 227:116686, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116686
Sofi M, Van Deventer JSJ, Mendis PA, Lukey GC (2007) Engineering properties of inorganic polymer concretes (IPCs). Cement and Concrete Research 37(2):251–257, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.10.008
Turner LK, Collins FG (2013) Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e) emissions: A comparison between geopolymer and OPC cement concrete: Construction and Building Materials 43:125–130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.01.023
Yang W, Zhu P, Liu H, Wang X, Ge W, Hua M (2021) Resistance to sulfuric acid corrosion of geopolymer concrete based on different binding materials and alkali concentrations. Materials 14(23):7109, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma142371092
Zhang GY, Bae SC, Lin RS, Wang XY (2021) Effect of waste ceramic powder on the properties of alkali–activated slag and fly ash pastes exposed to high temperature. Polymers 13(21):3797, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13213797
Acknowledgments
The author(s) may wish to express his or her appreciation for the financial and technical support provided by Charotar University of Science and Technology for this work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bhavsar, J., Panchal, V.R. Strength and Durability Evaluation of Multi-Binder Geopolymer Concrete in Ambient Condition. KSCE J Civ Eng 27, 1708–1719 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-023-1072-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-023-1072-2