Abstract
Personalized medicine, also known as precision medicine, redefines current clinical practice by altering treatments to account for patient heterogeneity that collectively results from genetic, phenotypic, or psychologic variation. This concept dispenses with the “one size fit all” treatment regimen of traditional medicine and instead embraces the requirement for personalized care tailored to an individual’s specific healthcare needs. Nanotechnology is used in conjunction with advanced tools such as genomics, metabolomics, and proteomics to achieve more personalized therapeutic, diagnostic, and theranostic strategies. The chapter first introduces the transformative concept of personalized medicine, as well as the omics tools that serve as the critical driving forces for this paradigm. The chapter transitions to describe and discuss breakthrough advances in nanotechnology, with specific emphasis on commonly employed nanoparticles and nanostructures, for enhancing the clinical practice of personalized medicine.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
National Research Council (2011) Toward precision medicine: building a knowledge network for biomedical research and a new taxonomy of disease. National Academies Press
Jameson JL, Longo DL (2015) Precision medicine – personalized, problematic, and promising. Obstet Gynecol Surv 70(10):612–614
Schork NJ (2015) Personalized medicine: time for one-person trials. Nature 520(7549):609–611
Ashley EA (2016) Towards precision medicine. Nat Rev Genet 17(9):507
Beger RD et al (2016) Metabolomics enables precision medicine: “a white paper, community perspective”. Metabolomics 12(9):149
Taylor BS et al (2010) Integrative genomic profiling of human prostate cancer. Cancer Cell 18(1):11–22
Karczewski KJ, Snyder MP (2018) Integrative omics for health and disease. Nat Rev Genet 19(5):299
Novelli G (2010) Personalized genomic medicine. Intern Emerg Med 5(1):81–90
Haga SB et al (2011) Genomic risk profiling: attitudes and use in personal and clinical care of primary care physicians who offer risk profiling. J Gen Intern Med 26(8):834–840
Mihaescu R et al (2011) Genetic risk profiling for prediction of type 2 diabetes. PLoS Curr:3
Sismani C, Koufaris C, Voskarides K (2015) Copy number variation in human health, disease and evolution. In: Genomic elements in health, disease and evolution. Springer, pp 129–154
Jain KK (2010) Innovative diagnostic technologies and their significance for personalized medicine. Mol Diagn Ther 14(3):141–147
Nasedkina TV et al (2009) Diagnostic microarrays in hematologic oncology. Mol Diagn Ther 13(2):91–102
Yu X, Schneiderhan-Marra N, Joos TO (2010) Protein microarrays for personalized medicine. Clin Chem 56(3):376–387
Legrain P et al (2011) The human proteome project: current state and future direction. Mol Cell Proteomics 10(7)
Weckwerth W (2003) Metabolomics in systems biology. Annu Rev Plant Biol 54(1):669–689
Hollywood K, Brison DR, Goodacre R (2006) Metabolomics: current technologies and future trends. Proteomics 6(17):4716–4723
Mohamadi MR et al (2006) Nanotechnology for genomics & proteomics. Nano Today 1(1):38–45
Kobeissy FH et al (2014) Post-genomics nanotechnology is gaining momentum: nanoproteomics and applications in life sciences. OMICS J Integr Biol 18(2):111–131
Herrmann IK, Rösslein M (2016) Personalized medicine: the enabling role of nanotechnology. Future Med
Heimeriks G (2013) Interdisciplinarity in biotechnology, genomics and nanotechnology. Sci Public Policy 40(1):97–112
Coccia M (2012) Converging genetics, genomics and nanotechnologies for groundbreaking pathways in biomedicine and nanomedicine. Int J Healthc Technol Manag 13(4):184–197
Cooper JM, Johannessen EA, Cumming DR (2004) Bridging the gap between micro and nanotechnology: using lab-on-a-chip to enable nanosensors for genomics, proteomics, and diagnostic screening. In: IFIP international conference on network and parallel computing. Springer
Mei Z, Tang L (2017) Surface-plasmon-coupled fluorescence enhancement based on ordered gold nanorod array biochip for ultrasensitive DNA analysis. Anal Chem 89(1):633–639
Shrestha B, Tang L, Romero G (2019) Nanoparticles-mediated combination therapies for cancer treatment. Adv Ther 2(11):1900076
Akhter F et al (2021) Assessment and modeling of plasmonic photothermal therapy delivered via a fiberoptic microneedle device ex vivo. Pharmaceutics 13(12):2133
Akhter F et al (2020) Mechanical characterization of a fiberoptic microneedle device for controlled delivery of fluids and photothermal excitation. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 112:104042
Syedmoradi L et al (2017) Point of care testing: the impact of nanotechnology. Biosens Bioelectron 87:373–387
Faraji AH, Wipf P (2009) Nanoparticles in cellular drug delivery. Bioorg Med Chem 17(8):2950–2962
