Abstract
A brief introduction is given to nanomedicine, an emerging paradigm intersecting two burgeoning fields of nanotechnology and medicine. It covers the application of nanomedicine in diagnostics and therapy of a wide range of diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular, orthopaedics, and neurodegenerative disorders. A wide range of nanomaterials, nanoparticles and biomaterials for these applications are discussed.
Access provided by Autonomous University of Puebla. Download chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Keywords
- Nanoparticles
- Nanomedicine
- 2D nanomaterials
- Quantum dots
- Diagnostics
- Therapy
- Cancer
- Neurodegenerative disorders
- Cardiovascular diseases
- Orthopaedics
1.1 Nanomedicine
Nanomedicine is a field of interdisciplinary science that integrates physical, chemical, and engineering sciences, utilizing nanotechnology (functional nanomaterials, and structures at the nanometer scale between 1 and 100 nm) and medicine (drugs, imaging tools and delivery devices) for disease diagnosis and therapy.
Today, nanomedicine is a buzzword for a variety of diseases including cancer (Chow and Ho 2013; Min et al. 2015; Chen et al. 2017; Liu et al. 2017; Nam et al. 2019), cardiovascular (PA Ferreira et al. 2015; Di Mauro et al. 2016), orthopaedics (Mazaheri et al. 2015; Perli et al. 2017), dental (Besinis et al. 2015; Padovani et al. 2015; Chieruzzi et al. 2016; Priyadarshini et al. 2016; Fawzy et al. 2017; Priyadarshini et al. 2017), kidney (Marom et al. 2012; Kamaly et al. 2016; Williams et al. 2016), and neurodegenerative diseases (Goldsmith et al. 2014; Saraiva et al. 2016; Tapeinos et al. 2017; Teleanu et al. 2019a).
1.1.1 Nanomaterials for Cancer Nanomedicine
In cancer nanomedicine, a wide range of nanomaterials including two-dimensional 2D MoS2/Bi2S3 (Liu et al. 2014; Wang et al. 2015a, b; Song et al. 2016), MnO2 nanosheets (Chen et al. 2014f), graphene oxide (Chen et al. 2014e), transition metal dichalcogenide nanomaterials (Gong et al. 2017) have been developed extensively for therapeutic and diagnostic (i.e. theranostics) applications of cancer (Peng et al. 2017). Nanotechnology assisted approaches for stem cell differentiation, tracking, labelling, and therapy have been delineated in recent reviews by our group (Nanda et al. 2017; Yi et al. 2017).
Different nanoparticles (NPs) have been designed for nanomedicine over the last decade. Metallic NPs (e.g. Au, Ag, Pd, Pt, Cu) have been used as plasmonic nanosensors or surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) probes for label-free ultrasensitive molecular detection of body fluids (Kosaka et al. 2014; Bui et al. 2015; Lane et al. 2015; Langer et al. 2015; Jeong et al. 2016; Yang et al. 2016b; Xie et al. 2017). Conversely, semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have been extensively used for biological applications (Mattoussi et al. 2000; Gao et al. 2004; Medintz et al. 2005; Chang and Rosenthal 2012).
Despite toxicity issues related to heavy metal cadmium, even today, semiconducting NPs such as CdSe/ZnS QDs are the best diagnostic agents for in-vitro cell labelling and in-vivo animal imaging studies, thanks to their excellent optical properties and stabilities (Yen and Selvan 2015; Freyer et al. 2019; Hanifi et al. 2019; Ondry et al. 2019) Alternate non-cadmium based QDs have emerged in response to combat heavy metal Cd-based cytotoxicity (Xu et al. 2016). For example, Mn-doped ZnS QDs have been used as protein sensors (Wu et al. 2013), used for detection of H2S (Wu et al. 2014) and dopamine (Diaz-Diestra et al. 2017) in biological samples, and as imaging probes for intracellular Zn2+ ions (Ren et al. 2011). Earlier, our group contributed to the grafting of Mn-doped ZnS nanocrystals and anticancer drug (doxorubicin) onto graphene oxide for cell labelling and delivery (Dinda et al. 2016). Conversely, molybdenum disulfide QDs (Liu et al. 2018) has been used for the detection of dopamine.
Recently, ZnO nanowires and nanocomposites (e.g., Ag–ZnO) have shown great potentials in the detection of cancer biomarkers such as RNA, DNA, proteins, and extracellular vesicles (Guo et al. 2018; Paisrisarn et al. 2022; Chattrairat et al. 2023; Huang et al. 2023; Jung et al. 2023). It is worth mentioning here the application of ZnO and TiO2 nanostructures for the biosensing of proteins using the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) approach (Adesoye and Dellinger 2022).
Multifunctional NPs for multimodal bioimaging incorporating optical imaging using NIR emitting QDs or up-conversion luminescence, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and therapy (Lee et al. 2012) (photodynamic, photothermal, targeted drug delivery (Liu et al. 2015), pH‐triggered on‐demand drug release (Wang et al. 2015c) etc.), have attracted immense interest (Chen et al. 2014d; Wu et al. 2015; Li and Chen 2016; Duan et al. 2017; Amirav et al. 2019). We have also pioneered the synthesis of bifunctional nanomaterials (fluorescent QDs, magnetic iron oxide, up-conversion, and magnetic/antibacterial NPs) for bimodal imaging (optical and MRI) and therapeutic applications (Selvan et al. 2007; Ang et al. 2009; Selvan et al. 2009; Das et al. 2010; Selvan 2010; Zhang et al. 2014). Carbon nanodots (Bhunia et al. 2013; Shi et al. 2015; Xu et al. 2015) and graphene QDs (Zhang et al. 2012; Zheng et al. 2015a, b; Yang et al. 2016a; Yao et al. 2016; Yan et al. 2019) have been extensively explored as bioimaging probes. Interestingly, carbon dots have recently emerged as a potential candidate system in nanomedicine to protect the cells from oxidative stress, eliminating intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Xu et al. 2015). It is worth mentioning here the use of ceria–zirconia NPs as a therapeutic nanomedicine for treating ROS-related inflammatory diseases such as sepsis (Soh et al. 2017). Several ROS-mediated nanomedicine systems have been delineated recently (Yang et al. 2019; Ding et al. 2023; Naik and David 2023).
Notable advances have been made in the synthesis of different magnetic NPs (MNPs) (e.g., Fe3O4, Fe2O3, FePt, Co), and their nanostructures and composites. (Yen et al. 2013b; Yen et al. 2015; Kang et al. 2017; Wang et al. 2018; Yang et al. 2018; Ray et al. 2019; Satpathy et al. 2019; Esthar et al. 2023; Liu et al. 2023).
These magnetic nanocomposites can be used as drug carriers (Farmanbar et al. 2022; Turrina et al. 2022; Esthar et al. 2023; Liu et al. 2023), hyperthermia agents (Ansari et al. 2022; Shabalkin et al. 2023), and MRI contrast agents (Cheraghali et al. 2023; Jiang et al. 2023) in cancer diagnosis/bioimaging (Mohapatra et al. 2023) and therapy (Su et al. 2023; Vangijzegem et al. 2023). Iron oxide NPs combined radioisotopes (e.g., Tc-99 m) can be used as dual modality contrast agents for the high spatial resolution of MRI applications combined with high sensitivity single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET) (Karageorgou et al. 2023).
