Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the problem of the cohomological classification of “Quaternionic” vector bundles in low dimension (\(d\leqslant 3\)). We show that there exists a characteristic class \(\kappa \), called the FKMM-invariant, which takes value in the relative equivariant Borel cohomology and completely classifies “Quaternionic” vector bundles in low dimension. The main subject of the paper concerns a discussion about the surjectivity of \(\kappa \).
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1 Introduction
At a topological level, “Real” and “Quaternionic” vector bundles are complex vector bundles defined over spaces with involution and endowed with a homeomorphism of the total space which cover the involution and acts anti-linearly between conjugate fibers. Let us be a little bit more precise: An involution \(\tau \) on a topological space X is a homeomorphism \(\tau :X\rightarrow X\) of period 2, i. e. , \(\tau ^2=\mathrm{Id}_X\). We will refer to the pair \((X,\tau )\) as an involutive space. The fixed point set of the involutive space \((X,\tau )\) is by definition
We are interested in (topological) complex vector bundles \(\mathscr {E}\rightarrow X\) endowed with an extra homeomorphism \(\Theta :\mathscr {E}\rightarrow \mathscr {E}\) such that \(\Theta :\mathscr {E}|_x\rightarrow \mathscr {E}|_{\tau (x)}\) acts anti-linearly between the fibers over conjugated points x and \(\tau (x)\). The pair \((\mathscr {E},\Theta )\) defines a “Real” vector bundle (also called \(\mathfrak {R}\)-bundle) over the involutive space \((X,\tau )\) if the square \(\Theta ^2:=\Theta \circ \Theta \) acts as the identity in each fiber of \(\mathscr {E}\), or equivalently if \(\Theta ^2=+1\) (with a small abuse of notation). In the opposite case when \(\Theta ^2=-1\) one says that \((\mathscr {E},\Theta )\) is a “Quaternionic” vector bundle (or \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundle) over \((X,\tau )\). “Real” vector bundles were first defined by Atiyah in [5], while the notion of “Quaternionic” vector bundle has been introduced by Dupont in [28] (under the name of symplectic vector bundle). “Real” and “Quaternionic” vector bundles provide new categories of topological objects which are significantly different from the categories of complex or real vector bundles. For these reasons, the problem of the classification of “Real” or “Quaternionic” vector bundles over a given involutive space requires the use of appropriate tools which can differ, even significantly, from the tools usually used to classify vector bundles in the complex or real category. This paper mostly concerns with the problem of the classification of \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundles over low-dimensional \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-CW-complexes. Henceforth, we will assume that:
Assumption 1.1
(\(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-CW-complex) X is a topological space which admits the structure of a \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-CW-complex. The dimension d of X is, by definition, the maximal dimension of its cells and we say that X is low dimensional if \(0\leqslant d\leqslant 3\).
For the sake of completeness, let us recall that an involutive space \((X,\tau )\) has the structure of a \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-CW-complex if it admits a skeleton decomposition given by gluing cells of different dimensions which carry a \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-action. For a precise definition of the notion of \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-CW-complex, the reader can refer to [18, Section 4.5] or [4, 53]. Assumption 1.1 allows the space X to be made by several disconnected component. However, in the case of multiple components, we will tacitly assume that vector bundles built over X possess fibers of constant rank on the whole X. Let us recall that a space with a CW-complex structure is automatically Hausdorff and paracompact, and it is compact exactly when it is made by a finite number of cells [39]. Almost all the examples considered in this paper will concern with spaces with a finite CW-complex structure.
It is well known that equivalence classes of rank m complex (resp. real) vector bundles over a topological space X can be classified by means of homotopy classes of maps from X into the Grassmannian \(G_m(\mathbb C^\infty )\) (resp. \(G_m(\mathbb {R}^\infty )\)). This can be summarized by
where on the left-hand side one has the set of equivalence classes of \(\mathbb {F}\)-vector bundles and on the right-hand side one has the set of homotopy classes of maps from X into the related Grassmannian. Unfortunately, the computation of homotopy classes of maps between topological spaces is an extremely hard problem. For this reason, people started to face the problem of the classification of vector bundles by using the characteristic classes [56]. Due to the fact that a rank m complex vector bundle is associated, up to isomorphisms, with a map \(\varphi :X\rightarrow G_m(\mathbb C^\infty )\) one can pull back via \(\varphi \) the cohomology ring of the Grassmannian into that of X, i. e. , \(\varphi ^*\,H^\bullet (G_m(\mathbb C^\infty ),\mathbb {Z})\rightarrow H^\bullet (X,\mathbb {Z})\). This procedure selects a set of cohomology classes \(c_j(\mathscr {E})\in H^{2j}(X,\mathbb {Z})\) called the Chern classes of \(\mathscr {E}\). A similar procedure for real vector bundles leads to the definition of the Stiefel-Whitney classes \(w_j(\mathscr {E})\in H^{j}(X,\mathbb {Z}_2)\). The relevant role of the characteristic classes in the classification of complex and real vector bundles is a well-established fact. For instance, Peterson [58] proved in 1959 that the Chern classes completely classify complex vector bundles over CW-complexes in the stable rank regime. In particular, for low-dimensional CW-complexes the result by F. P. Peterson says that the first Chern class \(c_1\) suffices to classify complex vector bundles independently of the rank of the fibers:
Also \(\mathfrak {R}\) and \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundles over \((X,\tau )\) can be classified by means of homotopy classes of maps in the same spirit of (1.1). For \(\mathfrak {R}\)-bundles, the homotopy classification theorem is due to Edelson [29] (see also [18, Theorem 4.13]) and says that \(\mathrm{Vec}_{\mathfrak {R}}^{m}(X,\tau )\) is classified, up to \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-homotopy equivalences, by \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-equivariant maps between \((X,\tau )\) and the Grassmannian \(G_m(\mathbb C^\infty )\) endowed with the involution induced by the complex conjugation. In much the same way for the “Quaternionic” case one has that \(\mathrm{Vec}_{\mathfrak {Q}}^{2m}(X,\tau )\) is classified by \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-equivariant maps from \((X,\tau )\) into the Grassmannian \(G_{2m}(\mathbb C^\infty )\) endowed with the quaternionic involution (see [19, Theorem 2.4] and related details). However, as in the real or complex case, the use of the homotopy classification theorem to compute \(\mathrm{Vec}_{\mathfrak {R}}^{m}(X,\tau )\) or \(\mathrm{Vec}_{\mathfrak {Q}}^{2m}(X,\tau )\) is not practicable due to insurmountable complications in the calculation of the equivariant homotopy classes. For these reasons, one is naturally pushed to develop a theory of characteristic classes for \(\mathfrak {R}\) and \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundles. In the case of the “Real” category, the associated theory of characteristic classes has been introduced by Kahn in 1959 [43]. He defined the notion of “Real” Chern classes \(c_j^{\mathfrak {R}}(\mathscr {E},\Theta )\in H^{2j}(X,\mathbb {Z}(j))\) of the \(\mathfrak {R}\)-bundle \((\mathscr {E},\Theta )\) over \((X,\tau )\) just by mimicking the standard procedure used for the construction of the usual Chern classes. The main difference with the complex case is the election of the cohomology theory that in the “Real” case turns out to be the equivariant Borel cohomology of the involutive space \((X,\tau )\) with local coefficient system \(\mathbb {Z}(j)\) (see “Appendix A” and references therein for more details). The “Real” Chern classes provide a powerful tool for the classification of \(\mathfrak {R}\)-bundles over \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-CW-complexes. First of all, the Kahn’s isomorphism says that the “Real” Picard group \(\mathrm{Pic}_{\mathfrak {R}}(X,\tau ):=\mathrm{Vec}_{\mathfrak {R}}^1(X,\tau )\) is classified exactly by \(H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}\big (X,\mathbb {Z}(1)\big )\) [43, Proposition 1] (see also [34, Corollary A.5]). Moreover, if one combines the Kahn’s isomorphism with the splitting due to the stable condition [18, Theorem 4.25], one obtains that
namely the first “Real” Chern class \(c_1^{\mathfrak {R}}\) turns out to be a complete invariant for the classification of \(\mathfrak {R}\)-bundles in low dimension. It is interesting to note the close similarity between Eqs. (1.2) and (1.3).
And what about the theory of characteristic classes in the “Quaternionic” category? At the best of our knowledge, a completely satisfactory theory of characteristic classes for \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundles is not yet available in the literature. Of course attempts to define “Quaternionic” Chern classes already exist, see, e. g. , [27, 52]. However, these topological objects do not seem to be flexible enough to reproduce in an “easy way” classification results of the type (1.2) or (1.3). A different approach was introduced first by Furuta et al. [32] and then improved in [19] and generalized in [22]. The core of the construction is to properly define a map
called the FKMM-invariant, which associates with each \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundle \((\mathscr {E},\Theta )\) over \((X,\tau )\) a cohomology class \(\kappa (\mathscr {E},\Theta )\) in the relative equivariant cohomology group \(H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(X|X^\tau ,\mathbb {Z}(1))\) (cf. “Appendix A” for more details). The definition of the map \(\kappa \) is based on two important observations: (1) each cohomology class in \(H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(X|X^\tau ,\mathbb {Z}(1))\) can be uniquely associated with a pair \((\mathscr {L},s)\) given by an \(\mathfrak {R}\)-line bundle along with a trivializing section \(s:X^\tau \rightarrow \mathscr {L}\); (2) each even-rank \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundle canonically defines a pair \((\mathscr {L},s)\) through the determinant functor. The details of the construction of \(\kappa \) are summarized in Sect. 3.5.
In [22] we proved that \(\kappa \) is a characteristic class in the sense that it can be obtained as the pullback of a universal class. Moreover, when the base space has dimension \(d\leqslant 3\) the map \(\kappa \) turns out to be injective. These two properties suggest a parallel between the FKMM-invariant (1.4) and the first Chern class as in (1.2) or the first “Real” Chern class as in (1.3). However, the injectivity of \(\kappa \), although is an important property, is not sufficient to reduce the classification of \(\mathrm{Vec}_{\mathfrak {Q}}^{2m}(X,\tau )\) to the mere computation of a cohomology group at least until one can say something about the surjectivity of \(\kappa \). The analysis of the surjectivity of the FKMM-invariant in low dimension is the main achievement of this paper.
Before stating our main results, let us point out a quite obvious fact: The FKMM-invariant \(\kappa \), like \(c_1\) in (1.2) or \(c_1^{\mathfrak {R}}\) (1.3), generally fails to be surjective in dimension \(d\geqslant 4\) where other invariants (e. g. , the second Chern class) start to enter in the problem of the classification (see, e. g. , [19, Theorem 1.4 & Theorem 5.2]). For this reason, a classification theory only based on \(\kappa \) can be effective only in low dimension \(d\leqslant 3\).
Let us start with the analysis of the case of an involutive space \((X,\tau )\) with a free involution, namely 
. This is the only situation which allows the existence of odd-rank \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundles. The classification of odd-rank \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundles in low dimension is quite simple. First of all one notices that the set of \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-line bundles \(\mathrm{Pic}_{\mathfrak {Q}}(X,\tau ):=\mathrm{Vec}_{\mathfrak {Q}}^1(X,\tau )\) is not a group as in the “Real” case but only a torsor under the action of \(\mathrm{Pic}_{\mathfrak {R}}(X,\tau )\). This fact leads to the following dichotomy: 
or \(\mathrm{Pic}_{\mathfrak {Q}}(X,\tau )\simeq \mathrm{Pic}_{\mathfrak {R}}(X,\tau )\) (cf. Theorem 3.5). When one combines this result with the stable condition for odd-rank \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundles in Proposition 3.8 one obtains that the topological classification of the odd-rank \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundles in the regime of low dimension is completely specified by \(\mathrm{Pic}_{\mathfrak {Q}}(X,\tau )\):
Theorem 1.2
(Classification of odd-rank \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundles in low dimension) Let \((X,\tau )\) be a low-dimensional involutive space in the sense of Assumption 1.1. Assume that 
. Then
and in the second case the bijection is induced (not canonically) by the first “Real” Chern class.
This result deserves two important observations: First of all in the absence of fixed points the FKMM-invariant can be always reduced to the first “Real” Chern class mainly due to the natural isomorphism 
(cf. Proposition 3.14); second of all the “ambiguity” in the normalization of the FKMM-invariant just depends on the election of a particular (reference) \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-line bundle \(\mathscr {L}_\mathrm{ref}\) which generates the whole \(\mathrm{Pic}_{\mathfrak {Q}}(X,\tau )\) under the action of \(\mathrm{Pic}_{\mathfrak {R}}(X,\tau )\) (cf. [22, Definition 3.3]).
The topological classification for the even-rank case rests on [22, Theorem 4.7] which proves the injectivity of the FKMM-invariant (see Proposition 3.17) along with an analysis of the surjectivity of \(\kappa \). In summary one has:
Theorem 1.3
(Classification of even-rank \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundles in low dimension) Let \((X,\tau )\) be a low-dimensional involutive space in the sense of Assumption 1.1. Then:
-
(1)
If
and \(d=0,1,2\) the FKMM-invariant provides a bijection $$\begin{aligned} \kappa \;:\;\mathrm{Vec}_{\mathfrak {Q}}^{2m}\big (X,\tau \big )\;{\mathop {\longrightarrow }\limits ^{\simeq }}\; H^{2}_{\mathbb {Z}_2}\big (X|X^\tau ,\mathbb {Z}(1)\big ),\qquad \qquad \forall \ m\in \mathbb {N}\; \end{aligned}$$and for \(d=3\) the map
$$\begin{aligned} \kappa \;:\;\mathrm{Vec}_{\mathfrak {Q}}^{2m}\big (X,\tau \big )\;{\hookrightarrow }\; H^{2}_{\mathbb {Z}_2}\big (X|X^\tau ,\mathbb {Z}(1)\big ),\qquad \qquad \forall \ m\in \mathbb {N}. \end{aligned}$$is in general only an injection;
-
(2)
If
the FKMM-invariant (identified as in Proposition 3.14) provides a bijection $$\begin{aligned} \kappa \;:\;\mathrm{Vec}_{\mathfrak {Q}}^{2m}\big (X,\tau \big )\;{\mathop {\longrightarrow }\limits ^{\simeq }}\; H^{2}_{\mathbb {Z}_2}\big (X,\mathbb {Z}(1)\big ),\qquad \qquad \forall \ m\in \mathbb {N}. \end{aligned}$$
and 
the FKMM-invariant (identified as in Proposition The proof of (1) and (2) in the cases \(d=0,1\) follows by combining the injectivity of \(\kappa \) with the computations
or
both proved in Proposition 4.1. In both cases \(d=0,1\), the isomorphism established by the FKMM-invariant turns out to be trivial in view of the fact
Then in dimension \(d=0,1\) the only possible even-rank \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundle is, up to isomorphisms, the trivial one (cf. Proposition 3.7). The proof in dimension \(d=2\) for the cases (1) and (2) is contained in Proposition 4.9. The proof of item (2) is completed by Proposition 4.11 which proves the surjectivity of \(\kappa \) in the free case for \(d=3\). Finally, the absence of surjectivity in \(d=3\) in the case of a non-free involution is shown by the concrete example discussed in Sect. 5 (cf. Corollary 5.8).
Theorems 1.2 and 1.3 allow to compare the map (1.4) with (1.2) and (1.3). It turns out that the FKMM-invariant \(\kappa \) shares all the virtues of the first Chern class or of the first “Real” Chern class at least up to dimension \(d=2\). This fact gives us the motivation to claim that:
“The FKMM-invariant is the first (or fundamental) characteristic class for the category of “Quaternionic” vector bundles; The one which classifies “Quaternionic” vector bundles in low dimension.”
The last sentence can be considered as the main (meta-)result of this paper. Of course, as already mentioned, starting from \(d=4\) the invariant \(\kappa \) cannot suffice to produce a complete classification by itself and higher characteristic classes are needed (see, e. g. , [19, Theorem 5.2]).
Let us spend few words about the case \(d=3\). Theorem 1.3 (1) says that in this case \(\kappa \) is generally only injective but not surjective. In any case, the property of being injective says that the invariant \(\kappa \) is strong enough to distinguish between non-equivalent \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundles. However, with the failure of the surjectivity one loses the possibility of classifying all the possible inequivalent realizations of \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundles over \((X,\tau )\) just by means of the computation of \(H^{2}_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(X|X^\tau ,\mathbb {Z}(1))\) which is usually an algorithmic problem. Anyway, does not seem “trivial” to find examples of three-dimensional involutive spaces on which \(\kappa \) fails to be surjective. For instance, we already know that:
-
Let \((X,\tau )\) be a \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-CW-complex of dimension \(d=3\) such that
. Then \(\kappa \) is bijective as a consequence of Theorem 1.3 (2); -
Let \((X,\tau )\) be an FKMM-space of dimension \(d=3\) (cf. Definition 3.15). Then \(\kappa \) is bijective as proved in Proposition 4.13.
-
Let \(\mathbb {S}^{p,q}\subset \mathbb {R}^{p+q}\) the \(p+q-1\)-dimensional sphere of radius 1 endowed with the involution
$$\begin{aligned} (x_1,\ldots ,x_p,x_{p+1},\ldots ,x_{p+q})\;\longmapsto \; (x_1,\ldots ,x_p,-x_{p+1},\ldots ,-x_{p+q}). \end{aligned}$$Then \(\kappa \) is bijective in all the cases \(\mathbb {S}^{4-n,n}\) with \(n=0,1,2,3,4\), see [22, Section 4.4].
-
Consider the involutive tori
$$\begin{aligned} \mathbb {T}^{a,b,c}\;:=\;\left( \mathbb {S}^{2,0}\right) ^{\times a}\;\times \;\left( \mathbb {S}^{1,1}\right) ^{\times b}\;\times \;\left( \mathbb {S}^{0,2}\right) ^{\times c}. \end{aligned}$$(1.7)Then \(\kappa \) is bijective in all the cases \(\mathbb {T}^{a,b,c}\) with \(a+b+c=3\), see [22, Section 4.5].