Scaletti F et al (2018) Protein delivery into cells using inorganic nanoparticle–protein supramolecular assemblies. Chem Soc Rev 47(10):3421–3432
Deodhar GV, Adams ML, Trewyn BG (2017) Controlled release and intracellular protein delivery from mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Biotechnol J 12(1):1600408
Zhou Y et al (2018) Mesoporous silica nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery. Acta Pharm Sin B 8(2):165–177
Hwang JY, Li Z, Loh XJ (2016) Small molecule therapeutic-loaded liposomes as therapeutic carriers: from development to clinical applications. RSC Adv 6(74):70592–70615
Karimi M et al (2016) Smart micro/nanoparticles in stimulus-responsive drug/gene delivery systems. Chem Soc Rev 45(5):1457–1501
Lombardo D, Kiselev MA, Caccamo MT (2019) Smart nanoparticles for drug delivery application: development of versatile nanocarrier platforms in biotechnology and nanomedicine. J Nanomater 2019
Shrestha B et al (2021) Smart nanoparticles for chemo-based combinational therapy. Pharmaceutics 13(6):853
Uthaman S, Huh KM, Park I-K (2018) Tumor microenvironment-responsive nanoparticles for cancer theragnostic applications. Biomater Res 22(1):22
Nam KC et al (2020) Photo-Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles as a Nanocarrier of Photodynamic Anticancer Agent for Biomedical Theragnostics. Cancer 12(3):571
Piñeiro Y et al (2020) Hybrid nanostructured magnetite nanoparticles: from bio-detection and theragnostics to regenerative medicine. Magnetochemistry 6(1):4
Duan S et al (2017) NIR-responsive polycationic gatekeeper-cloaked hetero-nanoparticles for multimodal imaging-guided triple-combination therapy of cancer. Small 13(9):1603133
Xu C et al (2020) Polymer–mesoporous silica nanoparticle core–shell nanofibers as a dual-drug-delivery system for guided tissue regeneration. ACS Appl Nano Mater 3(2):1457–1467
Kulkarni SA, Feng S-S (2013) Effects of particle size and surface modification on cellular uptake and biodistribution of polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery. Pharm Res 30(10):2512–2522
He C et al (2010) Effects of particle size and surface charge on cellular uptake and biodistribution of polymeric nanoparticles. Biomaterials 31(13):3657–3666
Pantarotto D et al (2004) Functionalized carbon nanotubes for plasmid DNA gene delivery. Angew Chem Int Ed 43(39):5242–5246
Elhissi A et al (2012) Carbon nanotubes in cancer therapy and drug delivery. J Drug Deliv
Antonelli A et al (2010) Improved cellular uptake of functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes. Nanotechnology 21(42):425101
Fröhlich E (2012) The role of surface charge in cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of medical nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 7:5577
Nafee N et al (2009) Relevance of the colloidal stability of chitosan/PLGA nanoparticles on their cytotoxicity profile. Int J Pharm 381(2):130–139
Jung SH et al (2009) Polyethylene glycol-complexed cationic liposome for enhanced cellular uptake and anticancer activity. Int J Pharm 382(1–2):254–261
Papahadjopoulos D et al (1991) Sterically stabilized liposomes: improvements in pharmacokinetics and antitumor therapeutic efficacy. Proc Natl Acad Sci 88(24):11460–11464
Mariotto AB et al (2011) Projections of the cost of cancer care in the United States: 2010–2020. J Natl Cancer Inst 103(2):117–128
Dharap S et al (2005) Tumor-specific targeting of an anticancer drug delivery system by LHRH peptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci 102(36):12962–12967
Chen C et al (2017) Peptide-22 and cyclic RGD functionalized liposomes for glioma targeting drug delivery overcoming BBB and BBTB. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9(7):5864–5873
Miao D et al (2020) Facile construction of i-motif DNA-conjugated gold nanostars as near-infrared and pH dual-responsive targeted drug delivery systems for combined cancer therapy. Mol Pharm 17(4):1127–1138
Hicke BJ et al (2006) Tumor targeting by an aptamer. J Nucl Med 47(4):668–678
Zununi Vahed S et al (2019) Targeted cancer drug delivery with aptamer-functionalized polymeric nanoparticles. J Drug Target 27(3):292–299
Canakci MO, Thayumanavan S, Osborne BA (2017) Engineering of antibody conjugated nanogel platform for targeted drug delivery to CD4+ T lymphocytes. J Immnol 198
Cherkasov VR et al (2020) Antibody-directed metal-organic framework nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery. Acta Biomater 103:223–236
Ventola CL (2017) Progress in nanomedicine: approved and investigational nanodrugs. Pharm Ther 42(12):742
Anselmo AC, Mitragotri S (2019) Nanoparticles in the clinic: an update. Bioeng Transl Med 4(3):e10143
Jaggarapu MMCS et al (2020) NGRKC16-lipopeptide assisted liposomal-withaferin delivery for efficient killing of CD13 receptor-expressing pancreatic cancer and angiogenic endothelial cells. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol:101798