Upconversion NPs (UCNPs) (e.g. NaYF4:Er, NaGdF4:Er) are another interesting class of materials utilized extensively for bioimaging, owing to their stable luminescence; and fabricated as core–shell NPs (Dou et al. 2015) or multifunctional NPs for bioimaging, and photodynamic therapy (PDT) (Idris et al. 2012; Chen et al. 2014a; Wang et al. 2015b; Zhou et al. 2015; Zhou et al. 2016; Xu et al. 2017; Liu et al. 2019b; Zhang et al. 2019). Other polymeric NPs (Ang et al. 2014), hybrid NPs (Nguyen and Zhao 2015; Zhang et al. 2017), and multifunctional NPs derived from small organic building blocks (Xing and Zhao 2016) have considerably contributed to nanomedicine. Conversely, rare-earth oxide NPs (e.g. gadolinium oxide) found their potential uses in MRI and chemotherapy (Wu et al. 2019).
Although metallic NPs such as Au, Ag are synthesized in water directly, most of other NPs such QDs, UCNPs, MNPs are synthesized in presence of organic ligands at temperatures over 200 °C, resulting in hydrophobic NPs. Different coating methods have been developed to make these hydrophobic NPs water soluble. Today, the stabilization of NPs in water and biological media has become a matured strategy, thanks to a wide variety of coating strategies that exist in the literature. This includes silica (Mulvaney et al. 2000; Gerion et al. 2001; Selvan et al. 2004; Darbandi et al. 2005; Selvan et al. 2005; Yi et al. 2005; Zhelev et al. 2006; Tan et al. 2007), polymer (Hong et al. 2012; Wang et al. 2013; Yen et al. 2013a; Chen et al. 2014b; Topete et al. 2014; Palui et al. 2015), peptides (Narayanan et al. 2013; Chen, Li et al. 2014c; Yang et al. 2017; Zhang et al. 2018), lipids/liposomes (Medintz et al. 2005; Murcia et al. 2008; Weng et al. 2008; Al-Jamal et al. 2009; Tian et al. 2011), proteins (Mattoussi et al. 2000; Chithrani and Chan 2007; Yang et al. 2013; Hu et al. 2014; Tay et al. 2014; Sasaki et al. 2015; Scaletti et al. 2018), antibodies (Goldman et al. 2002; Medintz et al. 2005; Snyder et al. 2009), and enzymes (Kong et al. 2016) for the stabilization of NPs. Hydrophobic ligands such as HDA can also be used for the stabilization of Au NRs and heterostructures (Cheng et al. 2014; He et al. 2014).
1.2 Challenges and Advancements of Nanomaterials for Nanomedicine
In general, nanomaterials in biomedical applications pose an important concern: what are the safety concerns of nanomaterials? How do we address the growing needs of ageing population with neurodegenerative disorders, and early diagnosis and therapeutic measures for diseases like cancer? This Book attempts to address the above concerns with the advent of nanomedicine. Compared to cancer nanomedicine, the application of nanomedicine in neurodegenerative diseases is still in its infancy state. The biggest challenge in neurodegenerative diseases is to tackle the permeability of blood-brain-barrier (BBB) and deliver therapeutic drugs to the brain (Ramanathan et al. 2018). Toward this goal, nanoscale materials have been developed and used either as bio-labelling agents or as therapeutic carriers, and in some cases as neuroprotective agents for neurodegenerative diseases (Goldsmith et al. 2014; Saraiva et al. 2016; Teleanu et al. 2019b; Liu et al. 2019a; Le Floc’h et al. 2019).
This Brief focuses mainly on the application of nanomedicine in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. It also attempts to cover the application of nanomedicine in other emerging areas such as orthopaedics, and cardiac diseases (Fig. 1.1).
Applications of nanomedicine in cancer, orthopaedics, neurodegenerative, and cardiac diseases
1.2.1 Nanomedicine Advancements in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Some of the recent advancements (See Chap. 2) in cancer diagnosis (e.g., multimodal tumor imaging) and therapy (e.g., combined therapies involving either photothermal, chemotherapy, photodynamic or immunotherapy) have been made using 2D nanomaterials (Chen et al. 2020; Ding et al. 2020) (e.g., MoS2/Bi2S3 nanocomposites (Wang et al. 2015a; Wang et al. 2019), molybdenum oxide nanosheets (Song et al. 2016; Wang et al. 2023b), MoS2 nanosheets (Liu et al. 2014; Murugan and Park 2023), MnO2 nanomaterials (Chen et al. 2014f; Tan et al. 2017; Ding et al. 2020), doped graphene nanosheets (Lu et al. 2022), graphene oxide‐based multifunctional nanomaterials (Gonçalves et al. 2013; Chen, Xu et al. 2014e; Gu et al. 2019; Itoo et al. 2022), and multifunctional Au-based nanomaterials (Ouyang et al. 2023; Wang et al. 2023c), and magnetic nanomaterials (Mukherjee et al. 2020; Liu et al. 2021).
Chapter 3 deals with different nanomedicine approaches for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Design of inorganic NPs (e.g., Au, ZnO, MoS2, CeO2) and organic NPs (e.g., curcumin, green tea polyphenol- EGCG) for inhibiting the amyloid aggregation and tau hyperphosphorylation associated with the AD are discussed (Han et al. 2017; Shukla et al. 2021; Tamil Selvan et al. 2021). Different NP-based drug delivery approaches (e.g., apolipoprotein, peptides, dendrimers) to the delivery of CNS drugs across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) are also discussed (Tapeinos et al. 2017; Arvanitis et al. 2020; Loch et al. 2023).
1.2.2 Nanomedicine Advancements in Orthopaedics and Cardiovascular Diseases
Chapter 4 addresses nanomedicine and tissue engineering approaches for orthopaedics. Bone mimicking scaffolds composed of polymers (e.g., polycaprolactone, polylactic acid, chitosan) and inorganic nanomaterials (e.g., reduced graphene oxide rGO, hydroxyapatite) (Seyedsalehi et al. 2020), and zwitterionic chitosan/β-tricalcium phosphate hydrogel/GO scaffolds (Wang et al. 2023a) for bone tissue engineering applications are covered. Orthopaedic drug delivery systems using dextran/β-tricalcium phosphate nanocomposite hydrogel scaffolds (Ghaffari et al. 2020), and chitosan-vancomycin hydrogel bone repair scaffold (Gao et al. 2023) are also delineated.
Chapter 5 delineates the applications of nanomedicine in diagnostics and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Recent developments in multifunctional NPs (Kleinstreuer et al. 2018), nano/biomaterials and devices to diagnose and treat a variety of CVDs with the attributes of mechanical, conductive, and biological requirements are discussed (Liu et al. 2020; Saeed et al. 2023).
Chapter 6 provides conclusions and perspectives on different types of emerging nanomaterials and NPs as theranostic tools for cancer, neurodegenerative, orthopaedic, and cardiac diseases.