. Then Finally, the bijectivity on three-dimensional FKMM-spaces can be generalized to:
Theorem 1.4
Let \((X, \tau )\) be a three-dimensional compact manifold without boundary equipped with a smooth involution such that the fixed point set \(X^\tau \ne \emptyset \) consists of a finite number of points. Then the FKMM-invariant is bijective.
The Proof of this result is postponed to Sect. 4.5.
To find an involutive space of dimension \(d=3\) on which the FKMM-invariant fails to be surjective is quite laborious. In Sect. 5, we present an explicit example. For \(q > 0\), we consider the three-dimensional lens space \(L_{2q}:=\mathbb {S}^3/\mathbb {Z}_{2q}\) endowed with the involution \(\tau \) induced by the complex conjugation on \(\mathbb {S}^3\subset \mathbb C^2\). The fixed point set is then the disjoint union of two circles. On this space, one can explicitly construct all the \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundles by means of the equivariant version of the clutching construction for vector bundles. This provides \(\mathrm{Vec}_{\mathfrak {Q}}^{2m}(L_{2q},\tau )\simeq \mathbb {Z}_{2q}\) (Proposition 5.7). On the other hand, an explicit computation shows that \(H^{2}_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(L_{2q}|L_{2q}^\tau ,\mathbb {Z}(1)\big )\simeq \mathbb {Z}_{4q}\) (Proposition 5.4) and the immediate consequence is that \(\kappa \) cannot be surjective (Corollary 5.8).
This paper is organized as follows: In Sect. 2, we provide some physical motivations related to the problem of the classification of (low dimensional) \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundles and we discuss the related literature. In Sect. 3, for the benefit of the reader, we recall all the most important notions related to the theory of \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundles. In particular, we describe the construction of the FKMM-invariant in the generalized version introduced in [22]. Section 4 contains all the technical results necessary for the proof of the surjectivity of the FKMM-invariant in all the situations considered in Theorems 1.2 and 1.3. In Sect. 5, we describe the classification of \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundles over the lens space \(L_{2q}\) providing a family of examples in dimension \(d=3\) where the FKMM-invariant fails to be surjective. Finally, “Appendix A” provides a “crash introduction” to the theory of the equivariant Borel cohomology.
2 Physical motivation and related literature
Before entering in the core of the mathematical results proved in this paper, let us briefly mention the relevance of the problem of the classification of “Real” and “Quaternionic” vector bundles for a certain class of mathematical physical applications.
In its simplest incarnation, a Topological Quantum System (TQS) is a continuous matrix-valued map
defined on a “nice” topological space X. Although a precise definition of TQS requires some more ingredients (see, e. g. , [18,19,20,21]), one can certainly state that the most relevant feature of these systems is the nature of the spectrum which is made by N continuous “energy” bands (taking into account possible degeneracies). It is exactly this peculiar band structure, along with the structure of the related eigenspaces, which may encode information that are of topological nature. More precisely, let assume that it is possible to select \(m<N\) bands that do not cross the other \(N-m\) bands. Then, it is possible to construct a continuous projection-valued map \(X\ni x\mapsto P(x)\in \mathrm {Mat}_N(\mathbb C)\) such that P(x) is the rank m spectral projection of H(x) associated with the spectral subspace selected by the m energy bands at the point x. Due to the classical Serre–Swan construction [60, 61], one can associate with \(x\mapsto P(x)\) a unique (up to isomorphisms) rank m complex vector bundle \(\mathscr {E}\rightarrow X\) sometimes called the spectral bundle (see [18, Section 2] or [25, Section 4] for the details of the construction). The considerable consequence of the duality between gapped TQSs and spectral bundles is that one can classify the possible topological phases of a TQS by means of the elements of the set \(\mathrm{Vec}_{\mathbb C}^{m}(X)\) of isomorphism classes of rank m complex vector bundles over X. As a result, one is allowed to translate the problem of the enumeration of the possible topological phases of a TQS into the classical problem in topology of the classification of \(\mathrm{Vec}_{\mathbb C}^{m}(X)\). The important result due to Peterson [58] establishes that this classification can be achieved in a computable way by using the Chern classes which take values in the cohomology groups \(H^{2j}(X,\mathbb {Z})\). In particular, in low dimension the classification is completely specified by the first Chern class \(c_1\) according to (1.2).
TQSs of type (2.1) are ubiquitous in mathematical physics (see, e.g., the rich monographs [11, 16]). They can be used to model systems subjected to cyclic adiabatic processes in classical and quantum mechanics [9, 57] or in the description of the magnetic monopole [23, 65] and the Aharonov–Bohm effect [1] or in the molecular dynamics in the context of the Born–Oppenheimer approximation [7], just to mention few important examples. Probably the most popular example of a TQS comes from the Condensed Matter Physics and concerns the dynamics of (independent) electrons in a crystalline periodic background. In this case, the Bloch–Floquet formalism [3, 50] allows to decompose the Schrödinger operator in a parametric family of operators like in (2.1) labeled by the points of a torus \(X=\mathbb {T}^d\) (\(d=1,2,3\)), usually known as the Brillouin zone. In this particular case, the classification of the topological phases is completely specified by \(H^2(\mathbb {T}^d,\mathbb {Z})\) due to (1.2), and the different topological phases are interpreted as the distinct quantized values of the Hall conductance by means of the celebrated Kubo–Chern formula [10, 63]. The last result provides the theoretical explanation of the quantum Hall effect which is the prototypical example of topological insulating phases. Nowadays, the study of topologically protected phases of topological insulators is a “hot topic” in Condensed Matter Physics. Due to the vastness of the bibliography about topological insulators, we refer to two recent reviews [38] and [2] for an almost complete overview on the subject.
The problem of the classification of the topological phases becomes more interesting, and challenging, when the TQS is constrained by the presence of certain (pseudo-)symmetries like the time-reversal symmetry (TRS). A system like (2.1) is said to be time-reversal symmetric if there is an involution \(\tau :X\rightarrow X\) on the base space and an anti-unitary map \(\Theta \) such that
where \(\mathbb {1}_{N}\) denotes the \(N\times N\) identity matrix.
The case \(\epsilon =+1\) corresponds to an even (sometimes called bosonic) TRS. In this case, the spectral bundle \(\mathscr {E}\) turns out to be equipped with the additional structure of an \(\mathfrak {R}\)-bundle as shown in [18, Section 2]. Therefore, in the presence of an even TRS the classification problem of the topological phases of a TQS is reduced to the study of the set \(\mathrm{Vec}_{\mathfrak {R}}^{m}(X,\tau )\) and, at least in low dimension, the isomorphism (1.3) induced by the first “Real” Chern class \(c_1^{\mathfrak {R}}\) completely answers the question.
The case \(\epsilon =-1\) describes an odd (sometimes called fermionic) TRS. Also in this situation the spectral vector bundle \(\mathscr {E}\) acquires an additional structure which converts \(\mathscr {E}\) in a \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundle. Then, the topological phases of a TQS with an odd TRS are labeled by the set \(\mathrm{Vec}_{\mathfrak {Q}}^{m}(X,\tau )\) and it becomes relevant for the study of these systems to have proper tools able to classify equivalence classes of \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundles.
The study of systems with an odd TRS is more interesting, and for several reasons also harder, than the case of an even TRS. Historically, the fame of these fermionic systems begins with the seminal papers Fu et al. [30, 46]. The central result of these works is the interpretation of a physical phenomenon called quantum spin Hall effect as the evidence of a non-trivial topology for TQS constrained by an odd TRS. Specifically, the papers [30, 46] are concerned about the study of systems like (2.1) (with \(N=4\) and \(m=2\)) where the base space is an involutive torus of type \(\mathbb {T}^{0,d,0}\) with \(d=2,3\) (compare with (1.7) for the notation). The distinctive aspect of this special involutive Brillouin zone is the existence of a fixed point set formed by \(2^d\) isolated points. The latter plays a crucial role in the classification scheme proposed in [30, 46] where the different topological phases are distinguished by the signs that a particular function \(\mathfrak {d}_{\mathscr {E}}\) (essentially the inverse of a normalized Pfaffian constructed from a particular frame of \(\mathscr {E}\)) takes on the \(2^d\) fixed points. These \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-numbers are usually known as Fu–Kane–Mele indices.
In the last years, the problem of the topological classification of systems with an odd TRS has been discussed with several different approaches. As a matter of fact, many (if not almost all) of these approaches focus on the particular cases \(\mathbb {T}^{0,2,0}\) and \(\mathbb {T}^{0,3,0}\) with the aim of reproducing in different way the \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-invariants described by the Fu–Kane–Mele indices. From one hand, there are classification schemes based on K-theory and KK-theory [8, 31, 44, 47, 49, 59, 62] or equivariant homotopy techniques [45, 51] which are extremely general. In the opposite side, there are constructive procedures based on the interpretation of the topological phases as obstructions for the construction of global time-reversal symmetric frames (see [35] for the case \({\mathbb {T}}^{0,2,0}\) and [33, 55] for the generalization to the case \({\mathbb {T}}^{0,3,0}\)) or as spectral-flows [17, 26] or as index pairings [37]. All these approaches, in our opinion, present some limitations. The K-theory is unable to distinguish the “spurious phases” (possibly) present outside of the stable rank regime. The homotopy calculations are non-algorithmic and usually extremely hard. The use of the KK-theory up to now is restricted only to the non-commutative version of the involutive Brillouin tori \({\mathbb {T}}^{0,2,0}\) and \({\mathbb {T}}^{0,3,0}\). A similar consideration holds for the recipes for the “handmade” construction of global frames which are strongly dependent of the specific form of the involutive spaces \({\mathbb {T}}^{0,2,0}\) and \({\mathbb {T}}^{0,3,0}\) and thus are difficult to generalize to other spaces and higher dimensions. Finally, none of these approaches clearly identifies the invariant which labels the different phases as a topological characteristic class, as it happens in the cases of systems with broken TRS (cf. Eq. (1.2)) or with even TRS (cf. Eq. (1.3)).
As already discussed, TQS of type (2.1) is ubiquitous in mathematical physics and there is no reason to focus the interest only on the special examples coming from the physics of periodic electronic systems (a.k.a topological insulators). Usually, one can think to the space X as a configuration space for parameters which describe an adiabatic action of external fields on a system governed by the instantaneous Hamiltonian H(x). The phenomenology of these systems can be enriched by the presence of certain symmetries like a TRS as in (2.2). Models of adiabatic topological systems of this type have been recently investigated in [14, 15, 36]. In particular, in [36] the authors consider the adiabatically perturbed dynamics of a classic rigid rotor and a classical particle on a ring. In the first case, the classical phase space turns out to be \(\mathbb {S}^{0,3}\), namely a two-dimensional sphere endowed with the antipodal free involution induced by the TRS. In the second case, the phase space is a two-dimensional torus of type \(\mathbb {T}^{1,1,0}\) which has a fixed point set of co-dimension one. None of these two cases can be treated with the technology developed for topological insulator due to the fact that the Fu–Kane–Mele index is just ill-defined when the fixed point set is empty or of dimension higher than zero. The main result of [36] consists in the classification of \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundles over the involutive spaces \(\mathbb {S}^{0,3}\) and \(\mathbb {T}^{1,1,0}\), and it is based on the analysis of the obstruction for the “handmade” construction of a global frame. As a payoff, they obtained a classification which is not based on \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-invariants, a fact that seems obvious from a geometric point of view but which seems to be “revolutionary” if compared to the literature on TR-symmetric topological insulators which is entirely focused on \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-type invariants.
The technique used in [36] is hard (and tricky) to extend to higher dimensions or to involutive spaces different from \(\mathbb {S}^{0,3}\) and \(\mathbb {T}^{1,1,0}\). Conversely, the classification provided by the map (1.4) turns out to be extremely effective and versatile. In fact the invariant \(\kappa \) is intrinsic, universal and algorithmically computable! As an example the formula (1.4) allowed us to classify \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundles over a big class of involutive spheres and tori up to dimension three extending, in this way, the results in [36], see [22, Table 1.1, Table 1.2 & Table 1.3]. As a final remark, let us mention that recently the classification technique based on the FKMM-invariant has been successfully used in [64] in order to classify Weyl semimetals with TRS.
In conclusion, in our opinion, the identification of the FKMM-invariant \(\kappa \) as the first (or fundamental) characteristic class for the category of “Quaternionic” vector bundles can be of big utility in many questions of classification of topological phases arising from concrete physical problems.
3 “Quaternionic” vector bundles from a topological perspective
This section is devoted to the readers which are not familiar with the theory of “Quaternionic” vector bundles. We provide here the main definitions, discuss the possibility of \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-line bundles, describe the stable rank splitting of \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundles and finally introduce the FKMM-invariant.
3.1 Basic facts about “Quaternionic” vector bundles
In this section, we recall some basic facts about the topological category of “Quaternionic” vector bundles and we refer to [19, 22, 28] for a more systematic presentation.
Definition 3.1
(“Quaternionic” vector bundles) A “Quaternionic” vector bundle, or \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundle, over \((X,\tau )\) is a complex vector bundle \(\pi :\mathscr {E}\rightarrow X\) endowed with a (topological) homeomorphism \(\Theta :\mathscr {E}\rightarrow \mathscr {E}\) such that:
- \((Q_1)\) :
-
The projection \(\pi \) is equivariant in the sense that \(\pi \circ \Theta =\tau \circ \pi \);
- \((Q_2)\) :
-
\(\Theta \) is anti-linear on each fiber, i. e. , \(\Theta (\lambda p)=\overline{\lambda }\ \Theta (p)\) for all \(\lambda \in \mathbb C\) and \(p\in \mathscr {E}\) where \(\overline{\lambda }\) is the complex conjugate of \(\lambda \);
- \((Q_3)\) :
-
\(\Theta ^2\) acts fiberwise as the multiplication by \(-1\), namely \(\Theta ^2|_{\mathscr {E}_x}=-\mathbb {1}_{\mathscr {E}_x}\).
Let us recall that it is always possible to endow \(\mathscr {E}\) with an essentially unique equivariant Hermitian metric \(\mathfrak {m}\) with respect to which \(\Theta \) is an anti-unitary map between conjugate fibers [19, Proposition 2.5]. We recall that equivariant means that
where \(\mathscr {E}\times _\pi \mathscr {E} :=\{(p_1,p_2)\in \mathscr {E}\times \mathscr {E}\ |\ \pi (p_1)=\pi (p_2)\}\).
A vector bundle morphism f between two vector bundles \(\pi :\mathscr {E}\rightarrow X\) and \(\pi ':\mathscr {E}'\rightarrow X\) over the same base space is a continuous map \(f:\mathscr {E}\rightarrow \mathscr {E}'\) which is fiber preserving in the sense that \(\pi =\pi '\circ f\) and that restricts to a linear map on each fiber \(\left. f\right| _x:\mathscr {E}_x\rightarrow \mathscr {E}'_x\). Complex vector bundles over X together with vector bundle morphisms define a category, and the symbol \(\mathrm{Vec}^m_\mathbb C(X)\) is used to denote the set of equivalence classes of isomorphic vector bundles of rank m. Also \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundles define a category with respect to \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-morphisms. A \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-morphism f between two \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundles \((\mathscr {E},\Theta )\) and \((\mathscr {E}',\Theta ')\) over the same involutive space \((X,\tau )\) is a vector bundle morphism commuting with the involutions, i. e. , \(f\circ \Theta \;=\;\Theta '\circ f\). The set of equivalence classes of isomorphic \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundles of rank m over \((X,\tau )\) will be denoted by \(\mathrm{Vec}_{\mathfrak {Q}}^m(X,\tau )\).
Remark 3.2
(“Real” vector bundles) By changing condition \((Q_3)\) in Definition 3.1 with
- (R):
-
\(\Theta ^2\) acts fiberwise as the multiplication by 1, namely \(\Theta ^2|_{\mathscr {E}_x}=\mathbb {1}_{\mathscr {E}_x}\)
one ends in the category of “Real” (or \(\mathfrak {R}\)) vector bundles. Isomorphism classes of rank m \(\mathfrak {R}\)-bundles over the involutive space \((X,\tau )\) are denoted by \(\mathrm{Vec}_{\mathfrak {R}}^m(X,\tau )\). For more details, we refer to [5, 18]. \(\blacktriangleleft \)
In the case of a trivial involutive space \((X,\mathrm{Id}_X)\), one has isomorphisms
where \(\mathrm{Vec}_{\mathbb {F}}^{m}\big (X\big )\) is the set of equivalence classes of vector bundles over X with typical fiber \(\mathbb {F}^m\) and \(\mathbb {H}\) denotes the skew field of quaternions. The proof of these isomorphisms is easy, and interested reader can find them in [19, Proposition 2.2] and in [18, Proposition 4.5] for instance. These two results justify the names “Quaternionic” and “Real” for the related categories.
Let \(x\in X^\tau \) and \(\mathscr {E}_x\simeq \mathbb C^m\) be the related fiber. In this case, the restriction \(\Theta |_{\mathscr {E}_x}\equiv J\) defines an anti-linear map \(J : \mathscr {E}_x \rightarrow \mathscr {E}_x\) such that \(J^2 = -\mathbb {1}_{\mathscr {E}_x}\). Said differently the fiber \(\mathscr {E}_x\) over each fixed point \(x\in X^\tau \) is endowed with a quaternionic structure (cf. [19, Remark 2.1]). This fact has an important consequence:
Proposition 3.3
([19, Proposition 2.1]) If 
then every “Quaternionic” vector bundle over \((X,\tau )\) has necessarily even-rank.