Kang S et al (2020) Muscone/RI7217 co-modified upward messenger DTX liposomes enhanced permeability of blood-brain barrier and targeting glioma. Theranostics 10(10):4308
Lin C et al (2018) Dual-ligand modified liposomes provide effective local targeted delivery of lung-cancer drug by antibody and tumor lineage-homing cell-penetrating peptide. Drug Deliv 25(1):256–266
Zhao Z et al (2019) Dual-active targeting liposomes drug delivery system for bone metastatic breast cancer: synthesis and biological evaluation. Chem Phys Lipids 223:104785
Tambe P et al (2018) Decapeptide functionalized targeted mesoporous silica nanoparticles with doxorubicin exhibit enhanced apoptotic effect in breast and prostate cancer cells. Int J Nanomedicine 13:7669
Qu Q, Ma X, Zhao Y (2016) Anticancer effect of α-tocopheryl succinate delivered by mitochondria-targeted mesoporous silica nanoparticles. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 8(50):34261–34269
Wu X et al (2016) Targeted mesoporous silica nanoparticles delivering arsenic trioxide with environment sensitive drug release for effective treatment of triple negative breast cancer. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2(4):501–507
Er Ö et al (2018) Selective photokilling of human pancreatic cancer cells using cetuximab-targeted mesoporous silica nanoparticles for delivery of zinc phthalocyanine. Molecules 23(11):2749
Ahir M et al (2020) Delivery of dual miRNA through CD44-targeted mesoporous silica nanoparticles for enhanced and effective triple-negative breast cancer therapy. Biomater Sci 8(10):2939–2954
Luo M et al (2019) Systematic evaluation of transferrin-modified porous silicon nanoparticles for targeted delivery of doxorubicin to glioblastoma. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 11(37):33637–33649
Yan H et al (2020) Preparation of RGD peptide/folate acid double-targeted mesoporous silica nanoparticles and its application in human breast cancer MCF-7 Cells. Front Pharmacol 11:898
Masood F (2016) Polymeric nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery system for cancer therapy. Mater Sci Eng C 60:569–578
Shrestha B et al (2020) Gold nanoparticles mediated drug-gene combinational therapy for breast cancer treatment. Int J Nanomedicine 15:8109–8119
Antoniraj MG et al (2018) Cytocompatible chitosan-graft-mPEG-based 5-fluorouracil-loaded polymeric nanoparticles for tumor-targeted drug delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 44(3):365–376
Baião A et al (2020) Effective intracellular delivery of bevacizumab via PEGylated polymeric nanoparticles targeting the CD44v6 receptor in colon cancer cells. Biomaterials. Science
Han Z et al (2020) Improving tumor targeting of exosomal membrane-coated polymeric nanoparticles by conjugation with aptamers. ACS Appl Bio Mater 3(5):2666–2673
Pan D et al (2016) The effect of polymeric nanoparticles on biocompatibility of carrier red blood cells. PLoS One 11(3):e0152074
Kong M et al (2020) pH-responsive polymeric nanoparticles with tunable sizes for targeted drug delivery. RSC Adv 10(9):4860–4868
Hyun H et al (2020) Optimization of cRGDfK ligand concentration on polymeric nanoparticles to maximize cancer targeting. J Ind Eng Chem 81:178–184
Mathew ME et al (2010) Folate conjugated carboxymethyl chitosan–manganese doped zinc sulphide nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery and imaging of cancer cells. Carbohydr Polym 80(2):442–448
You C et al (2018) Synthesis and biological evaluation of redox/NIR dual stimulus-responsive polymeric nanoparticles for targeted delivery of cisplatin. Mater Sci Eng C 92:453–462
Zheng S et al (2020) Graphene quantum dots-decorated hollow copper sulfide nanoparticles for controlled intracellular drug release and enhanced photothermal-chemotherapy. J Mater Sci 55(3):1184–1197
Gupta AK, Gupta M (2005) Synthesis and surface engineering of iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Biomaterials 26(18):3995–4021
Kayal S, Ramanujan R (2010) Doxorubicin loaded PVA coated iron oxide nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery. Mater Sci Eng C 30(3):484–490
Chomoucka J et al (2010) Magnetic nanoparticles and targeted drug delivering. Pharmacol Res 62(2):144–149
Liang P-C et al (2016) Doxorubicin-modified magnetic nanoparticles as a drug delivery system for magnetic resonance imaging-monitoring magnet-enhancing tumor chemotherapy. Int J Nanomedicine 11:2021
Unsoy G et al (2014) Synthesis of doxorubicin loaded magnetic chitosan nanoparticles for pH responsive targeted drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci 62:243–250
Barahuie F et al (2017) Sustained release of anticancer agent phytic acid from its chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles for drug-delivery system. Int J Nanomedicine 12:2361