References
Adesoye S, Dellinger K (2022) ZnO and TiO2 nanostructures for surface-enhanced Raman scattering-based biosensing: a review. Sens Bio-Sens Res 100499
Al-Jamal WT, Al-Jamal KT, Tian B, Cakebread A, Halket JM, Kostarelos K (2009) Tumor targeting of functionalized quantum dot—liposome hybrids by intravenous administration. Mol Pharm 6(2):520–530
Amirav L, Berlin S, Olszakier S, Pahari SK, Kahn I (2019) Multi-modal nano particle labeling of neurons. Front Neurosci 13:12
Ang CY, Giam L, Chan ZM, Lin AW, Gu H, Devlin E, Papaefthymiou GC, Selvan ST, Ying JY (2009) Facile synthesis of Fe2O3 nanocrystals without Fe (CO) 5 precursor and one-pot synthesis of highly fluorescent Fe2O3–CdSe nanocomposites. Adv Mater 21(8):869–873
Ang CY, Tan SY, Wang X, Zhang Q, Khan M, Bai L, Selvan ST, Ma X, Zhu L, Nguyen KT (2014) Supramolecular nanoparticle carriers self-assembled from cyclodextrin-and adamantane-functionalized polyacrylates for tumor-targeted drug delivery. J Mater Chem B 2(13):1879–1890
Ansari SR, Hempel N-J, Asad S, Svedlindh P, Bergström CA, Löbmann K, Teleki A (2022) Hyperthermia-induced in situ drug amorphization by superparamagnetic nanoparticles in oral dosage forms. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 14(19):21978–21988
Arvanitis CD, Ferraro GB, Jain RK (2020) The blood–brain barrier and blood–tumour barrier in brain tumours and metastases. Nat Rev Cancer 20(1):26–41
Besinis A, De Peralta T, Tredwin CJ, Handy RD (2015) Review of nanomaterials in dentistry: interactions with the oral microenvironment, clinical applications, hazards, and benefits. ACS Nano 9(3):2255–2289
Bhunia SK, Saha A, Maity AR, Ray SC, Jana NR (2013) Carbon nanoparticle-based fluorescent bioimaging probes. Sci Rep 3:1473
Bui M-PN, Ahmed S, Abbas A (2015) Single-digit pathogen and attomolar detection with the naked eye using liposome-amplified plasmonic immunoassay. Nano Lett 15(9):6239–6246
Chang JC, Rosenthal SJ (2012) Visualization of lipid raft membrane compartmentalization in living RN46A neuronal cells using single quantum dot tracking. ACS Chem Neurosci 3(10):737–743
Chattrairat K, Yasui T, Suzuki S, Natsume A, Nagashima K, Iida M, Zhang M, Shimada T, Kato A, Aoki K, Ohka F, Yamazaki S, Yanagida T, Baba Y (2023) All-in-one nanowire assay system for capture and analysis of extracellular vesicles from an ex vivo brain tumor model. ACS Nano 17(3):2235–2244
Chen G, Qiu H, Prasad PN, Chen X (2014a) Upconversion nanoparticles: design, nanochemistry, and applications in theranostics. Chem Rev 114(10):5161–5214
Chen G, Tian F, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Li C, Wang Q (2014b) Tracking of transplanted human mesenchymal stem cells in living mice using near-infrared Ag2S quantum dots. Adv Func Mater 24(17):2481–2488
Chen H, Li B, Zhang M, Sun K, Wang Y, Peng K, Ao M, Guo Y, Gu Y (2014c) Characterization of tumor-targeting Ag2S quantum dots for cancer imaging and therapy in vivo. Nanoscale 6(21):12580–12590
Chen O, Riedemann L, Etoc F, Herrmann H, Coppey M, Barch M, Farrar CT, Zhao J, Bruns OT, Wei H (2014d) Magneto-fluorescent core-shell supernanoparticles. Nat Commun 5:5093
Chen Y, Xu P, Shu Z, Wu M, Wang L, Zhang S, Zheng Y, Chen H, Wang J, Li Y (2014e) Multifunctional graphene oxide-based triple stimuli-responsive nanotheranostics. Adv Func Mater 24(28):4386–4396
Chen Y, Ye D, Wu M, Chen H, Zhang L, Shi J, Wang L (2014f) Break-up of two-dimensional MnO2 nanosheets promotes ultrasensitive pH-triggered theranostics of cancer. Adv Mater 26(41):7019–7026
Chen Y, Wu Y, Sun B, Liu S, Liu H (2017) Two-dimensional nanomaterials for cancer nanotheranostics. Small 13(10):1603446
Chen J, Fan T, Xie Z, Zeng Q, Xue P, Zheng T, Chen Y, Luo X, Zhang H (2020) Advances in nanomaterials for photodynamic therapy applications: status and challenges. Biomaterials 237:119827
Cheng K, Kothapalli S-R, Liu H, Koh AL, Jokerst JV, Jiang H, Yang M, Li J, Levi J, Wu JC (2014) Construction and validation of nano gold tripods for molecular imaging of living subjects. J Am Chem Soc 136(9):3560–3571
Cheraghali S, Dini G, Caligiuri I, Back M, Rizzolio F (2023) PEG-coated MnZn ferrite nanoparticles with hierarchical structure as MRI contrast agent. Nanomaterials 13(3):452
Chieruzzi M, Pagano S, Moretti S, Pinna R, Milia E, Torre L, Eramo S (2016) Nanomaterials for tissue engineering in dentistry. Nanomaterials 6(7):134
Chithrani BD, Chan WC (2007) Elucidating the mechanism of cellular uptake and removal of protein-coated gold nanoparticles of different sizes and shapes. Nano Lett 7(6):1542–1550
Chow EK-H, Ho D (2013) Cancer nanomedicine: from drug delivery to imaging. Sci Transl Med 5(216):216rv214–216rv214
Darbandi M, Thomann R, Nann T (2005) Single quantum dots in silica spheres by microemulsion synthesis. Chem Mater 17(23):5720–5725
Das GK, Heng BC, Ng S-C, White T, Loo JSC, D’Silva L, Padmanabhan P, Bhakoo KK, Selvan ST, Tan TTY (2010) Gadolinium oxide ultranarrow nanorods as multimodal contrast agents for optical and magnetic resonance imaging. Langmuir 26(11):8959–8965
Di Mauro V, Iafisco M, Salvarani N, Vacchiano M, Carullo P, Ramírez-Rodríguez GB, Patrício T, Tampieri A, Miragoli M, Catalucci D (2016) Bioinspired negatively charged calcium phosphate nanocarriers for cardiac delivery of MicroRNAs. Nanomedicine 11(8):891–906
Diaz-Diestra D, Thapa B, Beltran-Huarac J, Weiner BR, Morell G (2017) L-cysteine capped ZnS: Mn quantum dots for room-temperature detection of dopamine with high sensitivity and selectivity. Biosens Bioelectron 87:693–700
Dinda S, Kakran M, Zeng J, Sudhaharan T, Ahmed S, Das D, Selvan ST (2016) Grafting of ZnS: Mn-doped nanocrystals and an anticancer drug onto graphene oxide for delivery and cell labeling. ChemPlusChem 81(1):100–107
Ding B, Zheng P, Ma P, Lin J (2020) Manganese oxide nanomaterials: synthesis, properties, and theranostic applications. Adv Mater 32(10):1905823