The set \(\mathrm{Vec}_{\mathfrak {Q}}^{2m}(X,\tau )\) is non-empty since it contains at least the trivial element in the “Quaternionic” category.
Definition 3.4
(“Quaternionic” product bundle) The rank 2m “Quaternionic” product bundle over the involutive space \((X,\tau )\) is the complex vector bundle
endowed with the product \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-structure
where the matrix Q is given by
A “Quaternionic” vector bundle is called \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-trivial if and only if it is isomorphic to the “Quaternionic” product bundle in the category of \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundles. Let us point out that when 
the sets \(\mathrm{Vec}_{\mathfrak {Q}}^{2m+1}(X,\tau )\) can be non-empty but in general there is no obvious candidate for the trivial “Quaternionic” vector bundle in the odd-rank case (see, e. g. , [22, Example 3.8]).
A section of a complex vector bundle \(\pi :\mathscr {E}\rightarrow X\) is a continuous map \(s:X\rightarrow \mathscr {E}\) such that \(\pi \circ s =\mathrm{Id}_X\). The set of sections \(\Gamma (\mathscr {E})\) has the structure of a left C(X)-module with multiplication given by the pointwise product \((fs)(x):=f(x)s(x)\) for any \(f\in C(X)\) and \(s\in \Gamma (\mathscr {E})\) and for all \(x\in X\). If \((\mathscr {E}, \Theta )\) is a \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundle over \((X,\tau )\) then \(\Gamma (\mathscr {E})\) is endowed with a natural anti-linear anti-involution \(\tau _\Theta :\Gamma (\mathscr {E})\rightarrow \Gamma (\mathscr {E})\) given by
The compatibility with the C(X)-module structure is given by
where the anti-linear involution \(\tau _*:C(X)\rightarrow C(X)\) is defined by \(\tau _*(f)(x):=\overline{f(\tau (x))}\). The triviality of a “Quaternionic” vector bundle can be characterized in terms of global \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-frames of sections [19, Definition 2.1 & Theorem 2.1].
\(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundles are locally trivial in the category of vector bundles over involutive spaces (that is \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-locally trivial) [19, Proposition 2.4] and fulfill the homotopy property with respect to equivariant homotopy deformations [19, Theorem 2.3]. Let us just recall that given two involutive spaces \((X_1,\tau _1)\) and \((X_2,\tau _2)\) one says that a continuous map \(\phi :X_1\rightarrow X_2\) is equivariant if and only if \(\phi \circ \tau _1=\tau _2\circ \phi \). An equivariant homotopy between equivariant maps \(\phi _0\) and \(\phi _1\) is a continuous map \(F:[0, 1]\times X_1\rightarrow X_2\) such that \(\phi _t(\cdot ):=F(t,\cdot )\) is equivariant for all \(t\in [0,1]\). The set of the equivalence classes of equivariant maps between \((X_1,\tau _1)\) and \((X_2,\tau _2)\) with respect to the relation given by the equivariant homotopy is denoted by \([X_1, X_2]_{\mathbb {Z}_2}\). The equivariant homotopy property is the basis of the homotopy classification for “Quaternionic” vector bundles [19, Theorem 2.4], namely
where \(\hat{G}_{2m}(\mathbb C^{\infty }):=({G}_{2m}(\mathbb C^{\infty }),\rho )\) is the Grassmann manifold of 2m-planes inside \(\mathbb C^{\infty }\) endowed with a suitable quaternionic involution \(\rho \) (see [19, Section 2.4] for more details). The “direct” classification of \(\mathrm{Vec}_{\mathfrak {Q}}^{2m}(X,\tau )\) through the calculation of \([X, \hat{G}_{2m}(\mathbb C^{\infty })]_{\mathbb {Z}_2}\) is an extraordinarily difficult task. For this reason, one needs to develop other tools for classifying \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundles. An effective way (at least in low dimension) is through the use of the FKMM-invariant described in Sect. 3.5.
3.2 “Real” and “Quaternionic” line bundles
Let us introduce
which are the sets of isomorphism classes of “Real” and “Quaternionic” line bundles on \((X,\tau )\), respectively. As a matter of fact \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundles of odd-rank can be defined only over involutive base spaces \((X,\tau )\) with a free involution (meaning that 
) [19, Proposition 2.1]. On the other hand, there is no restriction for the definition of \(\mathfrak {R}\)-line bundles and the set \(\mathrm{Pic}_{\mathfrak {R}}(X,\tau )\) gives rise to an abelian group under the tensor product which is known as the “Real” Picard group. This group is classified by the Kahn’s isomorphism [43] (see also [34, Corollary A.5])
where in the right-hand side there is the Borel equivariant cohomology group of X with local coefficients \(\mathbb {Z}(1)\) (we refer to “Appendix A” for more details) and the characteristic class \(c^{\mathfrak {R}}_1\) which realizes the isomorphism is called the first “Real” Chern class.
On the other hand, \(\mathrm{Pic}_{\mathfrak {Q}}(X,\tau )\), when definable, does not possess a group structure under the tensor product. However, under the essential assumption that 
, one can use the tensor product to define a left group-action of \(\mathrm{Pic}_{\mathfrak {R}}(X,\tau )\) on the set \(\mathrm{Pic}_{\mathfrak {Q}}(X,\tau )\):
It turns out that this action defines a torsor. According to [22, Theorem 3.1 & Corollary 3.2], one has that:
Theorem 3.5
(“Quaternionic” Picard torsor) Let \((X,\tau )\) be an involutive space with free involution, i. e. , 
. Assume that 
. Then, \(\mathrm{Pic}_{\mathfrak {Q}}(X,\tau )\) is a torsor under the group-action induced by \(\mathrm{Pic}_{\mathfrak {R}}(X,\tau )\) and one has a bijection of sets
In [22, Section 3.2], the interested reader can find various examples of non-trivial “Quaternionic” Picard torsors defined over spheres with free antipodal involutions.
3.3 Stable range
The stable rank condition expresses the pretty general fact that the non-trivial topology of a vector bundle can be concentrated in a sub-vector bundle of “minimal rank.” This minimal value depends on the dimensionality of the base space and on the category of vector bundles under consideration. For complex (as well as real or quaternionic) vector bundles, the stable rank condition is a well-known result (see, e. g. , [42, Chapter 9, Theorem 1.2]), based on an obstruction-type argument [42, Chapter 2, Theorem 7.1]. The key argument can be generalized to vector bundles over spaces with involution by means of the notion of \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-CW-complex [4, 53] (see also [18, Section 4.5]). This allows to determinate the stable rank condition in the case of the “Real” and the “Quaternionic” categories. In the “Real” case, the stable rank condition is described by the following result.
Proposition 3.6
(Stable condition for \(\mathfrak {R}\)-bundles) Let \((X,\tau )\) be an involutive space such that X has a finite \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-CW-complex decomposition of dimension d. Assume that: (a) 
; or (b) \(X^\tau \) is a \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-CW-complex of dimension zero. Then,
where \(\sigma :=[\frac{d}{2}]\) (here [x] denotes the integer part of \(x\in \mathbb {R}\)). In particular, in low dimension one obtains:
For the proof of this result, the reader can refer to [18, Theorem 4.25] and [22, Remark 4.3]. Let us mention that the situation turns out to be quite different when \(X^\tau \) is a \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-CW-complex of dimension higher than zero as pointed out in [18, Remark 4.24].
In the case of \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundles, it is easier to consider separately the even-rank case and the odd-rank case which necessarily requires 
.
Proposition 3.7
(Stable condition for \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundles: even-rank) Let \((X,\tau )\) be an involutive space such that X has a finite \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-CW-complex decomposition of dimension d. Then,
where \(\sigma :=[\frac{d+2}{4}]\). In particular, in low dimension one obtains:
The proof of this result has been given first in [19, Theorem 2.5] under certain conditions for the fixed point set \(X^\tau \) and then generalized in [22, Theorem 4.2].
The odd-rank case is slightly different and strongly depends on the existence of a \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-line bundle. Consider an involutive space \((X,\tau )\) such that 
. Then one can show that
and in the interesting case 
there are bijections of sets
These last two facts are proved in [22, Lemma 4.4] and are key arguments for the determination of the stable condition in the odd-rank case [22, Theorem 4.5].
Proposition 3.8
(Stable condition for \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundles: odd-rank) Let \((X,\tau )\) be an involutive space such that X has a finite \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-CW-complex decomposition of dimension d, 
and 
. Then
where \(\sigma :=[\frac{d}{2}]\). In particular, in low dimension one obtains:
We point out that the 0 in the (3.11) refers to the existence of a unique element which could also be different from the (trivial) product \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundle. This is in contrast with the even-rank case where the condition 
is always guaranteed by the existence of the trivial element described in Definition 3.4.
3.4 The determinant functor
Let \(\mathscr {V}\) be a complex vector space of dimension n. The determinant of \(\mathscr {V}\) is by definition \(\mathrm{det}(\mathscr {V}):=\bigwedge ^n\mathscr {V}\) where the symbol \(\bigwedge ^n\) denotes the top exterior power of \(\mathscr {V}\) (i. e. , the skew-symmetrized n-th tensor power of \(\mathscr {V}\)). This is a complex vector space of dimension one. If \(\mathscr {W}\) is a second vector space of the same dimension n and \(T:\mathscr {V}\rightarrow \mathscr {W}\) is a linear map, then there is a naturally associated map \(\mathrm{det}(T):\mathrm{det}(\mathscr {V})\rightarrow \mathrm{det}(\mathscr {W})\) which in the special case \(\mathscr {V}= \mathscr {W}\) coincides with the multiplication by the determinant of the endomorphism T. This determinant construction is a functor from the category of vector spaces to itself and by a standard argument [42, Chapter 5, Section 6] induces a functor on the category of complex vector bundles over an arbitrary space X. More precisely, for each rank n complex vector bundle \(\mathscr {E}\rightarrow X\), the associated determinant line bundle \(\mathrm{det}(\mathscr {E})\rightarrow X\) is the rank 1 complex vector bundle with fibers
To each local trivializing frame of sections \(\{s_1,\ldots ,s_n\}\) of \(\mathscr {E}\) over an open set 
one can associate the section \(s_1\wedge \ldots \wedge s_n\) which provides a trivialization of \(\mathrm{det}(\mathscr {E})\) over the same 
. For each map \(\varphi :X\rightarrow Y\), one has the isomorphism \(\mathrm{det}(\varphi ^*(\mathscr {E}))\simeq \varphi ^*(\mathrm{det}(\mathscr {E}))\) which is a special case of the compatibility between pullback and tensor product. Finally, if \(\mathscr {E}=\mathscr {E}_1\oplus \mathscr {E}_2\) in the sense of Whitney, then \(\mathrm{det}(\mathscr {E})=\mathrm{det}(\mathscr {E}_1)\otimes \mathrm{det}(\mathscr {E}_2)\).
Let \((\mathscr {E},\Theta )\) be a rank 2m \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundle over \((X,\tau )\). The associated determinant line bundle \(\mathrm{det}(\mathscr {E})\) inherits an involutive structure given by the map \(\mathrm{det}(\Theta )\) which acts anti-linearly between the fibers \(\mathrm{det}(\mathscr {E})_x\) and \(\mathrm{det}(\mathscr {E})_{\tau (x)}\) according to \(\mathrm{det}(\Theta )(p_1\wedge \ldots \wedge p_n)= \Theta (p_1)\wedge \ldots \wedge \Theta (p_n)\). Clearly \(\mathrm{det}(\Theta )^2\) is a fiber preserving map which coincides with the multiplication by \((-1)^{2m}=1\). Therefore (cf. Remark 3.2) one concludes that:
Lemma 3.9
Let \((\mathscr {E},\Theta )\) be a rank 2m \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundle over \((X,\tau )\). The associated determinant line bundle \(\mathrm{det}(\mathscr {E})\) endowed with the involutive structure \(\mathrm{det}(\Theta )\) is a “Real” line bundle over \((X,\tau )\).
Assume that the rank 2m \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundle \((\mathscr {E},\Theta )\) over \((X,\tau )\) has an equivariant Hermitian metric \(\mathfrak {m}\). The latter fixes a unique Hermitian metric \(\mathfrak {m}_\mathrm{det}\) on \(\mathrm{det}(\mathscr {E})\) which is equivariant with respect to the induced \(\mathfrak {R}\)-structure \(\mathrm{det}(\Theta )\). More explicitly, if \((p_i,q_i)\in \mathscr {E}\times _\pi \mathscr {E}\), \(i=1,\ldots ,2m\) then,
The \(\mathfrak {R}\)-line bundle \((\mathrm{det}(\mathscr {E}),\mathrm{det}(\Theta ))\) endowed with \(\mathfrak {m}_\mathrm{det}\) is \(\mathfrak {R}\)-trivial if and only if there exists an isometric \(\mathfrak {R}\)-isomorphism with \(X\times \mathbb C\), or equivalently, if and only if there exists a global \(\mathfrak {R}\)-section \(s:X\rightarrow \mathrm{det}(\mathscr {E})\) of unit length (cf. [18, Theorem 4.8]). Let us recall that an \(\mathfrak {R}\)-section meets the condition \(\mathrm{det}(\Theta )\circ s\circ \tau =s\). Let
be the circle \(\mathfrak {R}\)-bundle underlying to \((\mathrm{det}(\mathscr {E}),\mathrm{det}(\Theta ))\). Then the \(\mathfrak {R}\)-triviality of \(\mathrm{det}(\mathscr {E})\) can be rephrased as the existence of a global \(\mathfrak {R}\)-section \(\mathbb {S}(\mathrm{det}(\mathscr {E}))\rightarrow X\). One has the following important result:
Proposition 3.10
([19, Lemma 3.3]) Let \((\mathscr {E},\Theta )\) be a \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundle over a space X with trivial involution \(\tau =\mathrm{Id}_X\). Then, the associated determinant line bundle \(\mathrm{det}(\mathscr {E})\) endowed with the “Real” structure \(\mathrm{det}(\Theta )\) is \(\mathfrak {R}\)-trivial and admits a unique canonical trivialization \(h_\mathrm{can}:\mathrm{det}(\mathscr {E})\rightarrow X\times \mathbb C\) compatible with the “Real” structure:
This trivialization fixes a unique canonical \(\mathfrak {R}\)-section \(s_\mathrm{can}:X\rightarrow \mathbb {S}(\mathrm{det}(\mathscr {E}))\) defined by
If 
the restricted vector bundle \(\mathscr {E}|_{X^\tau }\rightarrow {X^\tau }\) can be seen as a \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundle over a space with trivial involution. Preposition 3.10 assures that the restricted line bundle \(\mathrm{det}(\mathscr {E}|_{X^\tau })\) is \(\mathfrak {R}\)-trivial with respect to the restricted “Real” structure \(\mathrm{det}(\Theta |_{X^\tau })\) and admits a distinguished \(\mathfrak {R}\)-section
which will be called the canonical section over \(X^\tau \) associated with \((\mathscr {E},\Theta )\).
3.5 The FKMM-invariant and related properties
In this section, we recall the construction and the main properties of the FKMM-invariant. For more details on this argument, we refer to [19, 22] and references therein.
Let \((X,\tau )\) be an involutive space and \(Y\subseteq X\) a closed \(\tau \)-invariant subspace \(\tau (Y)=Y\) (it is not required that \(Y\subseteq X^\tau \)). Consider pairs \((\mathscr {L}, s)\) consisting of: (a) a “Real” line bundle \(\mathscr {L}\rightarrow X\) with a given “Real” structure \(\Theta \) and a Hermitian metric \(\mathfrak {m}\); (b) a “Real” section \(s:Y\rightarrow \mathbb {S}(\mathscr {L}|_{Y})\) of the circle bundle associated with the restriction \(\mathscr {L}|_{Y}\rightarrow Y\) (or equivalently a trivialization \(h:\mathscr {L}|_{Y}\rightarrow Y\times \mathbb C\)). Two pairs \((\mathscr {L}_1, s_1)\) and \((\mathscr {L}_2, s_2)\) built over the same involutive base space \((X,\tau )\) and the same invariant subspace Y are said isomorphic if there is an \(\mathfrak {R}\)-isomorphism of line bundles \(f:\mathscr {L}_1\rightarrow \mathscr {L}_2\) (preserving the Hermitian structure) such that \(f\circ s_1=s_2\).
Definition 3.11
(Relative “Real” Picard group) For an involutive space \((X, \tau )\) and a closed \(\tau \)-invariant subspace \(Y \subseteq X\), we define \(\mathrm{Vec}_{\mathfrak {R}}^1(X|Y,\tau )\) to be the abelian group of the isomorphism classes of pairs \((\mathscr {L}, s)\), with group structure given by the tensor product
The relative “Real” Picard group can be described in terms of the relative equivariant cohomology of the pair \(Y\subseteq X\). A short introduction about the equivariant cohomology is provided in “Appendix A.”
Proposition 3.12
([22, Proposition 2.7]) There is a natural isomorphism of abelian groups
By combining Propositions 3.10 and 3.12, one can define an intrinsic invariant for the category of “Quaternionic” vector bundles.
Definition 3.13
(Generalized FKMM-invariant) Let \((\mathscr {E},\Theta )\) be an even-rank “Quaternionic” vector bundle over the involutive space \((X,\tau )\) and consider the pair \((\mathrm{det}(\mathscr {E}), s_{\mathscr {E}})\) where \(\mathrm{det}(\mathscr {E})\) is the determinant line bundle associated with \(\mathscr {E}\) endowed with the “Real” structure \(\mathrm{det}(\Theta )\) and \(s_{\mathscr {E}}\) the canonical section (3.15). The FKMM-invariant of \((\mathscr {E},\Theta )\) is the cohomology class \(\kappa (\mathscr {E},\Theta )\in H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}\big (X|X^\tau ,\mathbb {Z}(1)\big )\) defined by
where \([(\mathrm{det}(\mathscr {E}), s_{\mathscr {E}})]\in \mathrm{Vec}_{\mathfrak {R}}^1(X|X^\tau ,\tau )\) is the isomorphism class of the pair \((\mathrm{det}(\mathscr {E}), s_{\mathscr {E}})\) and \(\tilde{\kappa }\) is the group isomorphism described in Proposition 3.12.