Liu TY et al (2009) Temperature-sensitive nanocapsules for controlled drug release caused by magnetically triggered structural disruption. Adv Funct Mater 19(4):616–623
Brazel CS (2009) Magnetothermally-responsive nanomaterials: combining magnetic nanostructures and thermally-sensitive polymers for triggered drug release. Pharm Res 26(3):644–656
Pourjavadi A, Kohestanian M, Streb C (2020) pH and thermal dual-responsive poly (NIPAM-co-GMA)-coated magnetic nanoparticles via surface-initiated RAFT polymerization for controlled drug delivery. Mater Sci Eng C 108:110418
Anirudhan T, Christa J (2020) Temperature and pH sensitive multi-functional magnetic nanocomposite for the controlled delivery of 5-fluorouracil, an anticancer drug. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 55:101476
Sangnier AP et al (2018) Targeted thermal therapy with genetically engineered magnetite magnetosomes@ RGD: photothermia is far more efficient than magnetic hyperthermia. J Control Release 279:271–281
Komeri R et al (2019) Galactoxyloglucan-modified gold nanocarrier of doxorubicin for treating drug-resistant brain tumors. ACS Appl Nano Mater 2(10):6287–6299
Khutale GV, Casey A (2017) Synthesis and characterization of a multifunctional gold-doxorubicin nanoparticle system for pH triggered intracellular anticancer drug release. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 119:372–380
Crous A, Abrahamse H (2020) Effective gold nanoparticle-antibody-mediated drug delivery for photodynamic therapy of lung cancer stem cells. Int J Mol Sci 21(11):3742
Sun Y et al (2017) Temperature-sensitive gold nanoparticle-coated pluronic-PLL nanoparticles for drug delivery and chemo-photothermal therapy. Theranostics 7(18):4424
Li W et al (2016) Gold nanoparticle–mediated targeted delivery of recombinant human endostatin normalizes tumour vasculature and improves cancer therapy. Sci Rep 6:30619
Wang R-H et al (2017) TAT-modified gold nanoparticle carrier with enhanced anticancer activity and size effect on overcoming multidrug resistance. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9(7):5828–5837
Bobo D et al (2016) Nanoparticle-based medicines: a review of FDA-approved materials and clinical trials to date. Pharm Res 33(10):2373–2387
Liu C, Zhang N (2011) Nanoparticles in gene therapy: principles, prospects, and challenges. In: Progress in molecular biology and translational science. Elsevier, pp 509–562
Ghosh PS et al (2008) Efficient gene delivery vectors by tuning the surface charge density of amino acid-functionalized gold nanoparticles. ACS Nano 2(11):2213–2218
Pinnapireddy SR et al (2017) Composite liposome-PEI/nucleic acid lipopolyplexes for safe and efficient gene delivery and gene knockdown. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces 158:93–101
dos Santos Rodrigues B et al (2018) Dual functionalized liposome-mediated gene delivery across triple co-culture blood brain barrier model and specific in vivo neuronal transfection. J Control Release 286:264–278
Xia T et al (2009) Polyethyleneimine coating enhances the cellular uptake of mesoporous silica nanoparticles and allows safe delivery of siRNA and DNA constructs. ACS Nano 3(10):3273–3286
Zamboni CG et al (2017) Polymeric nanoparticles as cancer-specific DNA delivery vectors to human hepatocellular carcinoma. J Control Release 263:18–28
Xiao X et al (2020) Delivery of plasmid DNA encoding Oct 4 with polyethylenimine-modified superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in HEK-293T cells. J Nanopart Res 22:128
Peng S et al (2020) Redox-responsive polyethyleneimine-coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for controllable gene delivery and magnetic resonance imaging. Polym Int 69(2):206–214
Karimi S et al (2020) Development of dual functional nucleic acid delivery nanosystem for DNA induced silencing of Bcl-2 oncogene. Int J Nanomedicine 15:1693
Shan Y et al (2012) Gene delivery using dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles as nonviral vectors. Biomaterials 33(10):3025–3035
Hou W et al (2016) Partially PEGylated dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles: a promising nanoplatform for highly efficient DNA and siRNA delivery. J Mater Chem B 4(17):2933–2943
Jang EH et al (2020) Hypoxia-responsive, organic-inorganic hybrid mesoporous silica nanoparticles for triggered drug release. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 56:101543
Wang Y et al (2020) A pH/reduction dual-sensitive copolymer inserted in liposomal bilayer acts as a protective “umbrella”. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp:125128
Chen Z et al (2020) pH/GSH-dual-sensitive hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticle-based drug delivery system for targeted cancer therapy. ACS Biomater Sci Eng
Yang C et al (2020) An adjustable pH-responsive drug delivery system based on self-assembly polypeptide-modified mesoporous silica. Macromol Biosci:2000034