Ding Y, Ye B, Sun Z, Mao Z, Wang W (2023) Reactive oxygen species-mediated pyroptosis with the help of nanotechnology: prospects for cancer therapy. Adv NanoBiomed Res 3(1):2200077
Dou QQ, Rengaramchandran A, Selvan ST, Paulmurugan R, Zhang Y (2015) Core–shell upconversion nanoparticle–semiconductor heterostructures for photodynamic therapy. Sci Rep 5:8252
Duan S, Yang Y, Zhang C, Zhao N, Xu FJ (2017) NIR-responsive polycationic gatekeeper-cloaked hetero-nanoparticles for multimodal imaging-guided triple-combination therapy of cancer. Small 13(9):1603133
Esthar S, Rajesh J, Ayyanaar S, Kumar GGV, Thanigaivel S, Webster TJ, Rajagopal G (2023) An anti-inflammatory controlled nano drug release and pH-responsive poly lactic acid appended magnetic nanosphere for drug delivery applications. Mater Today Commun 105365
Farmanbar N, Mohseni S, Darroudi M (2022) Green synthesis of chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles for drug delivery of oxaliplatin and irinotecan against colorectal cancer cells. Polym Bull 79(12):10595–10613
Fawzy A, Priyadarshini B, Selvan S, Lu TB, Neo J (2017) Proanthocyanidins-loaded nanoparticles enhance dentin degradation resistance. J Dent Res 96(7):780–789
Freyer A, Sercel P, Hou Z, Savitzky BH, Kourkoutis LF, Efros AL, Krauss TD (2019) Explaining the unusual photoluminescence of semiconductor nanocrystals doped via cation exchange. Nano Lett
Gao X, Cui Y, Levenson RM, Chung LW, Nie S (2004) In vivo cancer targeting and imaging with semiconductor quantum dots. Nat Biotechnol 22(8):969
Gao X, Xu Z, Li S, Cheng L, Xu D, Li L, Chen L, Xu Y, Liu Z, Liu Y (2023) Chitosan-vancomycin hydrogel incorporated bone repair scaffold based on staggered orthogonal structure: a viable dually controlled drug delivery system. RSC Adv 13(6):3759–3765
Gerion D, Pinaud F, Williams SC, Parak WJ, Zanchet D, Weiss S, Alivisatos AP (2001) Synthesis and properties of biocompatible water-soluble silica-coated CdSe/ZnS semiconductor quantum dots. J Phys Chem B 105(37):8861–8871
Ghaffari R, Salimi-Kenari H, Fahimipour F, Rabiee SM, Adeli H, Dashtimoghadam E (2020) Fabrication and characterization of dextran/nanocrystalline β-tricalcium phosphate nanocomposite hydrogel scaffolds. Int J Biol Macromol 148:434–448
Goldman ER, Balighian ED, Mattoussi H, Kuno MK, Mauro JM, Tran PT, Anderson GP (2002) Avidin: a natural bridge for quantum dot-antibody conjugates. J Am Chem Soc 124(22):6378–6382
Goldsmith M, Abramovitz L, Peer D (2014) Precision nanomedicine in neurodegenerative diseases. ACS Nano 8(3):1958–1965
Gonçalves G, Vila M, Portolés MT, Vallet-Regi M, Gracio J, Marques PAA (2013) Nano-graphene oxide: a potential multifunctional platform for cancer therapy. Adv Healthcare Mater 2(8):1072–1090
Gong L, Yan L, Zhou R, Xie J, Wu W, Gu Z (2017) Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide nanomaterials for combination cancer therapy. J Mater Chem B 5(10):1873–1895
Gu Z, Zhu S, Yan L, Zhao F, Zhao Y (2019) Graphene-based smart platforms for combined Cancer therapy. Adv Mater 31(9):1800662
Guo L, Shi Y, Liu X, Han Z, Zhao Z, Chen Y, Xie W, Li X (2018) Enhanced fluorescence detection of proteins using ZnO nanowires integrated inside microfluidic chips. Biosens Bioelectron 99:368–374
Han Q, Cai S, Yang L, Wang X, Qi C, Yang R, Wang C (2017) Molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles as multifunctional inhibitors against Alzheimer’s disease. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9(25):21116–21123
Hanifi DA, Bronstein ND, Koscher BA, Nett Z, Swabeck JK, Takano K, Schwartzberg AM, Maserati L, Vandewal K, van de Burgt Y (2019) Redefining near-unity luminescence in quantum dots with photothermal threshold quantum yield. Science 363(6432):1199–1202
He R, Wang Y-C, Wang X, Wang Z, Liu G, Zhou W, Wen L, Li Q, Wang X, Chen X (2014) Facile synthesis of pentacle gold–copper alloy nanocrystals and their plasmonic and catalytic properties. Nat Commun 5:4327
Hong G, Robinson JT, Zhang Y, Diao S, Antaris AL, Wang Q, Dai H (2012) In vivo fluorescence imaging with Ag2S quantum dots in the second near-infrared region. Angew Chem Int Ed 51(39):9818–9821
Hu T, Liu X, Liu S, Wang Z, Tang Z (2014) Toward understanding of transfer mechanism between electrochemiluminescent dyes and luminescent quantum dots. Anal Chem 86(8):3939–3946
Huang S, Wang L, Wang M, Zhao J, Zhang C, Ma L-Y, Jiang M, Xu L, Yu X (2023) Highly sensitive detection of extracellular vesicles on ZnO nanorods integrated microarray chips with cascade signal amplification and portable glucometer readout. Sens Actuators, B Chem 375:132878
Idris NM, Gnanasammandhan MK, Zhang J, Ho PC, Mahendran R, Zhang Y (2012) In vivo photodynamic therapy using upconversion nanoparticles as remote-controlled nanotransducers. Nat Med 18(10):1580
Itoo AM, Vemula SL, Gupta MT, Giram MV, Kumar SA, Ghosh B, Biswas S (2022) Multifunctional graphene oxide nanoparticles for drug delivery in cancer. J Control Release 350:26–59
Jeong H-H, Mark AG, Alarcón-Correa M, Kim I, Oswald P, Lee T-C, Fischer P (2016) Dispersion and shape engineered plasmonic nanosensors. Nat Commun 7:11331
Jiang L, Zheng R, Zeng N, Wu C, Su H (2023) In situ self-assembly of amphiphilic dextran micelles and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle-loading as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. Regenerative Biomater 10
Jung Y, Kim J, Kim NH, Kim HG (2023) Ag–ZnO nanocomposites as a 3D metal-enhanced fluorescence substrate for the fluorescence detection of DNA. ACS Appl Nano Mater
Kamaly N, He JC, Ausiello DA, Farokhzad OC (2016) Nanomedicines for renal disease: current status and future applications. Nat Rev Nephrol 12(12):738
Kang T, Li F, Baik S, Shao W, Ling D, Hyeon T (2017) Surface design of magnetic nanoparticles for stimuli-responsive cancer imaging and therapy. Biomaterials 136:98–114
Karageorgou M-A, Bouziotis P, Stiliaris E, Stamopoulos D (2023) Radiolabeled iron oxide nanoparticles as dual modality contrast agents in SPECT/MRI and PET/MRI. Nanomaterials 13(3):503