The FKMM-invariant
defined above meets the following properties:
- (\(\alpha \)):
-
Isomorphic \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundles define the same FKMM-invariant;
- (\(\beta \)):
-
The FKMM-invariant is natural under the pullback induced by equivariant maps;
- (\(\gamma \)):
-
If \((\mathscr {E},\Theta )\) is \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-trivial, then \(\kappa (\mathscr {E},\Theta )=0\);
- (\(\delta \)):
-
The FKMM-invariant is additive with respect to the Whitney sum and the abelian structure of \(H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(X|X^\tau ,\mathbb {Z}(1))\). More precisely
$$\begin{aligned} \kappa (\mathscr {E}_1\oplus \mathscr {E}_2,\Theta _1\oplus \Theta _2)\;=\;\kappa (\mathscr {E}_1,\Theta _1) + \kappa ( \mathscr {E}_2,\Theta _2) \end{aligned}$$for each pair of \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundles \((\mathscr {E}_1,\Theta _1)\) and \((\mathscr {E}_2,\Theta _2)\) over the same involutive space \((X,\tau )\);
- (\(\varepsilon \)):
-
The FKMM-invariant is the image under the pullback induced by the classifying map of a universal FKMM-invariant.
Properties (\(\alpha \))–(\(\delta \)) follow immediately from the definition. Property (\(\varepsilon \)) requires some work. First of all one has to define the universal FKMM-invariant over the universal \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundle which provides the homotopy classification (3.3). Then one has to prove that the FKMM-invariant, as introduced in Definition 3.13 coincides with the pullback induced by \(\varphi \in [X, \hat{G}_{2m}(\mathbb C^{\infty })]_{\mathbb {Z}_2}\) of the universal invariant. In this work, we will never use property (\(\varepsilon \)) and the interested reader is referred to [22, Section 2.6].
In the free involution case 
, one has that the relative cohomology group \(H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(X|X^\tau ,\mathbb {Z}(1))\) reduces to \(H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(X,\mathbb {Z}(1))\). Moreover, as a consequence of the Kahn’s isomorphism (3.4) one has the following result [22, Corollary 2.12.]:
Proposition 3.14
Let \((\mathscr {E},\Theta )\) be an even-rank “Quaternionic” vector bundle over the involutive space \((X,\tau )\). If 
, then the FKMM-invariant \(\kappa (\mathscr {E},\Theta )\) agrees with the first “Real” Chern class \(c^{\mathfrak {R}}_1(\mathrm{det}(\mathscr {E}))\) of the associated determinant line bundle.
A second interesting case concerns involutive spaces with only a finite number of fixed points. The next definition encloses a large class of interesting involutive spaces.
Definition 3.15
(FKMM-space [19]) Let \((X,\tau )\) be an involutive space which meets Assumption 1.1. We say that \((X,\tau )\) is an FKMM-space if:
-
(a)
The fixed point set \(X^\tau \) is not empty and consists of a finite number of points;
-
(b)
\(H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}\big (X,\mathbb {Z}(1)\big )=0\).
In the case that \((X,\tau )\) is an FKMM-space, the following isomorphism
holds true [19, Lemma 3.1]. Here \(\tilde{\mathbb {U}}(1)\) denotes the unitary group \({\mathbb {U}}(1)\) endowed with the involution induced by the complex conjugation and \([X,\tilde{\mathbb {U}}(1)]_{\mathbb {Z}_2}\) is the set of classes of \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-homotopy equivalent equivariant maps between \((X,\tau )\) and the space \(\tilde{\mathbb {U}}(1)\). The action of \([X,\mathbb {U}(1)]_{\mathbb {Z}_2}\) on \([X^\tau ,\mathbb {U}(1)]_{\mathbb {Z}_2}\) is given by the pointwise multiplication followed by the restriction to \(X^\tau \). The second isomorphism is justified by
where \(\mathrm{Map}\big (X^\tau ,\{\pm 1\}\big )\) is the set of the maps from \(X^\tau \) to \(\{\pm 1\}\) and \(|X^\tau |\in \mathbb {N}\) is the cardinality of the finite set \(X^\tau \). By combining Definition 3.13 with the isomorphism (3.16), one concludes that:
Proposition 3.16
Let \((\mathscr {E},\Theta )\) be a “Quaternionic” vector bundle over the FKMM-space \((X,\tau )\). Then, the FKMM-invariant \(\kappa (\mathscr {E},\Theta )\) can be represented by
where \(s_{\mathscr {E}}\) is the canonical section (3.15).
In other words, over an FKMM-space the FKMM-invariant \(\kappa (\mathscr {E},\Theta )\) is given by the canonical section \(s_{\mathscr {E}}\) modulo the action (multiplication and restriction) of an equivariant map \(s:X\rightarrow \tilde{\mathbb {U}}(1)\) which can be seen as a global trivialization of the trivial line bundle \(\mathrm{det}(\mathscr {E})\). The result in Proposition 3.16 agrees with the old definition of FKMM-invariant given in [19, Definition 3.2]. Proposition 3.16 says that the FKMM-invariant \(\kappa (\mathscr {E},\Theta )\) of a \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundle \((\mathscr {E},\Theta )\) over an FKMM-space can be described by any representative \(\phi \in \text {Map}(X^\tau ,\{\pm 1\})\) in the class of \([s_{\mathscr {E}}]\). This description allows to compare the FKMM-invariant \(\kappa \) with the Fu–Kane–Mele indices in the case of the involutive spheres \(\mathbb {S}^{1,d}\) and the involutive tori \(\mathbb {T}^{0,d,0}\), \(d=1,2,3,4\), as discussed in [19].
Finally, we describe the injectivity of the FKMM-invariant in low dimension, which is the source of the “half” of the Theorem 1.3.
Proposition 3.17
[22, Theorem 4.7] Let \((X,\tau )\) be a low-dimensional involutive space in the sense of Assumption 1.1. Then the FKMM-invariant
is injective for all \(m\in \mathbb {N}\).
4 The surjectivity of the FKMM-invariant in low dimension
This technical section is devoted to the proof of various results that, all together, provide the justification of Theorem 1.2. Many of the arguments that will be presented here are based on the fact that the involutive space \((X,\tau )\) has the structure of a \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-CW-complex, namely it admits a skeleton decomposition given by gluing cells of different dimensions which carry \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-actions. For a detailed presentation of the theory of \(\mathbb {G}\)-equivariant CW-complex, we refer to [4, 53]. Here we recall some basic notions and we introduce the relevant notation (cf. [18, Section 4.5]) that will be used repeatedly in the remainder of the section.
Let \((X,\tau )\) be a \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-CW-complex X of dimension d. This means that X consists of free and fixed \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-cells of dimension at most d glued together through equivariant attaching maps. A fixed \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-cell of dimension k is given by the space \(\varvec{e}^k:=\{*\}\times \mathbb {D}^k\simeq \mathbb {D}^k\) where \(\mathbb {D}^k:=\{t\in \mathbb {R}^k\;|\; \Vert t\Vert \leqslant 1 \}\) denotes the closed unit ball (or disk) in \(\mathbb {R}^k\) and the \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-action on \(\varvec{e}^k\) is trivial on the two factors \(\{*\}\) and \(\mathbb {D}^k\). A free k-dimensional \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-cell is described by \(\tilde{\varvec{e}}^k:=\mathbb {Z}_2\times \mathbb {D}^k\) where the group \(\mathbb {Z}_2\) is identified with the space \(\{\pm 1\}\) endowed with the free flipping involution. The overall \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-action on \(\tilde{\varvec{e}}^k\) is obtained by combining the free action on \(\mathbb {Z}_2\) with the trivial action on \(\mathbb {D}^k\), namely it is given by \((\pm 1,t)\leftrightarrow (\mp 1,t)\) for all \(t\in \mathbb {D}^k\) As usual, let \(X_k\subset X\), \(k=0,1,\ldots ,d\), be the k-skeleton of X. In particular, \(X_{k-1}\) is the union of all the \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-cells of dimension less than k and \(X_{k}\) is obtained by gluing a certain number of k-dimensional cells \({\varvec{e}}^k_\lambda \) and \(\tilde{\varvec{e}}^k_\lambda \) to \(X_{k-1}\):
In the last expression, \(\Lambda _{\text {fixed}}^k\) and \(\Lambda _{\text {free}}^k\) are index sets (possibly infinite in the case that X is not a finite complex) and \(\phi _k\) is the equivariant gluing map which attaches the k-dimensional cells to the \((k-1)\)-skeleton. The involutive space \((X,\tau )\) has a free \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-action if and only if 
for all \(k\leqslant d\). Finally, let us point out that for the very definition of CW-complex one always has that 
.
4.1 Surjectivity in \(d=0,1\)
The aim of this section is to provide the proof for Eq. (1.5).
Proposition 4.1
Let \((X,\tau )\) be an involutive space which verifies Assumption 1.1. Let its dimension be \(d=0\) or \(d=1\). Then
Proof
(Free case) Let us start with the case 
. An inspection of the exact sequence [34, Proposition 2.3]
along with the vanishing of \(H^k(X,\mathbb {Z})=0\) and \(H^k_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(X,\mathbb {Z})=H^k(X/\mathbb {Z}_2,\mathbb {Z})=0\) for all \(k\geqslant 2\), assures that \(H^k_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(X,\mathbb {Z}(1))=0\) for all \(k\geqslant 2\). In this case, the claim follows by observing that \(H^{2}_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(X|X^\tau ,\mathbb {Z}(1))=H^{2}_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(X,\mathbb {Z}(1))\) due to the assumption 
.
(Non-free case) Let assume now 
and consider first the case \(d=0\). The full space splits as \(X=X^\tau \sqcup X_{\text {free}}\) where \(X^\tau \) is the disjoint union of \(\tau \)-invariant points \(\{*\}\) and \(X_{\text {free}}\) is a collection of free involutive spaces \(\mathbb {Z}_2\). Since 
the Mayer–Vietoris exact sequence implies
where the last isomorphism is justified by the exact sequence (4.2) along with the fact that \(X_{\text {free}}\) is a zero-dimensional space with a free involution. Recalling that \(H^k_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(\{*\},\mathbb {Z}(1))\) is trivial when k is even (see [18, Section 5.1]) it follows by the additivity axiom in equivariant cohomology that \(H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(X,\mathbb {Z}(1))=0\). In this particular case, the exact sequence (A.6) reads
with r, the restriction from X to \(X^\tau \), being evidently an isomorphism. Hence \(H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(X|X^\tau ,\mathbb {Z}(1))=0\). For the case \(d=1\) let us start with the exact sequence (A.6)
In order to prove the claim, it is enough to show that: (i) the map \(r:H^1_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(X,\mathbb {Z}(1))\rightarrow H^1_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(X^\tau ,\mathbb {Z}(1))\) is surjective; (ii) the map \(r:H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(X,\mathbb {Z}(1))\rightarrow H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(X^\tau ,\mathbb {Z}(1))\) is injective. To do that let U be a closed neighborhood of \(X^\tau \) such that: (a) U is \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-equivariantly homotopy equivalent to \(X^\tau \); (b) let \(V:=\overline{X{\setminus }U}\). Then \(U\cap V\) is \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-equivariantly homotopy equivalent to the disjoint union of several copies of the free involutive space \(\mathbb {Z}_2\). The reason why such a closed neighborhood U exists relies on the following construction: The fixed point set \(X^\tau \) consists of all the fixed \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-cells of dimension 0 and 1. The zero-dimensional free \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-cells in X are disjoint to \(X^\tau \), and X is obtained by gluing the remaining one-dimensional free \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-cells to \(X^\tau \) or to the zero-dimensional free \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-cells. The typical one-dimensional free \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-cell has the form \(\tilde{\varvec{e}}^1:=\mathbb {Z}_2\times [0,1]\) endowed with the free \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-action implemented by \((\pm 1,t)\leftrightarrow (\mp 1,t)\) for all \(t\in [0,1]\). The \(\mathbb {Z}_2\) boundary of \(\tilde{\varvec{e}}^1\) is \(\partial \tilde{\varvec{e}}^1:=\mathbb {Z}_2\times \{0,1\}\). If 
, then \(\tilde{\varvec{e}}^1\) is attached to a zero-dimensional free \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-cell and forms part of a free involutive space which does not intersect \(X^\tau \). In this case, we can take U such that 
. If \(\partial \tilde{\varvec{e}}^1\) intersects \(X^\tau \) in a single point we can assume, without loss of generality, that the attachment is along the \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-left boundary \(\{\pm 1\}\times \{0\}\in \tilde{\varvec{e}}^1\) and we can take \(\{\pm 1\}\times [0,{1/3}]\) as the intersection between \(\tilde{\varvec{e}}^1\) and U. Finally, if \(\partial \tilde{\varvec{e}}^1\subset X^\tau \), namely if the \(\mathbb {Z}_2\) boundary of \(\tilde{\varvec{e}}^1\) is attached to \(X^\tau \), we can take \(\{\pm 1\}\times ([0,{1/3}]\cup [{2/3},1])\) as the intersection between \(\tilde{\varvec{e}}^1\) and U. The proof of the property (i) follows by inspecting the Mayer–Vietoris exact sequence
where \(\imath _U^*\) and \(\imath _V^*\) are the maps induced by the inclusion \(\imath _U:U\rightarrow X\) and \(\imath _V:V\rightarrow X\). Lemma A.1 assures that \(H^j_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(\mathbb {Z}_2,\mathbb {Z}(1))=0\) for all \(j\geqslant 1\) and by additivity it holds that \(H^1_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(U\cap V,\mathbb {Z}(1))=0\). Moreover, by construction, one has \(H^j_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(U,\mathbb {Z}(1))\simeq H^j_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(X^\tau ,\mathbb {Z}(1))\) and under this identification the map \(\imath _U^*\) can be replaced by the map \(r:H^1_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(X,\mathbb {Z}(1))\rightarrow H^1_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(X^\tau ,\mathbb {Z}(1))\). Putting these facts together, one obtains from the Mayer–Vietoris exact sequence that the map
is surjective, and in particular (i) is proved. In order to prove (ii) we need a second part of the Mayer–Vietoris exact sequence
where we already plugged in \(H^1_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(U\cap V,\mathbb {Z}(1))=H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(U\cap V,\mathbb {Z}(1))=0\). Since V is a free involutive space of dimension at most 1, we already know that \(H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(V,\mathbb {Z}(1))=0\). Moreover, in view of the isomorphism \(H^j_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(U,\mathbb {Z}(1))\simeq H^j_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(X^\tau ,\mathbb {Z}(1))\) we finally get
which means that \(r:H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(X,\mathbb {Z}(1))\rightarrow H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(X^\tau ,\mathbb {Z}(1))\) is an isomorphism, therefore injective as required by (ii). \(\square \)
In view of Proposition 3.17, we immediately get the following corollary to Proposition 4.1 which proves Theorem 1.3 for \(d = 0, 1\).
Corollary 4.2
Let \((X,\tau )\) by an involutive space which verifies Assumption 1.1. Let its dimension be \(d= 0, 1\). Then the FKMM-invariant
induces a (trivial) bijection.
4.2 The relative FKMM-invariant
In this section, we want to construct a “relative” version of the FKMM-invariant that will be useful to derive some crucial results in Sect. 4.3. Let us start with a definition.
Definition 4.3
Let \((X,\tau )\) be an involutive space and \(Y\subseteq X\) a closed and \(\tau \)-invariant subspace \(\tau (Y)=Y\) (it is not required that \(Y\subset X^\tau \)). We denote by \(\mathrm{Vec}_{\mathfrak {Q}}^{2m}(X|Y,\tau \big )\) the set of isomorphism classes of pairs \((\mathscr {E},h)\) given by:
-
(a)
\((\mathscr {E},\Theta )\) is a “Quaternionic” vector bundle of rank 2m over \((X,\tau )\) such that the restriction \(\mathscr {E}|_Y\) is trivial in the category of “Quaternionic” vector bundles;
-
(b)
\(h:\mathscr {E}|_Y\rightarrow Y\times \mathbb C^{2m}\) is a “Quaternionic” trivialization of \(\mathscr {E}|_Y\).
Two pairs \((\mathscr {E},h)\) and \((\mathscr {E}',h')\) are called isomorphic if there exists a “Quaternionic” isomorphism \(f:\mathscr {E}\rightarrow \mathscr {E}'\) such that \(h'\circ f|_Y=h\).
The existence of a \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-trivialization h for \(\mathscr {E}|_Y\) is equivalent to the existence of a \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-frame, namely of a set of nowhere vanishing sections \((s_1,s_2, \ldots , s_{2m-1}, s_{2m})\subset \Gamma (\mathscr {E}|_Y)\) with the property that \(s_{2j}=\tau _\Theta (s_{2j-1})\) (cf. [19, Theorem 2.1]). Since any \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundle (on a paracompact space) admits an essentially unique invariant Hermitian metric [19, Proposition 2.1] we can assume, without loss of generality, that the \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-frame \((s_1,s_2,\cdots ,s_{2m-1},s_{2m})\) representing the trivialization h is orthonormal. In the case 
one has the obvious identification 
. There is also the natural map \(\mathrm{Vec}_{\mathfrak {Q}}^{2m}(X|Y,\tau )\rightarrow \mathrm{Vec}_{\mathfrak {Q}}^{2m}(X,\tau \big )\) which forgets the trivialization over Y.
