Abstract
To achieve the failure mechanism of face for slurry shield tunnel in sand stratum, a model test device for shield excavation with ideal slurry film was developed. The active failure processes of tunnel excavation face in dry sand stratum for different densities and cover depths were achieved through model test and two-dimensional particle flow code (PFC2D). Furthermore, soil deformation, failure mode and soil arching effect of tunnel excavation face were revealed. The results show that the face deformation can be divided into three stages in relation to the support pressure and the excavation face has been failed in third stage. The density of sand has a great influence on the failure mode of excavation face. The failure mode in dense condition is a combination of a wedge with slip arc and a prism chimney, while in loose condition it is a relatively dispersed “trumpet” shape failure zone. However, the cover depth has a negligible effect on the failure mode. In dense sand stratum, a loose failure zone was formed in front of the excavation face and a soil arch was formed above it. The soil arch developed continuously above the tunnel crown to the ground surface. The limit support pressure calculated by PFC2D (two-dimensional particle flow code) increases with the cover depth, which is consistent with the observations in model tests.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Ahmed M, Iskander M (2012) Evaluation of tunnel face stability by transparent soil models. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 27(1):101–110, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2011.08.001
Anagnostou G, Kovári K (1994) The face stability of slurry shield-driven tunnels. Tunneling and Underground Space Technology 9(2):165–174, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0886-7798(94)90028-0
Anagnostou G, Kovári K (1996) Face stability conditions with earth-pressure-balanced shields. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 11(2):165–173, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0886-7798(96)00017-X
Broere W, van Tol AF (2000) Influence of infiltration and groundwater flow on tunnel face stability. In: Kusakabe O, Fujita K, Miyazaki Y (eds) Geotechnical aspects of underground construction in soft ground. Balkema, Rotterdam, 339–344
Chambon P, Corté JF (1994) Shallow tunnels in cohesionless soil: Stability of tunnel face. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 120(7): 1148–1165, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1994)120:7(1148)
Chen RP, Li J, Kong LG, Tang LJ (2013) Experimental study on face instability of shield tunnel in sand. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 33(1):12–21, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2012.08.001
Chen RP, Tang LJ, Ling DS, Chen YM (2011) Face stability analysis of Shallow shield tunnels in dry sandy ground using the discrete element method. Computers & Geotechnics 38(2):187–195, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2010.11.003
Cundall PA, Strack O (1979) A discrete numerical model for granular assemblies. Géotechnique 29(1):47–65, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1980.30.3.331
Dancygier AN, Karinski YS, Chacha A (2016) A model to assess the response of an arched roof of a lined tunnel. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 56(1):211–225, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2016.03.009
Horn M (1961) Horizontal earth pressure on perpendicular tunnel face. Proceedings of the Hungarian National Conference of the Foundation Engineer Industry, Budapest, Hungary
Idinger G, Aklik P, Wu W, Borja RI (2011) Centrifuge model test on the face stability of shallow tunnel. Acta Geotechnica 6(2):105–117, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-011-0139-2
Ji XB, Ni PP, Marco B, Zhao W, Mei GX (2018) Earth pressure on shield excavation face for pipe jacking considering arching effect. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 72(1):17–27, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2017.11.010
Kirsch A (2010) Experimental investigation of the face stability of shallow tunnels in sand. Acta Geotechnica 5(1):43–62, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-010-0110-7
Leca E, Dormieux L (1990) Upper and lower bound solutions for the face stability of shallow circular tunnels in frictional material. Géotechnique, 40(4):581–606, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1680/geot1990.40.4.581
Lee CJ, Wu BR, Chen HT, Chiang KH (2006) Tunneling stability and arching effects during tunneling in soft clayey soil. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 21(2):119–132, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2005.06.003
Li Y, Emeriault F, Kastner R, Zhang ZX (2009) Stability analysis of large slurry shield driven tunnel in soft clay. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 24(4):472–481, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2008.10.007