Kleinstreuer C, Chari SV, Vachhani S (2018) Potential use of multifunctional nanoparticles for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. J Cardiol Cardiovasc Sci 2(3)
Kong Y, Chen J, Fang H, Heath G, Wo Y, Wang W, Li Y, Guo Y, Evans SD, Chen S (2016) Highly fluorescent ribonuclease-A-encapsulated lead sulfide quantum dots for ultrasensitive fluorescence in vivo imaging in the second near-infrared window. Chem Mater 28(9):3041–3050
Kosaka PM, Pini V, Ruz JJ, Da Silva R, González M, Ramos D, Calleja M, Tamayo J (2014) Detection of cancer biomarkers in serum using a hybrid mechanical and optoplasmonic nanosensor. Nat Nanotechnol 9(12):1047
Lane LA, Qian X, Nie S (2015) SERS nanoparticles in medicine: from label-free detection to spectroscopic tagging. Chem Rev 115(19):10489–10529
Langer J, Novikov SM, Liz-Marzán LM (2015) Sensing using plasmonic nanostructures and nanoparticles. Nanotechnology 26(32):322001
Le Floc’h J, Lu HD, Lim TL, Démoré C, Prud’homme RK, Hynynen K, Foster FS (2019) Transcranial photoacoustic detection of blood-brain barrier disruption following focused ultrasound-mediated nanoparticle delivery. Mol Imaging Biol 1–11
Lee D-E, Koo H, Sun I-C, Ryu JH, Kim K, Kwon IC (2012) Multifunctional nanoparticles for multimodal imaging and theragnosis. Chem Soc Rev 41(7):2656–2672
Li X, Chen L (2016) Fluorescence probe based on an amino-functionalized fluorescent magnetic nanocomposite for detection of folic acid in serum. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 8(46):31832–31840
Liu T, Wang C, Gu X, Gong H, Cheng L, Shi X, Feng L, Sun B, Liu Z (2014) Drug delivery with PEGylated MoS2 nano-sheets for combined photothermal and chemotherapy of cancer. Adv Mater 26(21):3433–3440
Liu B, Li C, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Hou Z, Huang S, Lin J (2015) Multifunctional NaYF4: Yb, Er@ mSiO2@ Fe3O4-PEG nanoparticles for UCL/MR bioimaging and magnetically targeted drug delivery. Nanoscale 7(5):1839–1848
Liu T-M, Conde J, Lipiński T, Bednarkiewicz A, Huang C-C (2017) Smart NIR linear and nonlinear optical nanomaterials for cancer theranostics: prospects in photomedicine. Prog Mater Sci 88:89–135
Liu X, Zhang W, Huang L, Hu N, Liu W, Liu Y, Li S, Yang C, Suo Y, Wang J (2018) Fluorometric determination of dopamine by using molybdenum disulfide quantum dots. Microchim Acta 185(4):234
Liu X-G, Sun Y-Q, Bian J, Han T, Yue D-D, Li D-Q, Gao P-Y (2019a) Neuroprotective effects of triterpenoid saponins from Medicago sativa L. against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y cells. Bioorg Chem 83:468–476
Liu Y, Meng X, Bu W (2019b) Upconversion-based photodynamic cancer therapy. Coord Chem Rev 379:82–98
Liu S, Chen X, Bao L, Liu T, Yuan P, Yang X, Qiu X, Gooding JJ, Bai Y, Xiao J (2020) Treatment of infarcted heart tissue via the capture and local delivery of circulating exosomes through antibody-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles. Nat Biomed Eng 4(11):1063–1075
Liu X, Zhang H, Zhang T, Wang Y, Jiao W, Lu X, Gao X, Xie M, Shan Q, Wen N (2021) Magnetic nanomaterials-mediated cancer diagnosis and therapy. Prog Biomed Eng 4(1):012005
Liu Z, Wang X, Chen X, Cui L, Li Z, Bai Z, Lin K, Yang J, Tian F (2023) Construction of pH-responsive polydopamine coated magnetic layered hydroxide nanostructure for intracellular drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 182:12–20
Loch RA, Wang H, Marín AP, Berger P, Nielsen H, Chroni A, Luo J (2023) Cross interactions between apolipoprotein E and amyloid proteins in neurodegenerative diseases. Comput Struct Biotechnol J
Lu H, Li W, Qiu P, Zhang X, Qin J, Cai Y, Lu X (2022) MnO2 doped graphene nanosheets for carotid body tumor combination therapy. Nanoscale Adv 4(20):4304–4313
Marom O, Nakhoul F, Tisch U, Shiban A, Abassi Z, Haick H (2012) Gold nanoparticle sensors for detecting chronic kidney disease and disease progression. Nanomedicine 7(5):639–650
Mattoussi H, Mauro JM, Goldman ER, Anderson GP, Sundar VC, Mikulec FV, Bawendi MG (2000) Self-assembly of CdSe−ZnS quantum dot bioconjugates using an engineered recombinant protein. J Am Chem Soc 122(49):12142–12150
Mazaheri M, Eslahi N, Ordikhani F, Tamjid E, Simchi A (2015) Nanomedicine applications in orthopedic medicine: state of the art. Int J Nanomed 10:6039
Medintz IL, Uyeda HT, Goldman ER, Mattoussi H (2005) Quantum dot bioconjugates for imaging, labelling and sensing. Nat Mater 4(6):435
Min Y, Caster JM, Eblan MJ, Wang AZ (2015) Clinical translation of nanomedicine. Chem Rev 115(19):11147–11190
Mohapatra J, Nigam S, George J, Arellano AC, Wang P, Liu JP (2023) Principles and applications of magnetic nanomaterials in magnetically guided bioimaging. Mater Today Phys 101003
Mukherjee S, Liang L, Veiseh O (2020) Recent advancements of magnetic nanomaterials in cancer therapy. Pharmaceutics 12(2):147
Mulvaney P, Liz-Marzan L, Giersig M, Ung T (2000) Silica encapsulation of quantum dots and metal clusters. J Mater Chem 10(6):1259–1270
Murcia MJ, Minner DE, Mustata G-M, Ritchie K, Naumann CA (2008) Design of quantum dot-conjugated lipids for long-term, high-speed tracking experiments on cell surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 130(45):15054–15062
Murugan C, Park S (2023) Cerium ferrite@ molybdenum disulfide nanozyme for intracellular ROS generation and photothermal-based cancer therapy. J Photochem Photobiol, A 437:114466
Naik J, David M (2023) ROS mediated apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human lung adenocarcinoma cell line by silver nanoparticles synthesized using Swietenia macrophylla seed extract. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 80:104084
Nam J, Son S, Park KS, Zou W, Shea LD, Moon JJ (2019) Cancer nanomedicine for combination cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Mater 1
Nanda SS, Kim MJ, Kim K, Papaefthymiou GC, Selvan ST, Yi DK (2017) Recent advances in biocompatible semiconductor nanocrystals for immunobiological applications. Colloids Surf, B 159:644–654