Given the involutive space X and the closed \(\tau \)-invariant subspace \(Y\subseteq X\) let X / Y be the “new” involutive space obtained by collapsing Y to a single point \(\{*\}\) and
the equivariant projection which maps \(\pi :Y\rightarrow \{*\}\in (X/Y)^\tau \subset X/Y\).
Lemma 4.4
The pullback under \(\pi \) induces the natural bijection
Proof (sketch of)
In order to prove the claim, it is enough to show that the pullback map \(\pi ^*\) admits an inverse map. For a complex vector bundle \(\mathscr {E}\rightarrow X\) with a trivialization \(h:\mathscr {E}|_Y\rightarrow Y\times \mathbb C^{2m}\), there is a classical construction which associate a complex vector bundle \(\mathscr {E}/h\) over X / Y and the isomorphism class of \(\mathscr {E}/h\) only depends on the homotopy class of h [6, Lemma 1.4.7]. This construction can be naturally generalized to the “Quaternionic” category in such a way that \(\mathscr {E}/h\) inherits a \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-structure \(\Theta /h\) from \((\mathscr {E},\Theta )\). Moreover, under this construction the \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-trivialization h over Y is mapped in a \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-trivialization \(\tilde{h}:\mathscr {E}/h|_{\{*\}}\rightarrow \mathbb C^{2m}\) over the fixed point \(\{*\}\). The map \((\mathscr {E},h)\mapsto (\mathscr {E}/h,\tilde{h})\) provides the inverse of the pullback map \(\pi ^*\). \(\square \)
Given an element \((\mathscr {E},h)\in \mathrm{Vec}_{\mathfrak {Q}}^{2m}(X|Y,\tau )\) one can apply the determinant functor described in Sect. 3.4 in order to obtain a element \((\mathrm{det}(\mathscr {E}),\mathrm{det}(\Theta ))\in \mathrm{Pic}_{\mathfrak {R}}(X,\tau )\) of the “Real” Picard group. Moreover, \(\mathrm{det}(h):\mathrm{det}(\mathscr {E})|_Y\rightarrow Y\times \mathbb C\) provides an \(\mathfrak {R}\)-trivialization over Y which can be used to define the section \(s_h:Y\rightarrow \mathrm{det}(\mathscr {E})|_Y\) through the prescription \(s_h(x):=h^{-1}(x,1)\). It turns out that \(s_h=s_1\wedge s_2 \wedge \cdots \wedge s_{2m-1} \wedge s_{2m}\) if \((s_1,s_2, \ldots , s_{2m-1}, s_{2m})\) is any orthonormal \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-frame associated with the trivialization h. Let \(s_{\mathscr {E}}:X^\tau \rightarrow \mathrm{det}(\mathscr {E})|_{X^\tau }\) be the canonical section of \(\mathscr {E}\) described in Sect. 3.4. By construction, on the intersection \(Y\cap X^\tau \) one has that \(s_h|_{Y\cap X^\tau }=s_{\mathscr {E}}|_{Y\cap X^\tau }\) by the unicity of the canonical section. This implies that the \(\mathfrak {R}\)-section \(s_h\cup s_{\mathscr {E}}\) is well defined on the union \(Y\cup X^\tau \). After all these premises, we are in a position to give the following:
Definition 4.5
(Relative FKMM-invariant) Consider the chains of maps
where \(\zeta \) is defined by \(\zeta : (\mathscr {E},h)\mapsto (\mathrm{det}(\mathscr {E}),s_h\cup s_{\mathscr {E}})\) and the isomorphism \(\tilde{\kappa }\) is described in Proposition 3.12. The relative FKMM-invariant of an element \((\mathscr {E},h)\) in \(\mathrm{Vec}_{\mathfrak {Q}}^{2m}(X|Y,\tau )\) is the cohomology class \(\kappa _\mathrm{rel}[(\mathscr {E},h)]\) in \(H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(X|Y\cup X^\tau ,\mathbb {Z}(1))\) obtained as
The map f which forgets the role of the space Y gives rise to the commutative diagram
If 
, by naturality and using Lemma 4.4, one obtains the commutative diagram
Also the homomorphism \(\pi ^*\) among the cohomology groups in the bottom row turns out to be bijective as well. This fact can be proven, for example, along the same lines of Lemma 4.4 using the geometric representation for the relative cohomology groups described in Proposition 3.12.
4.3 Surjectivity in \(d=2\)
In this section, we will prove that the FKMM-invariant is surjective in dimension \(d=2\). We will prove this fact first for a very special type of involutive space and then we will extend the proof to general spaces with a \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-CW-complex structure of dimension \(d=2\).
Let \(X_*^N\) be a \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-CW-complex with the 0-skeleton made by a single invariant point \((X_*^N)_0=\{*\}\), the 1-skeleton which agrees with the 0-skeleton (absence of 1-cells) and the 2-skeleton (i. e. , the full space) obtained by gluing N free \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-cells \(\tilde{\varvec{e}}^2_\lambda \), \(N\in \mathbb {N}\cup \{\infty \}\), to \(\{*\}\). The skeleton decomposition of \(X_*^N\) is
where \(\vee \) denotes the wedge sum (or one-point union) of a family of topological spaces. The last identification in (4.5) follows by observing that \(\tilde{\mathbb {V}}_\lambda ^2:=\tilde{\varvec{e}}^2_\lambda /\partial \tilde{\varvec{e}}^2_\lambda \simeq \mathbb {S}^2\vee \mathbb {S}^2\) is the wedge sum of two spheres endowed with the \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-action which flips the two spheres and fixes only the joining point \(\{*\}\). Clearly \(X_*^N\) has a fixed point set made by the unique invariant point \((X_*^N)^\tau =(X_*^N)_0=\{*\}\).
Let \(\imath _\lambda :\tilde{\mathbb {V}}_\lambda ^2\rightarrow X_*^N\) be the inclusion map. By means of the additivity of the equivariant cohomology, one has the commutative diagram
where we used the symbol of the product \(\prod \) instead the of the sum \(\oplus \) for the equivariant cohomology since, in principle, \(X_*^N\) is not a finite CW-complex meaning that N can be infinite. The bijectivity of the horizontal arrow in the bottom of the diagram follows from the observation that
where \(\tilde{H}^\bullet _{\mathbb {Z}_2}\) denotes the reduced equivariant cohomology (cf. “Appendix A”) and the second isomorphism comes from the combination of the splitting (A.7) and the computation (A.8) which provides
Since the reduced equivariant cohomology of a wedge sum of spaces equals the product of the reduced equivariant cohomology of each space (just an application of the Mayer–Vietoris exact sequence) one obtains
namely the bijectivity of the horizontal arrow in the bottom of the diagram (4.6). The bijectivity of the other two arrows is proved in the following lemma.
Lemma 4.6
With reference to the commutative diagram (4.6) it holds that:
-
(1)
The map
$$\begin{aligned} (\imath _\lambda ^*)\;:\; \mathrm{Vec}_{\mathfrak {Q}}^{2}\big (X_*^N,\tau \big )\;\longrightarrow \;\prod _{\lambda =1}^N\mathrm{Vec}_{\mathfrak {Q}}^{2}\big (\tilde{\mathbb {V}}_\lambda ^2\big ) \end{aligned}$$is bijective;
-
(2)
The FKMM-invariant
$$\begin{aligned} \kappa \;:\;\mathrm{Vec}_{\mathfrak {Q}}^{2}\big (\tilde{\mathbb {V}}^2\big ) \;\longrightarrow \; H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}\big (\tilde{\mathbb {V}}^2|\{*\},\mathbb {Z}(1)\big ) \end{aligned}$$is bijective;
Proof
(1) By using the skeleton decomposition of \(X_*^N\) in Eq. (4.5) (first equality) we can express \(X_*^N\) as the union \(X_*^N =U_1\cup U_2\) where \(U_1\) and \(U_2\) are two closed invariant subspaces which satisfy the \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-equivariant homotopy equivalences
More precisely we can take \(U_1\) as a “small” closed invariant neighborhood of \(X^\tau =\{*\}\) in X and \(U_2\) as the complement of the interior of \(U_1\). As a consequence of Lemma A.1, the additivity of the equivariant cohomology and \(H^2(\mathbb {S}^1,\mathbb {Z})=0\) it holds that \(H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(U_2,\mathbb {Z}(1))=H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(U_1\cap U_2,\mathbb {Z}(1))=0\). Then, the absence of non-trivial \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundles in dimension 0 and the injectivity of the FKMM-invariant in low dimension (Proposition 3.17) imply that
The “Quaternionic” version of the clutching construction assures that any rank 2 \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundle over \(X^N_*\) can be constructed by gluing together the trivial \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundles over \(U_1\) and \(U_2\) by means of a clutching function \(g: U_1\cap U_2\rightarrow \mathbb {U}(2)\) with the equivariant property \(g(\tau (x))=\mu (g(x))\) where \(\mu :\mathbb {U}(2)\rightarrow \mathbb {U}(2)\) is the involution given by
where Q is the \(2\times 2\) matrix (3.2). Since \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-equivariantly homotopy equivalent clutching functions generate isomorphic \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundles, one obtains
where the first isomorphism is due to Proposition 3.7 and \(\hat{\mathbb {U}}(2)\) denotes the space \({\mathbb {U}}(2)\) endowed with the involution \(\mu \). Let us remark that the second isomorphism in (4.10) is correct in view of the vanishings \([U_1,\hat{\mathbb {U}}(2)]_{\mathbb {Z}_2}=0\) and \([U_2,\hat{\mathbb {U}}(2)]_{\mathbb {Z}_2}=0\) which ensure that the left and right coset actions on \([U_1\cap U_2,\hat{\mathbb {U}}(2)]_{\mathbb {Z}_2}\) are trivial (compare (4.10) with the general type of isomorphism described in [18, Lemma 4.18]). The first vanishing is indeed justified by
being \(S\mathbb {U}(2)\) the fixed point set of the involutive space \(\hat{\mathbb {U}}(2)\). The second vanishing follows from \([U_2,\hat{\mathbb {U}}(2)]_{\mathbb {Z}_2}\simeq \prod _\lambda [\mathbb {Z}_2,\hat{\mathbb {U}}(2)]_{\mathbb {Z}_2}\) along with
One also has
where the second isomorphism is induced by the determinant and is equivalent to the well-known fact \(\pi _1({\mathbb {U}}(2))\simeq \pi _1({\mathbb {U}}(1))\). The third isomorphism is given by the degree and coincides with \(\pi _1({\mathbb {U}}(1))\simeq \mathbb {Z}\). The last computation along with (4.10) provides
On the other hand, let \(U_{1,\lambda }\) and \(U_{2,\lambda }\) be two closed invariant subspaces such that \(\tilde{\mathbb {V}}_\lambda ^2=U_{1,\lambda }\cup U_{2,\lambda }\) and
in analogy with (4.8). The equivariant clutching construction applied to \(\tilde{\mathbb {V}}_\lambda ^2\) immediately provides
for each \(\lambda =1,\ldots ,N\). By combining the expressions (4.11) and (4.12) one deduces the bijectivity of the (collection of) maps \((\imath _\lambda ^*)\).
(2) Equation (4.7) says that the FKMM-invariant of a \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundle over \(\tilde{\mathbb {V}}_\lambda ^2\) can be computed by means of the “Real” Chern class of the associate determinant line bundle. In fact one has
The Kahn’s isomorphism (3.4), along with Lemma A.1 and Eq. (A.7), assures that
This allows us to construct \(\mathfrak {R}\)-line bundles over \(\tilde{\mathbb {V}}_\lambda ^2\) by means of the clutching construction providing a classification for \(\mathrm{Pic}_{\mathfrak {R}}(\tilde{\mathbb {V}}_\lambda ^2)\) of the type described by [18, Lemma 4.18]. More precisely, let \(\tilde{\mathbb {U}}(1)\) be the unitary group endowed with the involution given by the complex conjugation. One has that
and
Then, by using the same construction of [18, Lemma 4.18], one has that
where the \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-action on a class \([\varphi ]\in [\mathbb {Z}_2\times \mathbb {S}^1,\tilde{\mathbb {U}}(1)]_{\mathbb {Z}_2}\) is given by the sign-flipping \([\varphi ]\mapsto [-\varphi ]\). Evidently,
where the last isomorphism is provided by the degree map. Since the degree of the map \(\varphi :\mathbb {S}^{1}\rightarrow {\mathbb {U}}(1)\) agrees with that of the map \(-\varphi \) it follows that the \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-action in (4.14) is trivial and so
A comparison between (4.12) and (4.15) shows that the determinant mapping (4.13) can be rewritten as
The isomorphism in (4.16) is a consequence of [18, Lemma 4.19] which states that
where \(\rtimes \) denotes the semidirect product. The vanishing of \([\mathbb {Z}_2\times \mathbb {S}^{1},\hat{\mathbb {U}}(2)\cap S\mathbb {U}(2)]_{\mathbb {Z}_2}=0\), due to the fact that \(\hat{\mathbb {U}}(2)\cap S\mathbb {U}(2)\) is the fixed point set of the involutive space \(\hat{\mathbb {U}}(2)\) and \(\mathbb {Z}_2\times \mathbb {S}^{1}\) is a free involution space, completes the argument for the isomorphism (4.16). In conclusion, the mapping (4.13) turns out to be an isomorphism and this fact can be reformulated by saying that the FKMM-invariant
provides a bijection. \(\square \)
The commutativity of the diagram 4.6 immediately implies:
Proposition 4.7
Let \(X_*^N\) be the involutive space described by (4.5). Then the FKMM-invariant
induces a bijection.
The next steps are devoted to extending the validity of Proposition 4.7 to any \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-CW-complex \((X,\tau )\) of dimension \(d=2\). The quotient space \(X/X_1\), obtained by collapsing the 1-skeleton to a single invariant point \(\{*\}\), still has the structure of a \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-CW-complex given by the equivariant identification of the boundaries of all the two-dimensional \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-cells of X with \(\{*\}\). More precisely one has that
where the notation is the same as used in (4.5) and \(\mathbb {V}^2_\lambda :={\varvec{e}}^2_\lambda /\partial {\varvec{e}}^2_\lambda \simeq \mathbb {S}^2\) is a two-dimensional sphere with trivial involution. The following result follows from Proposition 4.7.
Corollary 4.8
Let \((X,\tau )\) be a \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-CW-complex of dimension \(d=2\) and consider the quotient space \(X/X_1\). Then the FKMM-invariant
induces a bijection.
Proof
The main idea of the proof is to reduce the case to that considered in Proposition 4.7. Let us define the subspace \(Z_X\subset X/X_1\) defined as
Clearly \(Z_X\) is exactly of the type considered in Proposition 4.7. In particular \(Z_X^\tau =\{*\}\) and
is a bijection. Let us introduce two closed invariant subspaces \(U_1\) and \(U_2\) such that \(U_1\cup U_2= X/X_1\) and that meet the following \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-equivariant homotopy equivalences
where the involution on \(\mathbb {S}^{1}\) is trivial. Now, by observing that
and
one concludes from the clutching construction with respect to the decomposition \(U_1\cup U_2= X/X_1\) that the inclusion \(\imath : Z_X\rightarrow X/X_1\) induces a bijection
The Mayer–Vietoris exact sequence for the decomposition \(U_1\cup U_2= X/X_1\), along with the vanishings \(H^k_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(U_2|U_2^\tau ,\mathbb {Z}(1))=0=H^k_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(U_1\cap U_2|(U_1\cap U_2)^\tau ,\mathbb {Z}(1))\) due to the equalities \(U_2=U_2^\tau \) and \(U_1\cap U_2=(U_1\cap U_2)^\tau \), implies the isomorphism
In conclusion, one has by naturality the commutative diagram
which shows that \(\kappa \) is bijective. \(\square \)
We are now in the position to prove the main result of this section, which is Theorem 1.3 for \(d = 2\).
Proposition 4.9
Let \((X,\tau )\) by an involutive space which verifies Assumption 1.1. Let its dimension be \(d=2\). Then the FKMM-invariant
induces a bijection.
Proof
Because of Proposition 3.17, we only need to prove the surjectivity of \(\kappa \). In addition, it is enough to consider the surjectivity in the case of \(m = 1\), which leads to the surjectivity in the case of \(m > 1\) in view of the isomorphism (3.10). Let us start with the commutative diagram (4.4) specialized for 
;
where the surjectivity of \(\iota ^*\) is shown as follows. Let \(X_1^\tau :=X_1\cap X^\tau \) and consider the triad \((X; X_1,X^\tau )\). The long exact sequence in the equivariant cohomology associated with this triad reads [48, Theorem 2.2]
and the homomorphism \(\imath ^*:H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(X|X_1\cup X^\tau ,\mathbb {Z}(1))\rightarrow H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(X| X^\tau ,\mathbb {Z}(1))\) is induced by the inclusion \(\imath :X^\tau \rightarrow X_1\cup X^\tau \). Since \(H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(X_1|X_1^\tau ,\mathbb {Z}(1))=0\) in view of Proposition 4.1 it follows that the homomorphism \(\imath ^*\) is surjective. As a result, \(\kappa \) is surjective if and only if \(\kappa _\mathrm{rel}^\pi \) is surjective. By observing that \(\{*\}\in (X/X_1)^\tau \subset X/X_1\), one concludes that \(\{*\}\cup (X/X_1)^\tau = (X/X_1)^\tau \) and one has the commutative diagram
where the surjectivity of f is due to the local triviality of \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundles, and the bijectivity of the right-hand side vertical arrow \(\kappa \) is due to Corollary 4.8. Summarizing, the commutative diagram (4.20) assures that \(\kappa ^\pi _\mathrm{rel}\) is a surjection and so one gets the surjectivity of the map \(\kappa \) in (4.19). \(\square \)
4.4 Surjectivity in \(d=3\): the case of a free involution
In this section, we will prove that in case of a free involutive space \((X,\tau )\) the FKMM-invariant, identified with the first “Real” Chern class of the associate determinant line bundle, is surjective in dimension \(d=3\).
