Abstract
Urban tunnels crossing faults are always at the risk of severe damages. In this paper, the effects of a reverse and a normal fault movement on a transversely crossing shallow shotcreted tunnel are investigated by 3D finite difference analysis. After verifying the accuracy of the numerical simulation predictions with the centrifuge physical model results, a parametric study is then conducted. That is, the effects of various parameters such as the sprayed concrete thickness, the geo-mechanical properties of soil, the tunnel depth, and the fault plane dip angle are studied on the displacements of the ground surface and the tunnel structure, and on the plastic strains of the soil mass around tunnel. The results of each case of reverse and normal faulting are independently discussed and then compared with each other. It is obtained that deeper tunnels show greater displacements for both types of faulting.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Baziar M H, Nabizadeh A, Lee C J, Hung W Y. Centrifuge modeling of interaction between reverse faulting and tunnel. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 2014, 65: 151–164
Baziar M H, Nabizadeh A, Mehrabi R, Lee C J, Hung W Y. Evaluation of underground tunnel response to reverse fault rupture using numerical approach. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 2016, 83: 1–17
Kiani M, Akhlaghi T, Ghalandarzadeh A. Experimental modeling of segmental shallow tunnels in alluvial affected by normal faults. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2016, 51: 108–119
Lin M L, Chung C F, Jeng F S, Yao T C. The deformation of overburden soil induced by thrust faulting and its impact on underground tunnels. Engineering Geology, 2007, 92(3–4): 110–132
Wang Z, Zhang Z, Gao B. Seismic behavior of the tunnel across active fault. In: The 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Lisbon, 2012
Lin M L, Chung C F, Jeng F S. Deformation of overburden soil induced by thrust fault slip. Engineering Geology, 2006, 88(1–2): 70–89
Loukidis D, Bouckovalas G D, Papadimitriou A G. Analysis of fault rupture propagation through uniform soil cover. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 2009, 29(11–12): 1389–1404
Mortazavi Zanjani M, Soroush A. Numerical modelling of fault rupture propagation through layered sands. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 2017, 23(9): 1139–1155
Hazeghian M, Soroush A. DEM simulations to study the effects of the ground surface geometry on dip-slip faulting through granular soils. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 2020, 24(7): 861–879
Anastasopoulos I, Callerio A, Bransby M F, Davies M C R, Nahas A E, Faccioli E, Gazetas G, Masella A, Paolucci R, Pecker A, Rossignol E. Numerical analyses of fault-foundation interaction. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2008, 6(4): 645–675
Anastasopoulos I, Gazetas G. Foundation-structure systems over a rupturing normal fault: Part II. Analysis of the Kocaeli case histories. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2007, 5(3): 277–301
Bransby M, Davies M, El Nahas A, Nagaoka S. Centrifuge modelling of reverse fault-foundation interaction. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2008, 6(4): 607–628
Bransby M, Davies M, Nahas A E. Centrifuge modelling of normal fault-foundation interaction. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2008, 6(4): 585–605
Ng C W W, Soomro M A, Hong Y. Three-dimensional centrifuge modelling of pile group responses to side-by-side twin tunnelling. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2014, 43: 350–361
Soomro M A, Ng C W W, Liu K, Memon N A. Pile responses to side-by-side twin tunnelling in stiff clay: Effects of different tunnel depths relative to pile. Computers and Geotechnics, 2017, 84: 101–116
Kiani M. Effects of Surface Fault Rupture on Shallow Segmental Soil Tunnels-Centrifuge Modeling. Tabriz: University of Tabriz, 2016 (in Persian)
Do N A, Dias D. A comparison of 2D and 3D numerical simulations of tunnelling in soft soils. Environmental Earth Sciences, 2017, 76(3): 102
Do N A, Dias D, Oreste P. 2D seismic numerical analysis of segmental tunnel lining behaviour. Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, 2014, 47(3): 206–216
Do N A, Dias D, Oreste P. Numerical investigation of segmental tunnel linings-comparison between the hyperstatic reaction method and a 3D numerical model. Geomechanics and Engineering, 2018, 14(3): 293–299
Do N A, Dias D, Oreste P, Djeran-Maigre I. 2D numerical investigations of twin tunnel interaction. Geomechanics & Engineering, 2014, 6(3): 263–275
Do N A, Dias D, Oreste P, Djeran-Maigre I. The behaviour of the segmental tunnel lining studied by the hyperstatic reaction method. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering. 2014, 18(4): 489–510
Do N A, Dias D, Oreste P. 3D numerical investigation on the interaction between mechanized twin tunnels in soft ground. Environmental Earth Sciences, 2015, 73(5): 2101–2113
Do N A, Dias D, Oreste P, Djeran-Maigre I. 2D numerical investigation of segmental tunnel lining behavior. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2013, 37: 115–127
Do N A, Dias D, Oreste P, Djeran-Maigre I. 2D tunnel numerical investigation: The influence of the simplified excavation method on tunnel behaviour. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 2014, 32(1): 43–58