Narayanan K, Yen SK, Dou Q, Padmanabhan P, Sudhaharan T, Ahmed S, Ying JY, Selvan ST (2013) Mimicking cellular transport mechanism in stem cells through endosomal escape of new peptide-coated quantum dots. Sci Rep 3:2184
Nguyen KT, Zhao Y (2015) Engineered hybrid nanoparticles for on-demand diagnostics and therapeutics. Acc Chem Res 48(12):3016–3025
Ondry JC, Philbin JP, Lostica M, Rabani E, Alivisatos AP (2019) Resilient pathways to atomic attachment of quantum dot dimers and artificial solids from faceted CdSe quantum dot building blocks. ACS Nano
Ouyang R, Zhang Q, Cao P, Yang Y, Zhao Y, Liu B, Miao Y, Zhou S (2023) Efficient improvement in chemo/photothermal synergistic therapy against lung cancer using Bi@ Au nano-acanthospheres. Colloids Surf, B 222:113116
PA Ferreira M, Balasubramanian V, Hirvonen J, Ruskoaho H, Santos HA (2015) Advanced nanomedicines for the treatment and diagnosis of myocardial infarction and heart failure. Curr Drug Targets 16(14):1682–1697
Padovani GC, Feitosa VP, Sauro S, Tay FR, Durán G, Paula AJ, Durán N (2015) Advances in dental materials through nanotechnology: facts, perspectives and toxicological aspects. Trends Biotechnol 33(11):621–636
Paisrisarn P, Yasui T, Zhu Z, Klamchuen A, Kasamechonchung P, Wutikhun T, Yordsri V, Baba Y (2022) Tailoring ZnO nanowire crystallinity and morphology for label-free capturing of extracellular vesicles. Nanoscale 14(12):4484–4494
Palui G, Aldeek F, Wang W, Mattoussi H (2015) Strategies for interfacing inorganic nanocrystals with biological systems based on polymer-coating. Chem Soc Rev 44(1):193–227
Peng Z, Han X, Li S, Al-Youbi AO, Bashammakh AS, El-Shahawi MS, Leblanc RM (2017) Carbon dots: biomacromolecule interaction, bioimaging and nanomedicine. Coord Chem Rev 343:256–277
Perli M, Karagkiozaki V, Pappa F, Moutsios I, Tzounis L, Zachariadis A, Gravalidis C, Laskarakis A, Logothetidis S (2017) Synthesis and characterization of Ag nanoparticles for orthopaedic applications. Mater Today: Proc 4(7):6889–6900
Priyadarshini B, Selvan S, Lu T, Xie H, Neo J, Fawzy A (2016) Chlorhexidine nanocapsule drug delivery approach to the resin-dentin interface. J Dent Res 95(9):1065–1072
Priyadarshini B, Selvan S, Narayanan K, Fawzy A (2017) Characterization of chlorhexidine-loaded calcium-hydroxide microparticles as a potential dental pulp-capping material. Bioengineering 4(3):59
Ramanathan S, Archunan G, Sivakumar M, Selvan ST, Fred AL, Kumar S, Gulyás B, Padmanabhan P (2018) Theranostic applications of nanoparticles in neurodegenerative disorders. Int J Nanomed 13:5561
Ray S, Cheng C-A, Chen W, Li Z, Zink JI, Lin Y-Y (2019) Magnetic heating stimulated cargo release with dose control using multifunctional MR and thermosensitive liposome. Nanotheranostics 3(2):166
Ren H-B, Wu B-Y, Chen J-T, Yan X-P (2011) Silica-coated S2—enriched manganese-doped ZnS quantum dots as a photoluminescence probe for imaging intracellular Zn2+ ions. Anal Chem 83(21):8239–8244
Saeed S, Khan SU, Gul R (2023) Nanoparticle: a promising player in nanomedicine and its theranostic applications for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Curr Probl Cardiol 101599
Saraiva C, Praça C, Ferreira R, Santos T, Ferreira L, Bernardino L (2016) Nanoparticle-mediated brain drug delivery: overcoming blood–brain barrier to treat neurodegenerative diseases. J Control Release 235:34–47
Sasaki A, Tsukasaki Y, Komatsuzaki A, Sakata T, Yasuda H, Jin T (2015) Recombinant protein (EGFP-Protein G)-coated PbS quantum dots for in vitro and in vivo dual fluorescence (visible and second-NIR) imaging of breast tumors. Nanoscale 7(12):5115–5119
Satpathy M, Wang L, Zielinski RJ, Qian W, Wang YA, Mohs AM, Kairdolf BA, Ji X, Capala J, Lipowska M (2019) Targeted drug delivery and image-guided therapy of heterogeneous ovarian cancer using HER2-targeted theranostic nanoparticles. Theranostics 9(3):778
Scaletti F, Hardie J, Lee Y-W, Luther DC, Ray M, Rotello VM (2018) Protein delivery into cells using inorganic nanoparticle–protein supramolecular assemblies. Chem Soc Rev 47(10):3421–3432
Selvan ST (2010) Silica-coated quantum dots and magnetic nanoparticles for bioimaging applications (mini-review). Biointerphases 5(3) FA110–FA115
Selvan ST, Li C, Ando M, Murase N (2004) Formation of luminescent CdTe–silica nanoparticles through an inverse microemulsion technique. Chem Lett 33(4):434–435
Selvan ST, Tan TT, Ying JY (2005) Robust, non-cytotoxic, silica-coated CdSe quantum dots with efficient photoluminescence. Adv Mater 17(13):1620–1625
Selvan ST, Patra PK, Ang CY, Ying JY (2007) Synthesis of silica-coated semiconductor and magnetic quantum dots and their use in the imaging of live cells. Angew Chem Int Ed 46(14):2448–2452
Selvan ST, Tan TTY, Yi DK, Jana NR (2009) Functional and multifunctional nanoparticles for bioimaging and biosensing. Langmuir 26(14):11631–11641
Seyedsalehi A, Daneshmandi L, Barajaa M, Riordan J, Laurencin CT (2020) Fabrication and characterization of mechanically competent 3D printed polycaprolactone-reduced graphene oxide scaffolds. Sci Rep 10(1):22210
Shabalkin ID, Komlev AS, Tsymbal SA, Burmistrov OI, Zverev VI, Krivoshapkin PV (2023) Multifunctional tunable ZnFe2O4@ MnFe2O4 nanoparticles for dual-mode MRI and combined magnetic hyperthermia with radiotherapy treatment. J Mater Chem B
Shi Y, Pan Y, Zhong J, Yang J, Zheng J, Cheng J, Song R, Yi C (2015) Facile synthesis of gadolinium (III) chelates functionalized carbon quantum dots for fluorescence and magnetic resonance dual-modal bioimaging. Carbon 93:742–750
Shukla R, Singh A, Handa M, Flora S, Kesharwani P (2021) Nanotechnological approaches for targeting amyloid-β aggregation with potential for neurodegenerative disease therapy and diagnosis. Drug Discovery Today 26(8):1972–1979
Snyder EL, Bailey D, Shipitsin M, Polyak K, Loda M (2009) Identification of CD44v6+/CD24—breast carcinoma cells in primary human tumors by quantum dot-conjugated antibodies. Lab Invest 89(8):857