The skeleton decomposition (4.1), adapted for the case of a free involution, suggests that we can express X as the union \(X =U_1\cup U_2\) where \(U_1\) and \(U_2\) are two closed invariant subspaces which satisfy the \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-equivariant homotopy equivalences
More precisely we can take \(U_1\) as a “small” closed invariant neighborhood of \(X_{d-1}\) in X and \(U_2\) as the complement of the interior of \(U_1\). Let us prove the following technical result.
Lemma 4.10
Let \(U_1\) and \(U_2\) as in (4.21) with \(d\geqslant 3\). Then the inclusions \(U_1\cap U_2{\mathop {\rightarrow }\limits ^{\jmath _1}} U_1{\mathop {\rightarrow }\limits ^{\imath _1}} X\) induce the exact sequence
Moreover, for \(d\geqslant 4\) it holds that
and consequently one has the isomorphism
Proof
Consider the Mayer–Vietoris exact sequence for the pair \(\{U_1,U_2\}\)
where \(\imath _j^*\) and \(\jmath _j^*\) are the maps induced by the inclusions \(\imath _j:U_j\rightarrow X\) and \(\jmath _j:U_1\cap U_2\rightarrow U_j\), respectively. By using the additivity axiom in equivariant cohomology, one obtains
where the last equality is justified by Lemma A.1. Similarly, again in view of the additivity axiom, one has that
where the last isomorphism follows from Lemma A.1. Since \(H^k(\mathbb {S}^{d-1},\mathbb {Z})=0\) whenever \(0< k < d-1\) one obtains that
The result is proved by plugging in (4.25) and (4.27) in the Mayer–Vietoris exact sequence. \(\square \)
The exactness of the sequence (4.22) enters crucially in the proof of the following result.
Proposition 4.11
(Surjectivity for \(d=3\)) For any free \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-CW-complex \((X,\tau )\) of dimension \(d=3\) the FKMM-invariant \(\kappa \), identified according to Proposition 3.14, is surjective.
Proof
The exact sequence (4.22) and the FKMM-invariant can be combined to the following commutative diagram:
where the \(\imath _1^*\) and \(\jmath _1^*\) are the maps induced by the inclusions \(\imath _1:U_1\rightarrow X\) and \(\jmath _1:U_1\cap U_2\rightarrow U_1\), respectively. The injectivity of the horizontal arrow \(\imath _1^*\) is due to Lemma 4.10, and the bijectivity of the last two vertical arrows is due to Proposition 4.9, since both \(U_1\) and \(U_1\cap U_2\) are at most two-dimensional. Now, let \(a\in H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(X,\mathbb {Z}(1))\) be a given class, \(\imath _1^*(a)\) its image in \(H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(U_1,\mathbb {Z}(1))\) and \(\mathscr {E}_1\rightarrow U_1\) a “Quaternionic” vector bundle in the equivalence class determined by \(\kappa (\mathscr {E}_1)=\imath _1^*(a)\). Due to the commutativity of the diagram one has
where the last equality is a consequence of the exactness of (4.22) that forces \(\jmath _1^*\circ \imath _1^*=0\). Since \(\kappa \big (\mathscr {E}_1|_{U_1\cap U_2}\big )=0\) one concludes that \(\mathscr {E}_1|_{U_1\cap U_2}\rightarrow U_1\cap U_2\) must be the trivial \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundle. Let \(\mathscr {E}_2= U_2\times \mathbb C^{2m}\) be the trivial \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundle over \(U_2\). By gluing \(\mathscr {E}_1\) and \(\mathscr {E}_2\) along \({U_1\cap U_2}\) one obtains a \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundle \(\mathscr {E}:=\mathscr {E}_1\cup \mathscr {E}_2\) over X. By construction it holds that
and the injectivity of \(\imath _1^*\) implies that \(\kappa (\mathscr {E})=a\). This proves that for each class \(a\in H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}\big (X,\mathbb {Z}(1)\big )\) there is an element \([\mathscr {E}]\in \mathrm{Vec}_{\mathfrak {Q}}^{2m}\big ( X\big )\) such that \(\kappa (\mathscr {E})=a\), namely the FKMM-invariant is surjective. \(\square \)
4.5 Surjectivity in \(d=3\): the case of a finite fixed point set
In this section, we will provide the proof of Theorem 1.4, namely we will show the surjectivity of the FKMM-invariant in the case of an involutive space \((X,\tau )\) which satisfies the following assumption:
Assumption 4.12
Let \((X,\tau )\) be an involutive space and assume that
-
(a)
X is a compact manifold without boundary of dimension \(d=3\);
-
(b)
The involution \(\tau \) is smooth.
-
(c)
The fixed point set \(X^\tau \) consists of a finite collection of points.
Let us observe that a space X which fulfills Assumption 4.12 is a closed manifold and the pair \((X,\tau )\) automatically admits the structure of a \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-CW-complex (see, e. g. , [54, Theorem 3.6]). Moreover, under the extra assumption \(H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(X,\mathbb {Z}(1))=0\) an involutive space \((X,\tau )\) of the type described in Assumption 4.12 is also an FKMM-space (cf. Definition 3.15) of dimension \(d=3\). Let us point out that for this type of spaces \(H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(X|X^\tau ,\mathbb {Z}(1))\) has a geometric representation provided by Eq. (3.16). This is a crucial ingredient in the following results.
Proposition 4.13
Let \((X, \tau )\) be an involutive space which meets Assumption 4.12. Assume in addition that \((X, \tau )\) is an FKMM-space, namely \(H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(X,\mathbb {Z}(1))=0\). Then the FKMM-invariant
induces a bijection.
Proof
Let \(X^\tau = \{ x_1, \ldots , x_n \}\). In view of the geometric representation of \(H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(X|X^\tau ,\mathbb {Z}(1))\) it is enough to show that for each \(i = 1, \ldots , n\) we can construct a rank 2 \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundle \(\mathscr {E}_i\rightarrow X\) such that its FKMM-invariant \(\kappa (\mathscr {E}_i)\) is represented by an equivariant map \(\phi _i : X^\tau \rightarrow \{\pm 1\}\) which verifies \(\phi _i(x_i) = -\,1\) and \(\phi _i(x_j) = 1\) for all \(j \ne i\). To construct such \(\mathscr {E}_i\), we invoke the slice theorem [40, Chapter I, Section 3] which allows us to choose a \(\tau \)-invariant three-dimensional closed disk \(\mathbb {D}^3_i\) centered in \(x_i\) which can be equivariantly identified with the unit ball in \(\mathbb {R}^3\) endowed with the antipodal involution \(x \mapsto -x\). Moreover, it is always possible to choose these disks in such a way that 
if \(i\ne j\). Let \(\mathscr {D}:=\bigcup _{i=1}^n\mathbb {D}^3_i\), \(\partial \mathscr {D}:=\bigcup _{i=1}^n\partial \mathscr {D}_i\simeq \bigcup _{i=1}^n\mathbb {S}^{0,3}\) its boundary and \(X':=\overline{X{\setminus } \mathscr {D}}\). We know from [19, Lemma 5.2] that \([\mathbb {S}^{0,3}, \hat{\mathbb {U}}(2)]_{\mathbb {Z}_2}\simeq \mathbb {Z}\) and \(\varphi :\mathbb {S}^{0,3}\rightarrow \hat{\mathbb {U}}(2)\) is an equivariant map in the class labeled by k if and only if \(\mathrm{deg}(\varphi )=k\) and \(\mathrm{det}(\varphi )=(-1)^k\). Let \([\xi ]\in [\mathbb {S}^{0,3}, \hat{\mathbb {U}}(2)]_{\mathbb {Z}_2}\) be the generator, namely let \(\xi \) be an equivariant map such that \(\mathrm{deg}(\xi )=1\) and \(\mathrm{det}(\xi )=-1\). Let \(\Psi _i:\partial \mathscr {D}\rightarrow \hat{\mathbb {U}}(2)\) be the equivariant map defined as follows:
By means of the equivariant clutching construction, we can define the \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundles
Since \(\mathscr {E}_i|_{X^\tau }=\{x_1,\ldots ,x_n\}\times \mathbb C^2\) is trivial it follows that the canonical section \(s_{\mathscr {E}_i}\), defined according (3.15), agrees with the constant map \(s_{\mathscr {E}_i}:X^\tau \rightarrow \{+1\}\). To prove that the FKMM-invariant of \(\mathscr {E}_i\) can be represented by the function \(\phi _i\) we need to find an equivariant section \(t_i:X\rightarrow \mathrm{det}(\mathscr {E}_i)\) such that \(t_i|_{X^\tau }=\phi _i\). In fact Proposition 3.16 assures that the FKMM-invariant of \(\mathscr {E}_i\) can be seen as the difference between the canonical section \(s_{\mathscr {E}_i}\) and any other equivariant sections of \(\mathrm{det}(\mathscr {E}_i)\). These equivariant sections are in one-to-one correspondence with a pair of equivariant maps \(u_{X'}:X'\rightarrow \tilde{\mathbb {U}}(1)\) and \(u_{\mathscr {D}}:\mathscr {D}\rightarrow \tilde{\mathbb {U}}(1)\) such that \(u_{X'}(x):=\mathrm{det}(\Psi _i)\;u_{\mathscr {D}}(x)\) for all \(x\in X'\cap \mathscr {D}\). With the specific choice \(u_{X'}\equiv 1\) and
one can check that \(t_i|_{X^\tau }=\phi _i\) and this concludes the proof.
The proof of Theorem 1.4 requires the next preliminary result.
Lemma 4.14
Let \((X, \tau )\) be an involutive space which meets Assumption 4.12. Then, for any \(\mathfrak {R}\)-line bundle \(\mathscr {L}\), there exists a \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundle \(\mathscr {E}\) of rank 2 such that \(\det (\mathscr {E}) \simeq \mathscr {L}\).
Proof
Let \(\mathscr {D} \subset X\) and \(X' = \overline{X {\setminus } \mathscr {D}}\) be as in the proof of Proposition 4.13. Suppose that a “Real” line bundle \(\mathscr {L} \rightarrow X\) is given. On the one hand, we have \(H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(\mathscr {D}, \mathbb {Z}(1)) = 0\), because of the \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-homotopy equivalence \(\mathscr {D} \simeq X^\tau \). This implies that \(\mathscr {L}|_{\mathscr {D}}\) is trivial. Hence, if \(\mathscr {E}_{\mathscr {D}}\simeq \mathscr {D} \times \mathbb C^2\) is the product \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundle one has then \(\det (\mathscr {E}_{\mathscr {D}}) \simeq \mathscr {L}|_{\mathscr {D}}\). On the other hand, \(X'\) admits the structure of a three-dimensional \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-CW-complex with free involution. Therefore, Proposition 4.11 provides a \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundle \(\mathscr {E}_{X'} \rightarrow X'\) of rank 2 such that \(\det (\mathscr {E}_{X'}) \simeq \mathscr {L}|_{X'}\). Notice that
We then have an isomorphism \(\mathscr {E}_{X'}|_{X' \cap \mathscr {D}} \simeq \mathscr {E}_{\mathscr {D}}|_{X' \cap \mathscr {D}}\) by Proposition 4.9, since \(X' \cap \mathscr {D}\) is a two-dimensional \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-CW-complex. Consequently, we can glue \(\mathscr {E}_{X'}\) and \(\mathscr {E}_{\mathscr {D}}\) together along \(X' \cap \mathscr {D}\) to form a \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundle \(\mathscr {E} = \mathscr {E}_{X'} \cup \mathscr {E}_{\mathscr {D}}\) of rank 2 such that
This completes the proof. \(\square \)
Proof of Theorem 1.4
Because of Proposition 3.17, it suffices to prove the surjectivity of
Let \((\mathscr {L}, s)\) be a pair representing a given element in \(H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}\big (X|X^\tau ,\mathbb {Z}(1)\big )\). Lemma 4.14 ensures that there is a rank 2 \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundle \(\mathscr {E}'\) such that \(\det (\mathscr {E}') \simeq \mathscr {L}\). Let \(\phi : X^\tau \rightarrow \mathbb {Z}_2\) be a map such that \(s = s_{\mathscr {E}'} \cdot \phi \), where \(s_{\mathscr {E'}}\) is the canonical section of \(\mathscr {E}'\). Following the proof of Proposition 4.13 one concludes that it is possible to find another \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundle \(\mathscr {E}''\) of rank 2 such that the \(\mathfrak {R}\)-bundle \(\det ( \mathscr {E}'')\) is trivial and \(s_{\mathscr {E}''}\) agrees with \(\phi \) under the isomorphism \(\det (\mathscr {E}'') \simeq X \times \mathbb C\) of \(\mathfrak {R}\)-bundles. For the direct sum \(\mathscr {E}' \oplus \mathscr {E}''\), one has
Proposition 3.7 allows to find a rank 2 \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundle \(\mathscr {E}\) such that the direct sum of \(\mathscr {E}\) and the product \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundle \(X \times \mathbb C^2\) is isomorphic to \(\mathscr {E}' \oplus \mathscr {E}''\). Since \(\kappa (\mathscr {E}) = \kappa ( \mathscr {E}' \oplus \mathscr {E}'')\), the proof is completed.
5 “Quaternionic” vector bundles over the three-dimensional lens space
The aim of this section is to classify the “Quaternionic” vector bundles over the three-dimensional lens space endowed with its natural involution. The explicit computation of the relative equivariant cohomology of this involutive space which has a non-empty fixed point set will provide an explicit example where the FKMM-invariant fails to be surjective.
5.1 The three-dimensional lens space with its natural involution
The three-dimensional sphere can be parametrized as the unit sphere in \(\mathbb C^2\),
This representation allows \(u\in \mathbb {U}(1)\) to act on \(\mathbb {S}^3\) through the mapping \((z_0,z_1)\mapsto (uz_0,uz_1)\). This action of \(\mathbb {U}(1)\) on \(\mathbb {S}^3\) is evidently free. The inclusion of \(\mathbb {Z}_p\subset \mathbb {U}(1)\), given by the fact that \(\mathbb {Z}_p\) can be identified with the set of the p-th roots of the unity, implies that one can define a free action of every cyclic group \(\mathbb {Z}_p\) on \(\mathbb {S}^3\). More precisely we can let \(k\in \mathbb {Z}_p\) act on \(\mathbb {S}^3\) through the rotation
The quotient space
is called the (three-dimensional) lens space (see [13, Example 18.5] or [39, Example 2.43] for more details) and sometime is denoted with the symbol L(1; p). By combining the facts that \(\mathbb {S}^3\) is simply connected and the \(\mathbb {Z}_p\)-action on \(\mathbb {S}^3\) is free one concludes that \(\mathbb {S}^3\) is the universal cover of \(L_p\). The last observation turns out to be relevant for the calculation of the homotopy groups:
The well-known fiber sequence
says that \(\mathbb {S}^3\) can be seen as the total space of a principal \(\mathbb {U}(1)\)-bundle over \(\mathbb CP^1\) whose Chern number is 1. Similarly, after observing that \(\mathbb {U}(1)/\mathbb {Z}_p\simeq \mathbb {U}(1)\), one obtains the fiber sequence
which tells us that \(L_p\) is the total space of a principal \(\mathbb {U}(1)\)-bundle over \(\mathbb CP^1\) with typical fiber \(\mathbb {U}(1)/\mathbb {Z}_p\). The Chern number of this bundle can be computed to be p. The above fiber sequence can be used for the computation of the cohomology of \(L_p\) which turns out to be [13, Example 18.5]
The parametrization (5.1) allows to equip \(\mathbb {S}^3\subset \mathbb C^2\) with the involution induced by the complex conjugation \((z_0,z_1)\mapsto (\overline{z_0},\overline{z_1})\). The computation
shows that \(\mathbb {Z}_p\subset \mathbb {U}(1)\) is preserved by the complex conjugation. Therefore, the involution on \(\mathbb {S}^3\) descends to an involution \(\tau \) on \(L_p\). The involutive space \((L_p,\tau )\) inherits the structure of a smooth (three-dimensional) manifold with a smooth involution; hence, it admits a \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-CW-complex structure [54, Theorem 3.6]. Let us point out that it is possible to think of \(L_p\rightarrow \mathbb CP^1\) as a “Real” principal \(\mathbb {U}(1)\)-bundle where the “Real” structure on the total space is provided by \(\tau \) and the involution \(\tau '\) on the base space \(\mathbb CP^1\) is still given by the complex conjugation \(\tau ':[z_0,z_1]\mapsto [\overline{z_0},\overline{z_1}]\).
Let us focus now on the case \(p=2q > 0\).
Lemma 5.1
The fixed point set of \(L_{2q}\) under the involution \(\tau \) has the form
where
and \(S_0\simeq S_1\simeq \mathbb {S}^1\).