Do N A, Dias D, Oreste P, Djeran-Maigre I. Three-dimensional numerical simulation for mechanized tunnelling in soft ground: The influence of the joint pattern. Acta Geotechnica, 2014, 9(4): 673–694
Do N A, Dias D, Oreste P, Djeran-Maigre I. Three-dimensional numerical simulation of a mechanized twin tunnels in soft ground. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2014, 42: 40–51
Do N A, Dias D, Oreste P, Djeran-Maigre I. Behaviour of segmental tunnel linings under seismic loads studied with the hyperstatic reaction method. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 2015, 79: 108–117
Rabczuk T, Ren H, Zhuang X. A nonlocal operator method for partial differential equations with application to electromagnetic waveguide problem. Computers, Materials & Continua, 2019, 59(1): 31–35
Guo H, Zhuang X, Rabczuk T. A deep collocation method for the bending analysis of Kirchhoff plate. Computers, Materials & Continua, 2019, 59(2): 433–456
Anitescu C, Atroshchenko E, Alajlan N, Rabczuk T. Artificial neural network methods for the solution of second order boundary value problems. Computers, Materials & Continua, 2019, 59(1): 345–359
Itasca. Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua in 3-Dimension (FLAC3D V3.1). Itasca Consulting Group, 2007
Areias P, Rabczuk T. Steiner-point free edge cutting of tetrahedral meshes with applications in fracture. Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, 2017, 132: 27–41
Liu G, Zhuang X, Cui Z. Three-dimensional slope stability analysis using independent cover based numerical manifold and vector method. Engineering Geology, 2017, 225: 83–95
Zhang Y, Lackner R, Zeiml M, Mang H A. Strong discontinuity embedded approach with standard SOS formulation: Element formulation, energy-based crack-tracking strategy, and validations. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 2015, 287: 335–366
Zhang Y, Zhuang X, Lackner R. Stability analysis of shotcrete supported crown of NATM tunnels with discontinuity layout optimization. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 2018, 42(11): 1199–1216
Ren H, Zhuang X, Rabczuk T. Dual-horizon peridynamics: A stable solution to varying horizons. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 2017, 318: 762–782
Zhang Y, Zhuang X. Cracking elements: A self-propagating strong discontinuity embedded approach for quasi-brittle fracture. Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, 2018, 144: 84–100
Rabczuk T, Zi G, Bordas S, Nguyen-Xuan H. A simple and robust three-dimensional cracking-particle method without enrichment. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 2010, 199(37–40): 2437–2455
Zhang Y, Zhuang X. Cracking elements method for dynamic brittle fracture. Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, 2019, 102: 1–9
Zhang Y. Multi-slicing strategy for the three-dimensional discontinuity layout optimization (3D DLO). International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 2017, 41(4): 488–507
Sloan S W. Upper bound limit analysis using finite elements and linear programming. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 1989, 13(3): 263–282
Areias P, Reinoso J, Camanho P P, César de Sá J, Rabczuk T. Effective 2D and 3D crack propagation with local mesh refinement and the screened Poisson equation. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 2018, 189: 339–360
Rabczuk T, Belytschko T. Cracking particles: A simplified meshfree method for arbitrary evolving cracks. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 2004, 61(13): 2316–2343
Ren H, Zhuang X, Cai Y, Rabczuk T. Dual-horizon peridynamics. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 2016, 108(12): 1451–1476
Martínez-Galván S A, Romo M P. Assessment of an alternative to deep foundations in compressible clays: The structural cell foundation. Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 2018, 12(1): 67–80
Yang X, Han J, Parsons R L, Leshchinsky D. Three-dimensional numerical modeling of single geocell-reinforced sand. Frontiers of Architecture and Civil Engineering in China, 2010, 4(2): 233–240
Atkinson J. The Mechanics of Soils and Foundations. London: Taylor & Francis, 2007
Hicks M A, Samy K. Influence of heterogeneity on undrained clay slope stability. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 2002, 35(1): 41–49
Hamdia K M, Silani M, Zhuang X, He P, Rabczuk T. Stochastic analysis of the fracture toughness of polymeric nanoparticle composites using polynomial chaos expansions. International Journal of Fracture, 2017, 206(2): 215–227
Vu-Bac N, Lahmer T, Zhuang X, Nguyen-Thoi T, Rabczuk T. A software framework for probabilistic sensitivity analysis for computationally expensive models. Advances in Engineering Software, 2016, 100: 19–31
Das B M, Sobhan K. Principles of Geotechnical Engineering. California: Thomson Learning, 2013
Ortiz J M R, Gesta J S, Mazo C O. Infrastructure Application Course. Madrid: Publishing Office of the Official Institute of Architects, 1986 (in Spanish)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ranjbarnia, M., Zaheri, M. & Dias, D. Three-dimensional finite difference analysis of shallow sprayed concrete tunnels crossing a reverse fault or a normal fault: A parametric study. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng. 14, 998–1011 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-020-0621-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-020-0621-8