Liu T-I et al (2018) Radiotherapy-controllable chemotherapy from reactive oxygen species-responsive polymeric nanoparticles for effective local dual modality treatment of malignant tumors. Biomacromolecules 19(9):3825–3839
Zhang L et al (2017) Enzyme and redox dual-triggered intracellular release from actively targeted polymeric micelles. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9(4):3388–3399
Parhi P, Mohanty C, Sahoo SK (2012) Nanotechnology-based combinational drug delivery: an emerging approach for cancer therapy. Drug Discov Today 17(17–18):1044–1052
Shrestha B (2017) Combinational therapy using multifunctional nanoparticles for breast cancer therapy. The University of Texas at San Antonio
Hood RL et al (2013) Fiberoptic microneedle device facilitates volumetric infusate dispersion during convection-enhanced delivery in the brain. Lasers Surg Med 45(7):418–426
Lotfi-Attari J et al (2017) Co-delivery of curcumin and chrysin by polymeric nanoparticles inhibit synergistically growth and hTERT gene expression in human colorectal cancer cells. Nutr Cancer 69(8):1290–1299
Fan L et al (2010) Co-delivery of PDTC and doxorubicin by multifunctional micellar nanoparticles to achieve active targeted drug delivery and overcome multidrug resistance. Biomaterials 31(21):5634–5642
Du C et al (2020) F7 and topotecan co-loaded thermosensitive liposome as a nano-drug delivery system for tumor hyperthermia. Drug Deliv 27(1):836–847
Wang Y-P et al (2020) Novel anti-EGFR scFv human antibody-conjugated immunoliposomes enhance chemotherapeutic efficacy in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck. Oral Oncol 106:104689
Babos G et al (2018) Dual drug delivery of sorafenib and doxorubicin from PLGA and PEG-PLGA polymeric nanoparticles. Polymers 10(8):895
Gupta J, Bhargava P, Bahadur D (2014) Methotrexate conjugated magnetic nanoparticle for targeted drug delivery and thermal therapy. J Appl Phys 115(17):17B516
Gupta J et al (2016) A pH-responsive folate conjugated magnetic nanoparticle for targeted chemo-thermal therapy and MRI diagnosis. Dalton Trans 45(6):2454–2461
Manrique-Bedoya S et al (2020) Multiphysics modeling of plasmonic photothermal heating effects in gold nanoparticles and nanoparticle arrays. J Phys Chem C 124(31):17172–17182
Choi WI et al (2011) Tumor regression in vivo by photothermal therapy based on gold-nanorod-loaded, functional nanocarriers. ACS Nano 5(3):1995–2003
Kennedy LC et al (2011) A new era for cancer treatment: gold-nanoparticle-mediated thermal therapies. Small 7(2):169–183
Liu Z et al (2020) Development of a multifunctional gold nanoplatform for combined chemo-photothermal therapy against oral cancer. Nanomedicine 15(07):661–676
Padmanabhan P (2019) Nanotechnology-based diagnostics and therapy for pathogen-related infections in the CNS. ACS Chem Neurosci
Harilal S et al (2019) Advancements in nanotherapeutics for Alzheimer’s disease: current perspectives. J Pharm Pharmacol 71(9):1370–1383
De Matteis L, Martín-Rapún R, de la Fuente JM (2018) Nanotechnology in personalized medicine: a promising tool for Alzheimer’s disease treatment. Curr Med Chem 25(35):4602–4615
Mourtas S et al (2014) Multifunctional nanoliposomes with curcumin–lipid derivative and brain targeting functionality with potential applications for Alzheimer disease. Eur J Med Chem 80:175–183
Zhang C et al (2014) The potential use of H102 peptide-loaded dual-functional nanoparticles in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. J Control Release 192:317–324
Bana L et al (2014) Liposomes bi-functionalized with phosphatidic acid and an ApoE-derived peptide affect Aβ aggregation features and cross the blood–brain-barrier: implications for therapy of Alzheimer disease. Nanomedicine 10(7):1583–1590
Mancini S et al (2016) The hunt for brain Aβ oligomers by peripherally circulating multi-functional nanoparticles: potential therapeutic approach for Alzheimer disease. Nanomedicine 12(1):43–52
Zhang C et al (2014) Dual-functional nanoparticles targeting amyloid plaques in the brains of Alzheimer’s disease mice. Biomaterials 35(1):456–465
Carradori D et al (2018) Antibody-functionalized polymer nanoparticle leading to memory recovery in Alzheimer’s disease-like transgenic mouse model. Nanomedicine 14(2):609–618
Do TD et al (2016) Guidance of magnetic nanocontainers for treating Alzheimer’s disease using an electromagnetic, targeted drug-delivery actuator. J Biomed Nanotechnol 12(3):569–574
Amin FU et al (2017) Osmotin-loaded magnetic nanoparticles with electromagnetic guidance for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Nanoscale 9(30):10619–10632
Geng J et al (2012) Mesoporous silica nanoparticle-based H2O2 responsive controlled-release system used for Alzheimer’s disease treatment. Adv Healthc Mater 1(3):332–336