Proof
A point \([z_0, w_0] \in X\) is a fixed point under the involution if and only if \(\overline{z_0} = \zeta ^k z_0\) and \(\overline{z_1} = \zeta ^k z_1\) for some \(k = 0, 1, \ldots , 2q - 1\), where \(\zeta = \mathrm{e}^{\,\mathrm{i}\,\frac{\pi }{q}}\). For convenience, let us introduce the following subset for each k:
so that \(L_{2q}^\tau \) is the union of \(S_0, S_1, \ldots , S_{p-1}\). It is clear that:
Suppose here that k is even, so that \(k = 2\ell \). Then \(S_0 = S_{2\ell }\). Actually, \([z_0, z_1] \in S_{2\ell }\) if and only if \([\zeta ^\ell z_0, \zeta ^\ell z_1] \in S_0\). Because \(\zeta ^\ell \in \mathbb {Z}_{2q}\), we find \(S_0 = S_{2\ell }\) in \(L_{2q}\). Similarly, in the case of \(k = 1\), we obtain:
Suppose then that k is odd, so that \(k = 2\ell + 1\). In this case, \([z_0, z_1] \in S_{2\ell + 1}\) if and only if \([\zeta ^\ell z_0, \zeta ^\ell z_1] \in S_1\). Since \(\zeta ^\ell \in \mathbb {Z}_{2q}\), it holds that \(S_1 = S_{2\ell + 1}\) in \(L_{2q}\). Notice that \(\zeta ^{-\frac{1}{2}} \not \in \mathbb {Z}_{2q}\). Note also \(-1 \not \in \{ \zeta ^{\ell -\frac{1}{2}}\ |\ \ell \in \mathbb {Z}\}\) since \(q > 0\). Consequently, \(S_0 \cap S_1 = \emptyset \) and the lemma is proved. \(\square \)
5.2 The equivariant cohomology of \(L_{2q}\)
The equivariant cohomology of the involutive space \((L_{2q},\tau )\) can be computed by means of the Gysin exact sequence [34, Corollary 2.11] applied to the “Real” principal \(\mathbb {U}(1)\)-bundle \(L_{2q}\rightarrow \mathbb CP^1\) described by the (5.2).
First of all, one needs the computation of the equivariant cohomology of the space \(\mathbb CP^1\) endowed with the involution given by the complex conjugation. This space, being a spherical conjugation complex [41], admits the following presentation of the \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-equivariant cohomology ring
where \(t^{\frac{1}{2}}\in {H}^1_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(\mathbb CP^1,\mathbb {Z}(1))\simeq {H}^1_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(\{*\},\mathbb {Z}(1))\simeq \mathbb {Z}_2\) and \(c\in {H}^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(\mathbb CP^1,\mathbb {Z}(1))\simeq {H}^2(\mathbb CP^1,\mathbb {Z})\simeq \mathbb {Z}\) are basis elements. In particular c can be understood both as the first “Real” Chern class of the “Real” principal \(\mathbb {U}(1)\)-bundle \(\mathbb {S}^2\rightarrow \mathbb CP^1\) as well as the first Chern class of the same principal \(\mathbb {U}(1)\)-bundle without additional structures. Indeed the map which forgets the “Real” structure just acts as the identity \(f:{H}^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(\mathbb CP^1,\mathbb {Z}(1))\rightarrow {H}^2(\mathbb CP^1,\mathbb {Z})\). A proof of (5.4) can be derived from [34, Lemma 2.17] where the more general case \(\mathbb CP^\infty \) is considered. Let us notice that the difference between the cases \(\mathbb CP^1\) and \(\mathbb CP^\infty \) is given by the constraint \(c^2=0\) in (5.4) due to the low dimensionality of \(\mathbb CP^1\). In low dimension the (5.4) reads:
The data contained in Table 1 along with the fact that the first “Real” Chern class of the “Real” principal \(\mathbb {U}(1)\)-bundle \(L_{2q}\rightarrow \mathbb CP^1\) has value \(c^{\mathfrak {R}}_1(L_{2q})=2qc\) can be used in the Gysin exact sequence [34, Corollary 2.11] providing the following computation for the equivariant cohomology of \((L_{2q},\tau )\).
From the exact sequence [34, Proposition 2.3] and the data contained in Table 2 one can conclude that the map which forgets the “Real” structure induces a bijection
Remark 5.2
(The Picard group of \(L_{2q}\) and its “Real” structure) Equation (5.5) implies that the Picard group of \(L_{2q}\) and the “Real” Picard group of the involutive space \((L_{2q},\tau )\) coincide:
In particular, this means that there are only 2q complex line bundles over \(L_{2q}\) (up to isomorphisms) and each one of these can be endowed with a unique (up to isomorphisms) \(\mathfrak {R}\)-structure. The representatives of these line bundles can be constructed explicitly. For \(k\in \mathbb {Z}\), we let \(u\in \mathbb {Z}_{2q}\) act on \(\mathbb {S}^3\times \mathbb C\) by \(((z_0,z_1),\lambda )\mapsto ((uz_0,uz_1),\overline{u}^k\lambda )\). Since the action is free on the base space the quotient defines a complex line bundle \(\mathscr {L}_k\rightarrow L_{2q}\) (cf. [6, Proposition 1.6.1]). From the construction, it results evident that \(\mathscr {L}_k=\mathscr {L}_{k+2q}\) and \(\mathscr {L}_0=L_{2q}\times \mathbb C\) is the trivial line bundle. Moreover, \(\mathscr {L}_1\) provides a basis for \(\mathrm{Pic}(L_{2q})\simeq \mathbb {Z}_{2q}\) in view of the fact that \({\mathscr {L}_1}^{\otimes k}\simeq \mathscr {L}_k\). The \(\mathfrak {R}\)-structure on \(\mathscr {L}_k\) is evidently induced by the complex conjugation \([(z_0,z_1),\lambda ]\mapsto [\tau {(z_0,z_1)},\overline{\lambda }]=[\overline{(z_0,z_1)},\overline{\lambda }]\). \(\blacktriangleleft \)
The circle \(\mathbb {S}^1\) with trivial involution has the cohomology groups presented in Table 3.
In view of Lemma 5.1, the additivity axiom in equivariant cohomology and Table 3, one immediately gets Table 4.
The bases of \({H}^1_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(L_{2q},\mathbb {Z}(1))\simeq \mathbb {Z}_2\) and \({H}^1_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(L_{2q}^\tau ,\mathbb {Z}(1))={H}^1_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(S_0,\mathbb {Z}(1))\oplus {H}^1_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(S_1,\mathbb {Z}(1))\simeq \mathbb {Z}_2\oplus \mathbb {Z}_2\) are represented by the constants functions with value \(-1\) on \(L_{2q}\), \(S_0\) and \(S_1\). Hence, the homomorphism
induced by the inclusion \(\imath : L_{2q}^\tau \rightarrow L_{2q}\) is identified with the diagonal map \(\mathbb {Z}_2\ni \epsilon \mapsto (\epsilon ,\epsilon )\in \mathbb {Z}_2\oplus \mathbb {Z}_2\), and results injective. Consequently one has
The homomorphism
turns out to be trivial. This fact can be proved as follow: According to Remark 5.2 the \(\mathfrak {R}\)-line bundle \({\mathscr {L}_1}\) can be identified with the generator of \({H}^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(L_{2q},\mathbb {Z}(1))\simeq \mathrm{Pic}_{\mathfrak {R}}(L_{2q},\tau )\). Then, if one proves that \(\imath ^*({\mathscr {L}_1})={\mathscr {L}_1}|_{S_0\sqcup S_1}\) is the trivial line bundle in \(\mathrm{Pic}_{\mathfrak {R}}(L_{2q}^\tau ,\tau )\simeq \mathrm{Pic}_{\mathbb {R}}(L_{2q}^\tau )\) then one also obtains from \({H}^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(L_{2q}^\tau ,\mathbb {Z}(1))\simeq \mathrm{Pic}_{\mathfrak {R}}(L_{2q}^\tau ,\tau )\) that \(\imath ^*\) is the trivial homomorphism in cohomology. The triviality of \(\imath ^*({\mathscr {L}_1})\) is a consequence of the next result.
Lemma 5.3
Let \(\mathscr {L}_1\rightarrow L_{2q}\) be the \(\mathfrak {R}\)-line bundle over the involutive space \((L_{2q},\tau )\) described in Remark 5.2 and \(S_0\sqcup S_1= L_{2q}^\tau \) the fixed point set according to Lemma 5.1. Let \(\mathscr {L}_1|_{S_j}\rightarrow S_j\) be the restriction of \(\mathscr {L}_1\) over \(S_j\), \(j=0,1\). The \(\mathfrak {R}\)-line bundles \(\mathscr {L}_1|_{S_j}\) admit global \(\mathfrak {R}\)-sections and consequently they are trivial.
Proof
The total space of the line bundle \(\mathscr {L}_1|_{S_0}\rightarrow S_0\) is described by
where the equivalence relation is given by \(((\cos \theta ,\sin \theta ),\lambda )\sim ((u\cos \theta ,u\sin \theta ),u^{-1}\lambda )\), \(u\in \mathbb {Z}_{2q}\). The map \(s_0:S_0\rightarrow \mathscr {L}_1|_{S_0}\) defined by
is a nowhere vanishing section. It is also “Real”, in fact
In much of the same way, we can describe the total space of the line bundle \(\mathscr {L}_1|_{S_1}\rightarrow S_1\) as
A nowhere vanishing section \(s_1:S_1\rightarrow \mathscr {L}_1|_{S_1}\) is given by
Moreover, the following computation
shows that \(s_1\) is also “Real”. \(\square \)
By specializing the exact sequence (A.6) to our situation one obtains
and this reduces to
in view of the properties of the maps \(\imath ^*\). The last exact sequence is equivalent to the short exact sequence
and by inserting the numerical values one finally obtains
Since \(\text {Ext}(\mathbb {Z}_{2q},\mathbb {Z}_2)\simeq \mathbb {Z}_2\) the short exact sequence (5.6) implies only two possibilities:
-
(a)
\(H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(L_{2q}|L_{2q}^\tau ,{\mathbb {Z}}(1))\simeq \mathbb {Z}_2\oplus \mathbb {Z}_{2q}\) (splitting case);
-
(b)
\(H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(L_{2q}|L_{2q}^\tau ,{\mathbb {Z}}(1))\simeq \mathbb {Z}_{4q}\) (non-splitting case).
Proposition 5.4
The short exact sequence (5.6) is non-splitting. Therefore, it holds true that
Proof
According to [22, Proposition 2.7] the group \(H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(L_{2q}|L_{2q}^\tau ,{\mathbb {Z}}(1))\) classifies the pairs \((\mathscr {L},s)\) where \(\mathscr {L}\rightarrow L_{2q}\) is a line bundle with \(\mathfrak {R}\)-structure and \(s:L_{2q}^\tau \rightarrow \mathscr {L}|_{\mathscr {L}}\) is a nowhere vanishing \(\mathfrak {R}\)-section. In the proof of Lemma 5.3, we already constructed one of such pairs \((\mathscr {L}_1,s_0\sqcup s_1)\). The assignment \(\mathscr {L}_k\simeq \mathscr {L}_1^{\otimes k}\rightarrow (\mathscr {L}_1^{\otimes k},s_0^{\otimes k}\sqcup s_1^{\otimes k})\) defines a section \(\sigma :H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(L_{2q},{\mathbb {Z}}(1))\rightarrow H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(L_{2q}|L_{2q}^\tau ,{\mathbb {Z}}(1))\). Then \(\sigma (\mathscr {L}_1^{\otimes 2q})\in H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(L_{2q}|L_{2q}^\tau ,{\mathbb {Z}}(1))\) is the trivial element if and only if the short exact sequence (5.6) is splitting. Since \((\mathrm{e}^{+\,\mathrm{i}\,\frac{\pi }{2q}})^{2q}=-1\) one immediately checks that
where \(\mathscr {L}_0\simeq L_{2q}\times \mathbb C\) is the trivial \(\mathfrak {R}\)-line bundle and \((+1):S_0\rightarrow \{+1\}\) and \((-1):S_1\rightarrow \{-1\}\) are constant sections on \(S_0\) and \(S_1\). The pair \((\mathscr {L}_0,(+1)\sqcup (-1))\) generates the image of \(\delta _1:H^1_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(L_{2q}^\tau ,{\mathbb {Z}}(1))\rightarrow H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(L_{2q}|L_{2q}^\tau ,{\mathbb {Z}}(1))\). Hence, \(\sigma (\mathscr {L}_1^{\otimes 2q})\) is non-trivial and the short exact sequence (5.6) turns out to be non-splitting. \(\square \)
5.3 “Quaternionic” structures over \(L_{2q}\)
To carry out the classification of \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundles over \(L_{2q}\), we will use the fact that this space can be seen as the total space of an \(\mathfrak {R}\)-sphere bundle over \(\mathbb CP^1\) whose Chern number is 2q. Let us start by observing that \(\mathbb CP^1\) is topologically equivalent to a (Riemann) sphere \(\mathbb {S}^2\). Therefore, \(\mathbb CP^1\) can be represented as the union of two two-dimensional disks \(\mathbb {D}^2\) (the two hemispheres) identified along the equator. Moreover, \(\mathbb CP^1\) has the involution given by the complex conjugation. After identifying the disk \(\mathbb {D}^2\) with the unit ball in \(\mathbb C\), we can endow \(\mathbb {D}^2\) with the involution given by the complex conjugation. We will denote this involutive space with \(\tilde{\mathbb {D}}^2\). In this way we can represent the involutive space \(\mathbb CP^1\) as \(\mathbb CP^1\simeq \tilde{\mathbb {D}}^2\cup \tilde{\mathbb {D}}^2\). Let \({\mathbb {S}}^{1,1}:=\partial \tilde{\mathbb {D}}^2\) be the boundary of \(\tilde{\mathbb {D}}^2\) with involution given by the complex conjugation and consider the involutive space \(X:=\tilde{\mathbb {D}}^2\times {\mathbb {S}}^{1,1}\simeq {\mathbb {S}}^{1,1}\) where the last isomorphism is given by an equivariant homotopy. Observe that \(\partial X= {\mathbb {S}}^{1,1}\times {\mathbb {S}}^{1,1}=:{\mathbb {T}}^{0,2,0}\). The structure of the involutive space \((L_{2q},\tau )\) can be usefully described by means of the equivariant clutching construction that provides
where \(X_1=X_2\) are two copies of X and the clutching function \(f:\partial X_1\rightarrow \partial X_2\), defined by \(f(z,\lambda ):=(z,z^{2q}\lambda )\), takes care of the fact that the Chern class of \(L_{2q}\) is 2q.
The representation (5.7) results quite useful to classify vector bundles over \(L_{2q}\). Let us start with the classification of line bundles. According to the content of Remark 5.2, we already know that there are only 2q different classes of complex line bundles over \(L_{2q}\) and each one of this classes admits a unique (up to isomorphisms) “Real” structure. However, the result \(\mathrm{Pic}_{\mathfrak {R}}(L_{2q},\tau )\simeq H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(L_{2q},\mathbb {Z}(1)) \simeq \mathbb {Z}_{2q}\) can be re-obtained by using the equivariant clutching construction for the representation (5.7). Since \(H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(X,\mathbb {Z}(1))\simeq H^2_{\mathbb {Z}_2}({\mathbb {S}}^{1,1},\mathbb {Z}(1))=0\) (cf. [18, eq. (5.17)]) one concludes that \(X_1\) and \(X_2\) admit only trivial \(\mathfrak {R}\)-line bundles. This observation allows to apply the equivariant clutching construction in the form of [18, Lemma 4.18]:
where \(\tilde{\mathbb {U}}(1)\) is the unitary group endowed by the involution given by the complex conjugation and the maps \([\psi _j]\in [X_j,\tilde{\mathbb {U}}(1)]_{\mathbb {Z}_2}\), \(j=1,2\) act on \([\varphi ]\in [{\mathbb {T}}^{0,2,0},\tilde{\mathbb {U}}(1)]_{\mathbb {Z}_2}\) by
By means of the isomorphisms (cf. [18, eq. (5.9) and (5.17) and])
one can directly compute \(\mathrm{Pic}_{\mathfrak {R}}(L_{2q},\tau )\) from the representation (5.8). Observe that the bases for the summands \(\mathbb {Z}\) are given by the projections \(X_j\rightarrow {\mathbb {S}}^{1,1}\simeq \tilde{\mathbb {U}}(1)\) and the bases for the summands \(\mathbb {Z}_2\) are provided by the constant maps at \(\{-1\}\in {\mathbb {S}}^{1,1}\simeq \tilde{\mathbb {U}}(1)\). With this information one can eventually verify that the map
induced by
is in fact a bijection.
Now we are in the position to classify \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundles over \((L_{2q},\tau )\). We already know that \(\mathrm{Vec}_{\mathfrak {Q}}^{2}(X_j)\simeq \mathrm{Vec}_{\mathfrak {Q}}^{2}({\mathbb {S}}^{1,1})=0\) [19, Theorem 1.2 (ii)]. Hence any rank 2 \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundles on \(L_{2q}\) can be constructed by gluing the trivial product bundles on \(X_j\simeq {\mathbb {S}}^{1,1}\) along \(\partial X_j\simeq {\mathbb {T}}^{0,2,0}\). This “Quaternionic” clutching construction leads to a formula of the type (5.8), namely
where \(\hat{\mathbb {U}}(2)\) is the space \({\mathbb {U}}(2)\) endowed with the involution (4.9) and the maps \([\psi _j]\in [X_j,\hat{\mathbb {U}}(2)]_{\mathbb {Z}_2}\), \(j=1,2\) act on \([\varphi ]\in [{\mathbb {T}}^{0,2,0},\hat{\mathbb {U}}(2)]_{\mathbb {Z}_2}\) by
We need two technical results.
Lemma 5.5
The sequence of maps
induces an isomorphism of groups.