Soh M, Kang DW, Jeong HG, Kim D, Kim DY, Yang W, Song C, Baik S, Choi IY, Ki SK (2017) Ceria–zirconia nanoparticles as an enhanced multi-antioxidant for sepsis treatment. Angew Chem Int Ed 56(38):11399–11403
Song G, Hao J, Liang C, Liu T, Gao M, Cheng L, Hu J, Liu Z (2016) Degradable molybdenum oxide nanosheets with rapid clearance and efficient tumor homing capabilities as a therapeutic nanoplatform. Angew Chem Int Ed 55(6):2122–2126
Su Y, Yang F, Wang M, Cheung PC (2023) Cancer immunotherapeutic effect of carboxymethylated β-d-glucan coupled with iron oxide nanoparticles via reprogramming tumor-associated macrophages. Int J Biol Macromol 228:692–705
Tamil Selvan S, Ravichandar R, Kanta Ghosh K, Mohan A, Mahalakshmi P, Gulyás B, Padmanabhan P (2021) Coordination chemistry of ligands: insights into the design of amyloid beta/tau-PET imaging probes and nanoparticles-based therapies for Alzheimer’s disease. Coord Chem Rev 430:213659
Tan TT, Selvan ST, Zhao L, Gao S, Ying JY (2007) Size control, shape evolution, and silica coating of near-infrared-emitting PbSe quantum dots. Chem Mater 19(13):3112–3117
Tan C, Cao X, Wu X-J, He Q, Yang J, Zhang X, Chen J, Zhao W, Han S, Nam G-H (2017) Recent advances in ultrathin two-dimensional nanomaterials. Chem Rev 117(9):6225–6331
Tapeinos C, Battaglini M, Ciofani G (2017) Advances in the design of solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers for targeting brain diseases. J Control Release 264:306–332
Tay CY, Setyawati MI, Xie J, Parak WJ, Leong DT (2014) Back to basics: exploiting the innate physico-chemical characteristics of nanomaterials for biomedical applications. Adv Func Mater 24(38):5936–5955
Teleanu DM, Chircov C, Grumezescu AM, Volceanov A, Teleanu RI (2019a) Contrast agents delivery: an up-to-date review of nanodiagnostics in neuroimaging. Nanomaterials 9(4):542
Teleanu DM, Negut I, Grumezescu V, Grumezescu AM, Teleanu RI (2019b) Nanomaterials for drug delivery to the central nervous system. Nanomaterials 9(3):371
Tian B, Al-Jamal KT, Kostarelos K (2011) Doxorubicin-loaded lipid-quantum dot hybrids: surface topography and release properties. Int J Pharm 416(2):443–447
Topete A, Alatorre-Meda M, Villar-Alvarez EM, Carregal-Romero S, Barbosa S, Parak WJ, Taboada P, Mosquera V (2014) Polymeric-gold nanohybrids for combined imaging and cancer therapy. Adv Healthcare Mater 3(8):1309–1325
Turrina C, Milani D, Klassen A, Rojas-González DM, Cookman J, Opel M, Sartori B, Mela P, Berensmeier S, Schwaminger SP (2022) Carboxymethyl-dextran-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for drug delivery: influence of the coating thickness on the particle properties. Int J Mol Sci 23(23):14743
Vangijzegem T, Lecomte V, Ternad I, Van Leuven L, Muller RN, Stanicki D, Laurent S (2023) Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION): from fundamentals to state-of-the-art innovative applications for cancer therapy. Pharmaceutics 15(1):236
Wang Q, Bao Y, Ahire J, Chao Y (2013) Co-encapsulation of biodegradable nanoparticles with silicon quantum dots and quercetin for monitored delivery. Adv Healthcare Mater 2(3):459–466
Wang S, Li X, Chen Y, Cai X, Yao H, Gao W, Zheng Y, An X, Shi J, Chen H (2015a) A facile one-pot synthesis of a two-dimensional MoS2/Bi2S3 composite theranostic nanosystem for multi-modality tumor imaging and therapy. Adv Mater 27(17):2775–2782
Wang Y, Song S, Liu J, Liu D, Zhang H (2015b) ZnO-functionalized upconverting nanotheranostic agent: multi-modality imaging-guided chemotherapy with on-demand drug release triggered by pH. Angew Chem Int Ed 54(2):536–540
Wang Z, Chang Z, Lu M, Shao D, Yue J, Yang D, Zheng X, Li M, He K, Zhang M (2018) Shape-controlled magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles for magnetically-mediated suicide gene therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomaterials 154:147–157
Wang J, Xu M, Wang K, Chen Z (2019) Stable mesoporous silica nanoparticles incorporated with MoS2 and AIE for targeted fluorescence imaging and photothermal therapy of cancer cells. Colloids Surf, B 174:324–332
Wang Q, Li M, Cui T, Wu R, Guo F, Fu M, Zhu Y, Yang C, Chen B, Sun G (2023a) A novel Zwitterionic hydrogel incorporated with graphene oxide for bone tissue engineering: synthesis, characterization, and promotion of osteogenic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells. Int J Mol Sci 24(3):2691
Wang Y, Gong F, Han Z, Lei H, Zhou Y, Cheng S, Yang X, Wang T, Wang L, Yang N (2023b) Oxygen‐deficient molybdenum oxide nanosensitizers for ultrasound‐enhanced cancer metalloimmunotherapy. Angew Chem
Wang Z, Ren X, Wang D, Guan L, Li X, Zhao Y, Liu A, He L, Wang T, Zvyagin AV (2023c) Novel strategies for tumor radiosensitization mediated by multifunctional gold-based nanomaterials. Biomater Sci
Weng KC, Noble CO, Papahadjopoulos-Sternberg B, Chen FF, Drummond DC, Kirpotin DB, Wang D, Hom YK, Hann B, Park JW (2008) Targeted tumor cell internalization and imaging of multifunctional quantum dot-conjugated immunoliposomes in vitro and in vivo. Nano Lett 8(9):2851–2857
Williams RM, Jaimes EA, Heller DA (2016) Nanomedicines for kidney diseases. Kidney Int 90(4):740–745
Wu P, Zhao T, Tian Y, Wu L, Hou X (2013) Protein‐directed synthesis of Mn‐doped ZnS quantum dots: a dual‐channel biosensor for two proteins. Chem—Eur J 19(23):7473–7479
Wu P, Zhang J, Wang S, Zhu A, Hou X (2014) Sensing during in situ growth of Mn‐doped ZnS QDs: a phosphorescent sensor for detection of H2S in biological samples. Chem—Eur J 20(4):952–956
Wu Q, Chen L, Huang L, Wang J, Liu J, Hu C, Han H (2015) Quantum dots decorated gold nanorod as fluorescent-plasmonic dual-modal contrasts agent for cancer imaging. Biosens Bioelectron 74:16–23
Wu M, Xue Y, Li N, Zhao H, Lei B, Wang M, Wang J, Luo M, Zhang C, Du Y (2019) Tumor-microenvironment-induced degradation of ultrathin gadolinium oxide nanoscrolls for magnetic-resonance-imaging-monitored, activatable cancer chemotherapy. Angew Chem 131(21):6954–6959