Nday CM et al (2015) Quercetin encapsulation in modified silica nanoparticles: potential use against Cu (II)-induced oxidative stress in neurodegeneration. J Inorg Biochem 145:51–64
Nazem A, Mansoori GA (2011) Nanotechnology for Alzheimer’s disease detection and treatment. Insciences J 1(4):169–193
Cheng KK et al (2015) Curcumin-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles for detecting amyloid plaques in Alzheimer’s disease mice using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Biomaterials 44:155–172
Yang C-C et al (2011) Biofunctionalized magnetic nanoparticles for specifically detecting biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease in vitro. ACS Chem Neurosci 2(9):500–505
Fernández T et al (2018) Functionalization and characterization of magnetic nanoparticles for the detection of ferritin accumulation in Alzheimer’s disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 9(5):912–924
Pham CT (2011) Nanotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 3(6):607–619
Hoes JN et al (2010) Current view of glucocorticoid co-therapy with DMARDs in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 6(12):693
Lee S-M et al (2013) Targeted chemo-photothermal treatments of rheumatoid arthritis using gold half-shell multifunctional nanoparticles. ACS Nano 7(1):50–57
Lee H et al (2014) Hyaluronate–gold nanoparticle/tocilizumab complex for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. ACS Nano 8(5):4790–4798
Zhang Q et al (2018) Neutrophil membrane-coated nanoparticles inhibit synovial inflammation and alleviate joint damage in inflammatory arthritis. Nat Nanotechnol 13(12):1182–1190
Peercy PS (2000) The drive to miniaturization. Nature 406(6799):1023–1026
Di Trani N et al (2020) Silicon nanofluidic membrane for electrostatic control of drugs and analytes elution. Pharmaceutics 12(7):679
Bocquet L (2020) Nanofluidics coming of age. Nat Mater 19(3):254–256
Hood RL et al (2017) Pioneering medical advances through nanofluidic implantable technologies. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 9(5):e1455
Ho C-M (2001) Fluidics-the link between micro and nano sciences and technologies. In: Technical digest. MEMS 2001. 14th IEEE international conference on micro electro mechanical systems (Cat. No. 01CH37090). IEEE
Grattoni A et al (2011) Device for rapid and agile measurement of diffusivity in micro-and nanochannels. Anal Chem 83(8):3096–3103
Ferrati S et al (2013) Leveraging nanochannels for universal, zero-order drug delivery in vivo. J Control Release 172(3):1011–1019
Lesinski GB et al (2005) Release of biologically functional interferon-alpha from a nanochannel delivery system. Biomed Microdevices 7(1):71–79
Sinha PM et al (2004) Nanoengineered device for drug delivery application. Nanotechnology 15(10):S585
Fine D et al (2010) A robust nanofluidic membrane with tunable zero-order release for implantable dose specific drug delivery. Lab Chip 10(22):3074–3083
Hood RL et al (2016) Nanochannel implants for minimally-invasive insertion and intratumoral delivery. J Biomed Nanotechnol 12(10):1907–1915
Popat KC et al (2007) Titania nanotubes: a novel platform for drug-eluting coatings for medical implants? Small 3(11):1878–1881
Hermida RC et al (2016) Chronotherapy with conventional blood pressure medications improves management of hypertension and reduces cardiovascular and stroke risks. Hypertens Res 39(5):277–292
Fine D et al (2011) A low-voltage electrokinetic nanochannel drug delivery system. Lab Chip 11(15):2526–2534
Pons-Faudoa FP et al (2019) Advanced implantable drug delivery technologies: transforming the clinical landscape of therapeutics for chronic diseases. Biomed Microdevices 21(2):47
Schneider GF, Dekker C (2012) DNA sequencing with nanopores. Nat Biotechnol 30(4):326
Schneider GF et al (2010) DNA translocation through graphene nanopores. Nano Lett 10(8):3163–3167
Chang L, Hood RL, Akhter F (2021) Microneedle array electroporation system for cell transfection. Google Patents
Heerema SJ, Dekker C (2016) Graphene nanodevices for DNA sequencing. Nat Nanotechnol 11(2):127–136
Das PM (2020) Recent progress in solid-state nanopore DNA sequencing. Biophys J 118(3):158a
Wells DB et al (2012) Assessing graphene nanopores for sequencing DNA. Nano Lett 12(8):4117–4123
Chen W et al (2017) Graphene nanopores toward DNA sequencing: a review of experimental aspects. SCIENCE CHINA Chem 60(6):721–729
Paulechka E et al (2016) Nucleobase-functionalized graphene nanoribbons for accurate high-speed DNA sequencing. Nanoscale 8(4):1861–1867
Traversi F et al (2013) Detecting the translocation of DNA through a nanopore using graphene nanoribbons. Nat Nanotechnol 8(12):939
Postma HWC (2010) Rapid sequencing of individual DNA molecules in graphene nanogaps. Nano Lett 10(2):420–425
Wilson J et al (2016) Graphene nanopores for protein sequencing. Adv Funct Mater 26(27):4830–4838