Liu W, Zhao Y, Shi P, Li J, Gan PL (2017) Face stability analysis of shield-driven tunnels shallowly buried in dry sand using 1-g large-scale model tests. Acta Geotechnica 13(1):1–13, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-017-0607-4
Lv XL, Zhou YC, Huang MS, Li FD (2017) Computation of the minimum limit support pressure for the shield tunnel face stability under seepage condition. International Journal of Civil Engineering 15(6):849–863, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-016-0116-0
Lv XL, Zhou YC, Huang MS, Zeng S (2018) Experimental study of the face stability of shield tunnel in sands under seepage condition. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 74:195–205, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.01.015
Min FL, Zhu W, Han XR (2013) Filter cake formation for slurry shield tunneling in highly permeable sand. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 38(3):423430, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2013.07.024
Min FL, Zhu W, Lin C, Guo XJ (2015) Opening the excavation chamber of the large-diameter size slurry shield: A case study in Nanjing Yangtze River Tunnel in China. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 46:18–27, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2014.10.002
Ni PP, Moore ID, Take WA (2018) Distributed fibre optic sensing of strains on buried full-scale PVC pipelines crossing a normal fault. Géotechnique 68(1):1–17, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.16.P.161
Soubra AH (2000) Three-dimensional face stability analysis of shallow circular tunnels. Proceedings of the international conference on geotechnical and geological engineering, November 19–24, Melbourne, Australia
Stanier SA, Blaber J, Take WA, White DJ (2015) Improved image-based deformation measurement for geotechnical applications. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 53(5):727–739, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2015-0253
Subrin D, Wong H (2002) Tunnel face stability in frictional material: A new 3D failure mechanism. Comptes Rendus Mecanique 330:513–519 (in French)
Take WA (2015) Thirty-sixth canadian geotechnical colloquium: Advances in visualization of geotechnical processes through digital image correlation. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 52(9):1199–1220, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2014-0080
Terzaghi K (1936) Stress distribution in dry and in saturated sand above a yielding trap-door. In: Proceedings of the international conference on soil mechanics, vol. 1. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 307–311
Tognon AR, Rowe RK, Brachman RWI (1999) Evaluation of side wall friction for a buried pipe testing facility. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 17(4):193–212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0266-1144(99)00004-7
Vermeer PA, Ruse NM, Marcher T (2002) Tunnel heading stability in drained ground. Felsbau 20(6):8–18
Wang MS (2008) Current developments and technical issues of underwater traffic tunnel-discussion on construction scheme of Taiwan strait undersea railway tunnel. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering 27(11):2161–2172, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-6915.2008.11.001 (in Chinese)
White DJ, Take WA, Bolton MD (2003) Soil deformation measurement using particle image velocimetry (PIV) and photogrammetry. Geotechnique 53(7):619–631, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.53.7.619.37383
Wu L, Guan T, Lei L (2013) Discrete element model for performance analysis of cutterhead excavation system of EPB machine. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 37(6):37–44, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2013.03.003
Yoo C, Shin H (2002) Deformation behaviour of tunnel face reinforced with longitudinal pipes - Laboratory and numerical investigation. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 18(4):303–319, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0886-7798(02)00101-3
Zhang ZX, Hu XY, Scott KD (2011) A discrete numerical approach for modeling face stability in slurry shield tunnelling in soft soils. Computers and Geotechnics 38(1):94–104, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2010.10.011
Zhang HF, Zhang P, Zhou W, Dong S, Ma BS (2016) A new model to predict soil pressure acting on deep burial jacked pipes. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 60:183–196, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2016.09.005
Acknowledgements
This work was financially supported by the National High-tech R&D Program (863 Program) (through grant No. 2012AA041802) and the Doctoral Student Innovation Foundation of NCWU.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, H., Zhang, Y. & Liu, H. Failure Mechanism of Face for Slurry Shield-Driven Tunnel in Sand. KSCE J Civ Eng 24, 3105–3118 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-020-1448-5
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-020-1448-5