Xie T, Jing C, Long Y-T (2017) Single plasmonic nanoparticles as ultrasensitive sensors. Analyst 142(3):409–420
Xing P, Zhao Y (2016) Multifunctional nanoparticles self-assembled from small organic building blocks for biomedicine. Adv Mater 28(34):7304–7339
Xu Z-Q, Lan J-Y, Jin J-C, Dong P, Jiang F-L, Liu Y (2015) Highly photoluminescent nitrogen-doped carbon nanodots and their protective effects against oxidative stress on cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7(51):28346–28352
Xu G, Zeng S, Zhang B, Swihart MT, Yong K-T, Prasad PN (2016) New generation cadmium-free quantum dots for biophotonics and nanomedicine. Chem Rev 116(19):12234–12327
Xu J, Xu L, Wang C, Yang R, Zhuang Q, Han X, Dong Z, Zhu W, Peng R, Liu Z (2017) Near-infrared-triggered photodynamic therapy with multitasking upconversion nanoparticles in combination with checkpoint blockade for immunotherapy of colorectal cancer. ACS Nano 11(5):4463–4474
Yan Y, Gong J, Chen J, Zeng Z, Huang W, Pu K, Liu J, Chen P (2019) Recent advances on graphene quantum dots: from chemistry and physics to applications. Adv Mater 31(21):1808283
Yang H-Y, Zhao Y-W, Zhang Z-Y, Xiong H-M, Yu S-N (2013) One-pot synthesis of water-dispersible Ag2S quantum dots with bright fluorescent emission in the second near-infrared window. Nanotechnology 24(5):055706
Yang K, Feng L, Liu Z (2016a) Stimuli responsive drug delivery systems based on nano-graphene for cancer therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 105:228–241
Yang S, Dai X, Stogin BB, Wong T-S (2016b) Ultrasensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering detection in common fluids. Proc Natl Acad Sci 113(2):268–273
Yang W, Guo W, Chang J, Zhang B (2017) Protein/peptide-templated biomimetic synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles for biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 5(3):401–417
Yang HY, Li Y, Lee DS (2018) Multifunctional and stimuli‐responsive magnetic nanoparticle‐based delivery systems for biomedical applications. Adv Therap 1(2)
Yang B, Chen Y, Shi J (2019) Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-based nanomedicine. Chem Rev 119(8):4881–4985
Yao X, Tian Z, Liu J, Zhu Y, Hanagata N (2016) Mesoporous silica nanoparticles capped with Graphene quantum dots for potential chemo—photothermal synergistic Cancer therapy. Langmuir 33(2):591–599
Yen SK, Selvan ST (2015) Fluorescence retrieval of CdSe quantum dots by self-assembly of supramolecular aggregates of reverse micelles. Small 11(22):2619
Yen SK, Janczewski D, Lakshmi JL, Dolmanan SB, Tripathy S, Ho VH, Vijayaragavan V, Hariharan A, Padmanabhan P, Bhakoo KK (2013a) Design and synthesis of polymer-functionalized NIR fluorescent dyes–magnetic nanoparticles for bioimaging. ACS Nano 7(8):6796–6805
Yen SK, Padmanabhan P, Selvan ST (2013b) Multifunctional iron oxide nanoparticles for diagnostics, therapy and macromolecule delivery. Theranostics 3(12):986
Yen SK, Varma DP, Guo WM, Ho VH, Vijayaragavan V, Padmanabhan P, Bhakoo K, Selvan ST (2015) Synthesis of small‐sized, porous, and low‐toxic magnetite nanoparticles by thin POSS silica coating. Chem—Eur J 21(10):3914–3918
Yi DK, Selvan ST, Lee SS, Papaefthymiou GC, Kundaliya D, Ying JY (2005) Silica-coated nanocomposites of magnetic nanoparticles and quantum dots. J Am Chem Soc 127(14):4990–4991
Yi DK, Nanda SS, Kim K, Selvan ST (2017) Recent progress in nanotechnology for stem cell differentiation, labeling, tracking and therapy. J Mater Chem B 5(48):9429–9451
Zhang M, Bai L, Shang W, Xie W, Ma H, Fu Y, Fang D, Sun H, Fan L, Han M (2012) Facile synthesis of water-soluble, highly fluorescent graphene quantum dots as a robust biological label for stem cells. J Mater Chem 22(15):7461–7467
Zhang Y, Das GK, Vijayaragavan V, Xu QC, Padmanabhan P, Bhakoo KK, Selvan ST, Tan TTY (2014) “Smart” theranostic lanthanide nanoprobes with simultaneous up-conversion fluorescence and tunable T1–T2 magnetic resonance imaging contrast and near-infrared activated photodynamic therapy. Nanoscale 6(21):12609–12617
Zhang S, Geryak R, Geldmeier J, Kim S, Tsukruk VV (2017) Synthesis, assembly, and applications of hybrid nanostructures for biosensing. Chem Rev 117(20):12942–13038
Zhang P, Cui Y, Anderson CF, Zhang C, Li Y, Wang R, Cui H (2018) Peptide-based nanoprobes for molecular imaging and disease diagnostics. Chem Soc Rev 47(10):3490–3529
Zhang X, Guo Z, Zhang X, Gong L, Dong X, Fu Y, Wang Q, Gu Z (2019) Mass production of poly (ethylene glycol) monooleate-modified core-shell structured upconversion nanoparticles for bio-imaging and photodynamic therapy. Sci Rep 9(1):5212
Zhelev Z, Ohba H, Bakalova R (2006) Single quantum dot-micelles coated with silica shell as potentially non-cytotoxic fluorescent cell tracers. J Am Chem Soc 128(19):6324–6325
Zheng F-F, Zhang P-H, Xi Y, Chen J-J, Li L-L, Zhu J-J (2015a) Aptamer/graphene quantum dots nanocomposite capped fluorescent mesoporous silica nanoparticles for intracellular drug delivery and real-time monitoring of drug release. Anal Chem 87(23):11739–11745
Zheng XT, Ananthanarayanan A, Luo KQ, Chen P (2015b) Glowing graphene quantum dots and carbon dots: properties, syntheses, and biological applications. Small 11(14):1620–1636
Zhou B, Shi B, Jin D, Liu X (2015) Controlling upconversion nanocrystals for emerging applications. Nat Nanotechnol 10(11):924
Zhou Z, Song J, Nie L, Chen X (2016) Reactive oxygen species generating systems meeting challenges of photodynamic cancer therapy. Chem Soc Rev 45(23):6597–6626
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Subramanian, T.S. (2023). Introduction to Nanomedicine. In: Nanomedicine. SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology(). Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2139-3_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2139-3_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-99-2138-6
Online ISBN: 978-981-99-2139-3
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)