Barati Farimani A et al (2017) Antibody subclass detection using graphene nanopores. J Phys Chem Lett 8(7):1670–1676
Gorjikhah F et al (2016) Improving “lab-on-a-chip” techniques using biomedical nanotechnology: a review. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 44(7):1609–1614
Sia SK, Kricka LJ (2008) Microfluidics and point-of-care testing. Lab Chip 8(12):1982–1983
Figeys D, Pinto D (2000) Lab-on-a-chip: a revolution in biological and medical sciences. ACS Publications
Rodriguez-Manzano J et al (2020) Rapid detection of mobilized colistin resistance using a nucleic acid based lab-on-a-chip diagnostic system. Sci Rep 10(1):1–9
Castillo-León J, Svendsen WE (2014) Lab-on-a-chip devices and micro-total analysis systems: a practical guide. Springer
Burns MA et al (1998) An integrated nanoliter DNA analysis device. Science 282(5388):484–487
Kim S et al (2017) High-throughput automated microfluidic sample preparation for accurate microbial genomics. Nat Commun 8(1):1–10
Harrison DJ et al (2001) Enhancing the microfluidic toolbox for functional genomics and recombinant DNA methods. In: Micro total analysis systems 2001. Springer
Moon H et al (2006) An integrated digital microfluidic chip for multiplexed proteomic sample preparation and analysis by MALDI-MS. Lab Chip 6(9):1213–1219
Hughes AJ et al (2012) Microfluidic integration for automated targeted proteomic assays. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109(16):5972–5977
Lee J, Soper SA, Murray KK (2009) Microfluidic chips for mass spectrometry-based proteomics. J Mass Spectrom 44(5):579–593
Shintu L et al (2012) Metabolomics-on-a-chip and predictive systems toxicology in microfluidic bioartificial organs. Anal Chem 84(4):1840–1848
Kraly JR et al (2009) Microfluidic applications in metabolomics and metabolic profiling. Anal Chim Acta 653(1):23–35
Yakovleva J et al (2002) Microfluidic enzyme immunoassay using silicon microchip with immobilized antibodies and chemiluminescence detection. Anal Chem 74(13):2994–3004
Shamsi MH et al (2014) A digital microfluidic electrochemical immunoassay. Lab Chip 14(3):547–554
Prakash R et al (2013) Droplet microfluidic chip based nucleic acid amplification and real-time detection of influenza viruses. J Electrochem Soc 161(2):B3083
Fang X et al (2010) Loop-mediated isothermal amplification integrated on microfluidic chips for point-of-care quantitative detection of pathogens. Anal Chem 82(7):3002–3006
Sayad A et al (2018) A microdevice for rapid, monoplex and colorimetric detection of foodborne pathogens using a centrifugal microfluidic platform. Biosens Bioelectron 100:96–104
Neužil P et al (2012) Revisiting lab-on-a-chip technology for drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 11(8):620–632
St John A, Price CP (2014) Existing and emerging technologies for point-of-care testing. The. Clin Biochem Rev 35(3):155
Polavarapu L et al (2014) Optical sensing of biological, chemical and ionic species through aggregation of plasmonic nanoparticles. J Mater Chem C 2(36):7460–7476
Tang L, Casas J (2014) Quantification of cardiac biomarkers using label-free and multiplexed gold nanorod bioprobes for myocardial infarction diagnosis. Biosens Bioelectron 61:70–75
Elghanian R et al (1997) Selective colorimetric detection of polynucleotides based on the distance-dependent optical properties of gold nanoparticles. Science 277(5329):1078–1081
Liu D et al (2014) Glucose oxidase-catalyzed growth of gold nanoparticles enables quantitative detection of attomolar cancer biomarkers. Anal Chem 86(12):5800–5806
Abarghoei S et al (2019) A colorimetric paper sensor for citrate as biomarker for early stage detection of prostate cancer based on peroxidase-like activity of cysteine-capped gold nanoclusters. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 210:251–259
Shayesteh OH, Ghavami R (2020) A novel label-free colorimetric aptasensor for sensitive determination of PSA biomarker using gold nanoparticles and a cationic polymer in human serum. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 226:117644
Neely A et al (2009) Ultrasensitive and highly selective detection of Alzheimer’s disease biomarker using two-photon Rayleigh scattering properties of gold nanoparticle. ACS Nano 3(9):2834–2840
Pu Q et al (2019) Simultaneous colorimetric determination of acute myocardial infarction biomarkers by integrating self-assembled 3D gold nanovesicles into a multiple immunosorbent assay. Microchim Acta 186(3):138
Tadepalli S et al (2015) Peptide functionalized gold nanorods for the sensitive detection of a cardiac biomarker using plasmonic paper devices. Sci Rep 5:16206
Chiu RY et al (2014) Dextran-coated gold nanoprobes for the concentration and detection of protein biomarkers. Ann Biomed Eng 42(11):2322–2332
Storhoff JJ et al (2004) Homogeneous detection of unamplified genomic DNA sequences based on colorimetric scatter of gold nanoparticle probes. Nat Biotechnol 22(7):883–887