Proof
The \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-CW-complex structure of the involutive space \({\mathbb {S}}^{1,1}\) has been described in [18, Example 4.21] and it is given by the 0-skeleton formed by two fixed 0-cells \({\varvec{e}}^0_\pm :=\{\pm 1,0\}\in \mathbb {S}^1\subset \mathbb {R}^2\) to which a free 1-cell \(\tilde{\varvec{e}}^1:=\{\ell _+,\ell _-\}\) is attached. Here \(\ell _\pm :=\{(x_0,x_1)\in \mathbb {S}^1\ |\ \pm x_1\geqslant 0\}\) are the two (one-dimensional) hemispheres of \(\mathbb {S}^1\). Let \(\varphi :{\mathbb {S}}^{1,1}\rightarrow \hat{\mathbb {U}}(2)\) be an equivariant map. Since the fixed point set of \(\hat{\mathbb {U}}(2)\) coincides with \(S{\mathbb {U}}(2)\) which is path-connected, we can assume that \(\varphi (\pm 1)=\mathbb {1}_2\in S{\mathbb {U}}(2)\subset {\mathbb {U}}(2)\), in view of the equivariant homotopy extension property [53]. Then, the two restrictions \(\varphi ^\pm :=\varphi |_{\ell _\pm }\) define independently elements of \(\pi _1({\mathbb {U}}(2))\) and the equivariance condition implies
Hence \(\mathrm{deg}\circ \mathrm{det}(\varphi )\in 2\mathbb {Z}\) is always an even integer and one has the homomorphism
This homomorphism is surjective. Let \(k\in \mathbb {Z}\) and \(\xi _k:{\mathbb {S}}^1\rightarrow \mathbb {U}(1)\) be defined by \(\xi _k(z):=z^k\) for all \(z\in {\mathbb {S}}^1\subset \mathbb C\). It is well known that \([\xi _k]=k\) as element of \(\pi _1(\mathbb {U}(1))\simeq \mathbb {Z}\). Consider the map \(\varphi _{2k}:{\mathbb {S}}^1\rightarrow \mathbb {U}(2)\) defined by
This map is evidently equivariant and \(\mathrm{deg}\circ \mathrm{det}(\varphi _{2k})= 2k\). The homomorphism is also injective. For that suppose \(\mathrm{deg}\circ \mathrm{det}(\varphi _{0})=0\) along with the condition \(\varphi _0(\pm 1)=\mathbb {1}_2\) which can be assumed without loss of generality. This immediately implies that \([\varphi ^\pm _0]=0\) in \(\pi _1(\mathbb {U}(2))\), namely the two restrictions \(\varphi _\pm \) are homotopy equivalent to the constant maps at \(\mathbb {1}_2\). By extending a homotopy realizing \([\varphi ^+_0] = 0\) to a \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-equivariant homotopy, one concludes that also \(\varphi _0\) is equivariantly homotopy equivalent to the constant map at \(\mathbb {1}_2\). \(\square \)
Lemma 5.6
Let \(\jmath _1:{\mathbb {S}}^{1,1}\times \{1,0\}\hookrightarrow {\mathbb {T}}^{0,2,0}\) and \(\jmath _2:\{1,0\}\times {\mathbb {S}}^{1,1}\hookrightarrow {\mathbb {T}}^{0,2,0}\) be the natural inclusions of the first and the second component of \({\mathbb {T}}^{0,2,0}\). Then, the sequence of maps
induces an isomorphism of groups.
Proof
The \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-CW-complex decomposition of the involutive torus \({\mathbb {T}}^{0,2,0}={\mathbb {S}}^{1,1}\times {\mathbb {S}}^{1,1}\) can be derived combinatorially from that of \({\mathbb {S}}^{1,1}\) by exploiting the Cartesian product structure (see [18, Example 4.22]):
-
0-celles. There are four fixed 0-celles
$$\begin{aligned} {\varvec{e}}^0_{+,+}:={\varvec{e}}^0_+\times {\varvec{e}}^0_+,\qquad {\varvec{e}}^0_{+,-}:={\varvec{e}}^0_+\times {\varvec{e}}^0_-,\qquad {\varvec{e}}^0_{-,+}:={\varvec{e}}^0_-\times {\varvec{e}}^0_+,\qquad {\varvec{e}}^0_{-,-}:={\varvec{e}}^0_-\times {\varvec{e}}^0_-\;; \end{aligned}$$ -
1-celles. There are four free 1-celles
$$\begin{aligned} \tilde{\varvec{e}}^1_{+,0}:={\varvec{e}}^0_+\times \tilde{\varvec{e}}^1,\qquad \tilde{\varvec{e}}^1_{-,0}:={\varvec{e}}^0_-\times \tilde{\varvec{e}}^1, \qquad \tilde{\varvec{e}}^1_{0,+}:=\tilde{\varvec{e}}^1\times {\varvec{e}}^0_+, \qquad \tilde{\varvec{e}}^1_{0,-}:=\tilde{\varvec{e}}^1\times {\varvec{e}}^0_-\;; \end{aligned}$$ -
2-celles. There are two free 1-celles
$$\begin{aligned} \tilde{\varvec{e}}^2_\mathrm{even}:=\tilde{\varvec{e}}^1\times \tilde{\varvec{e}}^1,\qquad \qquad \tilde{\varvec{e}}^2_\mathrm{odd}:=\tilde{\varvec{e}}^1\times \tau \big (\tilde{\varvec{e}}^1\big ), \end{aligned}$$where \(\tau (\tilde{\varvec{e}}^1):=\{\ell _-,\ell _+\}\) is the image of the cell \(\tilde{\varvec{e}}^1\) under its involution.
Let \(\varphi :{\mathbb {T}}^{0,2,0}\rightarrow \hat{\mathbb {U}}(2)\) be a \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-equivariant map. Since the fixed point set of \(\hat{\mathbb {U}}(2)\) is \(S{\mathbb {U}}(2)\) which is path-connected, we can assume that \(\varphi \) sends all the 0-cells to \(\mathbb {1}_2\) in view of the equivariant homotopy extension property [53]. Therefore, one concludes that
where \(\varphi ^{\ell _{\pm },\pm }:=\varphi |_{\ell _\pm \times {\varvec{e}}^0_\pm }\) and \(\varphi ^{\pm ,\ell _{\pm }}:=\varphi |_{{\varvec{e}}^0_\pm \times \ell _\pm }\) along with \({\varvec{e}}^0_\pm :=(\pm 1,0)\). Since the map \(\varphi \) is defined on the whole torus \({\mathbb {T}}^{0,2,0}\), it also holds that
by homotopy deformations of the restrictions along the 2-cell which is simply connected. The relations (5.10) say that the composition of maps
is well defined. This map is injective. For that let \(\varphi :{\mathbb {T}}^{0,2,0}\rightarrow \hat{\mathbb {U}}(2)\) be a \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-equivariant map which sends the 0-skeleton to \(\mathbb {1}_2\) and such that \((\mathrm{deg}\circ (\jmath _1^*,\jmath _2^*)\circ \mathrm{det}):\varphi \mapsto 0\oplus 0\). Then from (5.10) and (5.11) one concludes that \(\varphi \) restricted to the 1-skeleton is \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-equivariantly homotopy equivalent to the constant maps at \(\mathbb {1}_2\). Therefore, by the homotopy extension property, and without loss of generality, we can assume that \(\varphi \) sends the 1-skeleton to \(\mathbb {1}_2\) since from the beginning. This in turn implies that each of the two 2-cells identifies a class in \(\pi _2({\mathbb {U}}(2))=0\). Using the homotopy which realizes the trivialization, we can build a \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-equivariant homotopy which deforms \(\varphi \) to the constant map at \(\mathbb {1}_2\). The surjectivity can be proved with the help of the map \(\xi _k:{\mathbb {S}}^1\rightarrow \mathbb {U}(1)\) defined by \(\xi _k(z):=z^k\) for \(k\in \mathbb {Z}\) and \(z\in {\mathbb {S}}^1\subset \mathbb C\). In fact the map \(\varphi _{2k_1,2k_2}:{\mathbb {T}}^{0,2,0}\rightarrow \hat{\mathbb {U}}(2)\) defined by
is \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-equivariant and \((\mathrm{deg}\circ (\jmath _1^*,\jmath _2^*)\circ \mathrm{det}):\varphi _{2k_1,2k_2}\mapsto 2k_1\oplus 2k_2\). \(\square \)
With the help of Lemmas 5.5 and 5.6, we can finally complete the classification of the \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundles over \(L_{2q}\).
Proposition 5.7
There is a bijection
realized by the action of \(\mathrm{Pic}_{\mathfrak {R}}(L_{2q},\tau )\) on \(\mathrm{Vec}_{\mathfrak {Q}}^{2}(L_{2q},\tau )\) through the tensor product. More precisely, let \((\mathscr {E}_0,\Theta _0)\) be the trivial rank 2 \(\mathfrak {Q}\)-bundle over \((L_{2q},\tau )\). Then the map
realizes such a bijection. In particular, this implies that
Proof
By looking at the explicit representatives of the homotopy classes \([X_j,\hat{\mathbb {U}}(2)]_{\mathbb {Z}_2}\simeq 2\mathbb {Z}\) and \([{\mathbb {T}}^{0,2,0},\hat{\mathbb {U}}(2)]_{\mathbb {Z}_2}\simeq 2\mathbb {Z}\oplus 2\mathbb {Z}\) constructed in Lemmas 5.5 and 5.6, one immediately concludes that the map
defined by
is bijective. The \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-equivariant map \(\varphi _{2k,0}:{\mathbb {T}}^{0,2,0}\rightarrow \hat{\mathbb {U}}(2)\) defined by
provides a representative \(\mathscr {E}_k\) for the class in \(\mathrm{Vec}_{\mathfrak {Q}}^{2}(L_{2q},\tau )\) labeled by \([2k]\in 2\mathbb {Z}/4q\mathbb {Z}\). Similarly the \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-equivariant map \(\phi _{k}:{\mathbb {T}}^{0,2,0}\rightarrow \tilde{\mathbb {U}}(1)\) given by \(\phi _k(z)=z^k\) provides a representative \(\mathscr {L}_k\) for the class in \(\mathrm{Pic}_{\mathfrak {R}}(L_{2q},\tau )\) represented by \([k]\in 2\mathbb {Z}/4q\mathbb {Z}=\mathbb {Z}_{2q}\). The relation between equivariant maps \(\varphi _{2k,0}(z_1,z_2)=\phi _{k}(z_1)\; \varphi _{0,0}(z_1,z_2)\) corresponds to the relation \(\mathscr {E}_k=\mathscr {L}_k\otimes \mathscr {E}_0\). Consequently, the tensor product with \(\mathscr {E}_0\) induces the bijection \(\mathrm{Pic}_{\mathfrak {R}}(L_{2q},\tau )\rightarrow \mathrm{Vec}_{\mathfrak {Q}}^{2}(L_{2q},\tau )\) and this is compatible with the operation of tensoring \(\mathfrak {R}\)-bundles. Finally, the equivalence \(\mathrm{Vec}_{\mathfrak {Q}}^{2m}(L_{2q},\tau )\simeq \mathrm{Vec}_{\mathfrak {Q}}^{2}(L_{2q},\tau )\) is a consequence of Proposition 3.7. \(\square \)
The following result just follows by comparing Proposition 5.4 with Proposition 5.7 (1).
Corollary 5.8
The map
cannot be surjective.
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Acknowledgements
GD’s research is supported by the Grant Iniciación en Investigación 2015—No. 11150143 funded by FONDECYT. KG’s research is supported by the JSPS KAKENHI Grant No. 15K04871.
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Appendix A: A short reminder of the equivariant Borel cohomology
Appendix A: A short reminder of the equivariant Borel cohomology
The proper cohomology theory for the analysis of vector bundle theories in the category of spaces with involution is the equivariant cohomology introduced by Borel in [12]. This cohomology has been used for the topological classification of “Real” vector bundles [18] and plays also a role in the classification of “Quaternionic” vector bundles [19, 22]. A short self-consistent summary of this cohomology theory can be found in [18, Section 5.1], and we refer to [40, Chapter 3] and [4, Chapter 1] for a more detailed introduction to the subject.
Since we need this tool, we briefly recall the main steps of the Borel construction. The homotopy quotient of an involutive space \((X,\tau )\) is the orbit space
Here \(\theta _\infty \) is the antipodal map on the infinite sphere \(\mathbb {S}^\infty \) (cf. [18, Example 4.1]) and \({\mathbb {S}}^{0,\infty }\) is used as short notation for the pair \((\mathbb {S}^\infty ,\theta _\infty )\). The product space \(X\times {\mathbb {S}}^\infty \) (forgetting for a moment the \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-action) has the same homotopy type of X since \(\mathbb {S}^\infty \) is contractible. Moreover, since \(\theta _\infty \) is a free involution, also the composed involution \(\tau \times \theta _\infty \) is free, independently of \(\tau \). Let \(\mathcal {R}\) be any commutative ring (e. g. , \(\mathbb {R},\mathbb {Z},\mathbb {Z}_2,\ldots \)). The equivariant cohomology ring of \((X,\tau )\) with coefficients in \(\mathcal {R}\) is defined as
More precisely, each equivariant cohomology group \(H^j_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(X,\mathcal {R})\) is given by the singular cohomology group \(H^j({X}_{\sim \tau },\mathcal {R})\) of the homotopy quotient \({X}_{\sim \tau }\) with coefficients in \(\mathcal {R}\) and the ring structure is given, as usual, by the cup product. As the coefficients of the usual singular cohomology are generalized to local coefficients (see, e. g. , [39, Section 3.H] or [24, Section 5]), the coefficients of the Borel equivariant cohomology are also generalized to local coefficients. Given an involutive space \((X,\tau )\) let us consider the homotopy group \(\pi _1({X}_{\sim \tau })\) and the associated group ring \(\mathbb {Z}[\pi _1({X}_{\sim \tau })]\). Each module \(\mathcal {Z}\) over the group \(\mathbb {Z}[\pi _1({X}_{\sim \tau })]\) is, by definition, a local system on \(X_{\sim \tau }\). Using this local system one defines, as usual, the equivariant cohomology with local coefficients in \(\mathcal {Z}\):
We are particularly interested in modules \(\mathcal {Z}\) whose underlying groups are identifiable with \(\mathbb {Z}\). For each involutive space \((X,\tau )\), there always exists a particular family of local systems \(\mathbb {Z}(m)\) labeled by \(m\in \mathbb {Z}\). Here \(\mathbb {Z}(m)\simeq X\times \mathbb {Z}\) denotes the \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-equivariant local system on \((X,\tau )\) made equivariant by the \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-action \((x,l)\mapsto (\tau (x),(-1)^ml)\). Because the module structure depends only on the parity of m, we consider only the \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-modules \({\mathbb {Z}}(0)\) and \({\mathbb {Z}}(1)\). Since \({\mathbb {Z}}(0)\) corresponds to the case of the trivial action of \(\pi _1(X_{\sim \tau })\) on \(\mathbb {Z}\) one has \(H^k_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(X,\mathbb {Z}(0))\simeq H^k_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(X,\mathbb {Z})\) [24, Section 5.2].
We recall the two important group isomorphisms
involving the first two equivariant cohomology groups. The first isomorphism [34, Proposition A.2] says that the first equivariant cohomology group is isomorphic to the set of \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-equivariant homotopy classes of \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-equivariant maps \(\varphi :X\rightarrow \mathbb {U}(1)\) where the involution on \(\mathbb {U}(1)\) is induced by the complex conjugation, i. e. , \(\varphi (\tau (x))=\overline{\varphi (x)}\). The second isomorphism is due to Kahn [43] and expresses the equivalence between the Picard group of “Real” line bundles (in the sense of [5, 18]) over \((X,\tau )\) and the second equivariant cohomology group of this space. There are two important results that have been used in this work.
Lemma A.1
Let \(\mathbb {Z}_2\) be identified with the space \(\{\pm 1\}\) endowed with the free flipping involution and X a space endowed with any involution \(\tau \). The following fact holds true:
In particular, \(H^k_{\mathbb {Z}_2}(\mathbb {Z}_2, \mathbb {Z}(1)) = 0\) for \(k\geqslant 1\).
Proof
Let \(g : X \times \mathbb {Z}_2 \rightarrow X \times \mathbb {Z}_2\) be a map given by \(g(1, x) = (1, \tau (x))\) and \(g(-1, x) = (-1, x)\). Then g is a \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-equivariant homeomorphism from the space \(\mathbb {Z}_2 \times X\) with the involution \((\pm 1, x) \mapsto (\mp 1, \tau (x))\) to the space \(\mathbb {Z}_2 \times X\) with the involution \((\pm 1, x) \mapsto (\mp 1, x)\). Hence, we can assume that the involution \(\tau \) on X is trivial from the beginning.
One has that
for the ordinary cohomology and
for the equivariant cohomology with fixed coefficients. The exact sequence [34, Proposition 2.3] in this special case reads
where f, which originally is the homomorphism which forgets the \(\mathbb {Z}_2\)-action, acts as the diagonal map under the identifications (A.3) and (A.4). Then f turns out to be injective and the exact sequence (A.5) splits as
proving the claim. \(\square \)
The fixed point subset \(X^\tau \subset X\) is closed and \(\tau \)-invariant and the inclusion \(\imath :X^\tau \hookrightarrow X\) extends to an inclusion \(\imath :X^\tau _{\sim \tau }\hookrightarrow X_{\sim \tau }\) of the respective homotopy quotients. The relative equivariant cohomology can be defined as usual by the identification
Consequently, one has the related long exact sequence in cohomology
where the map \(r:=\imath ^*\) restricts cochains on X to cochains on \(X^\tau \). The k-th cokernel of r is by definition
Let us point out that with the same construction one can define relative cohomology theories \(H^\bullet _{\mathbb {Z}_2}(X|Y,\mathcal {Z})\) for each \(\tau \)-invariant subset \(Y\subset X^\tau \). If 
then 
by definition; hence, it is reasonable to put 
for consistency with the above long exact sequence. The case \(Y:=\{*\}\) of a single invariant point is important since it defines the reduced cohomology theory
In this case, the obvious surjectivity of the map r at each step of the exact sequence (A.6) justifies the isomorphism
When the system of coefficients is \(\mathcal {Z}=\mathbb {Z}(1)\) or \(\mathcal {Z}=\mathbb {Z}\), equation (A.7) simplifies by using the explicit computations [18, Section 5.1]
and
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De Nittis, G., Gomi, K. The FKMM-invariant in low dimension. Lett Math Phys 108, 1225–1277 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11005-017-1029-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11005-017-1029-9