Li H, Rothberg L (2004) Colorimetric detection of DNA sequences based on electrostatic interactions with unmodified gold nanoparticles. Proc Natl Acad Sci 101(39):14036–14039
Liu P et al (2013) Enzyme-free colorimetric detection of DNA by using gold nanoparticles and hybridization chain reaction amplification. Anal Chem 85(16):7689–7695
Conde J, de la Fuente JM, Baptista PV (2010) RNA quantification using gold nanoprobes-application to cancer diagnostics. J Nanobiotechnol 8(1):1–8
Kato D, Oishi M (2014) Ultrasensitive detection of DNA and RNA based on enzyme-free click chemical ligation chain reaction on dispersed gold nanoparticles. ACS Nano 8(10):9988–9997
Eissa S et al (2014) Direct detection of unamplified hepatoma upregulated protein RNA in urine using gold nanoparticles for bladder cancer diagnosis. Clin Biochem 47(1–2):104–110
Tang L, Casas J, Venkataramasubramani M (2013) Magnetic nanoparticle mediated enhancement of localized surface plasmon resonance for ultrasensitive bioanalytical assay in human blood plasma. Anal Chem 85(3):1431–1439
Ray PC (2010) Size and shape dependent second order nonlinear optical properties of nanomaterials and their application in biological and chemical sensing. Chem Rev 110(9):5332–5365
Romo-Herrera JM, Alvarez-Puebla RA, Liz-Marzán LM (2011) Controlled assembly of plasmonic colloidal nanoparticle clusters. Nanoscale 3(4):1304–1315
Ofir Y, Samanta B, Rotello VM (2008) Polymer and biopolymer mediated self-assembly of gold nanoparticles. Chem Soc Rev 37(9):1814–1825
Yang G et al (2017) Self-assembly of large gold nanoparticles for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9(15):13457–13470
Torabi S-F, Lu Y (2011) Small-molecule diagnostics based on functional DNA nanotechnology: a dipstick test for mercury. Faraday Discuss 149(1):125–135
Liu D, Wang Z, Jiang X (2011) Gold nanoparticles for the colorimetric and fluorescent detection of ions and small organic molecules. Nanoscale 3(4):1421–1433
Mani V, Chikkaveeraiah BV, Rusling JF (2011) Magnetic particles in ultrasensitive biomarker protein measurements for cancer detection and monitoring. Expert Opin Med Diagn 5(5):381–391
Whiteaker JR et al (2007) Antibody-based enrichment of peptides on magnetic beads for mass-spectrometry-based quantification of serum biomarkers. Anal Biochem 362(1):44–54
Muluneh M, Issadore D (2014) Microchip-based detection of magnetically labeled cancer biomarkers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 66:101–109
Freed GL et al (2008) Differential capture of serum proteins for expression profiling and biomarker discovery in pre-and posttreatment head and neck cancer samples. Laryngoscope 118(1):61–68
Ghazani AA et al (2013) Comparison of select cancer biomarkers in human circulating and bulk tumor cells using magnetic nanoparticles and a miniaturized micro-NMR system. Nanomedicine 9(7):1009–1017
Yang S-Y et al (2016) Development of an ultra-high sensitive immunoassay with plasma biomarker for differentiating Parkinson disease dementia from Parkinson disease using antibody functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. J Nanobiotechnol 14(1):41
Fernández-Cabada T, Ramos-Gómez M (2019) A novel contrast agent based on magnetic nanoparticles for cholesterol detection as Alzheimer’s disease biomarker. Nanoscale Res Lett 14(1):1–6
Wang W et al (2016) A magnetic nanoparticles relaxation sensor for protein–protein interaction detection at ultra-low magnetic field. Biosens Bioelectron 80:661–665
Garcia J et al (2011) Multilayer enzyme-coupled magnetic nanoparticles as efficient, reusable biocatalysts and biosensors. Nanoscale 3(9):3721–3730
Li J, Wei X, Yuan Y (2009) Synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles composed by Prussian blue and glucose oxidase for preparing highly sensitive and selective glucose biosensor. Sensors Actuators B Chem 139(2):400–406
Zhang Y et al (2017) Ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensor for silver ion based on magnetic nanoparticles labeling with hybridization chain reaction amplification strategy. Sensors Actuators B Chem 249:431–438
Mei Z et al (2016) Water dispersion of magnetic nanoparticles with selective Biofunctionality for enhanced plasmonic biosensing. Talanta 151:23–29
Wanekaya AK et al (2006) Nanowire-based electrochemical biosensors. Electroanalysis 18(6):533–550
Cui Y, Lieber CM (2001) Functional nanoscale electronic devices assembled using silicon nanowire building blocks. Science 291(5505):851–853
Cui Y et al (2001) Nanowire nanosensors for highly sensitive and selective detection of biological and chemical species. Science 293(5533):1289–1292
Cao X et al (2013) Silver nanowire-based electrochemical immunoassay for sensing immunoglobulin G with signal amplification using strawberry-like ZnO nanostructures as labels. Biosens Bioelectron 49:256–262
Murphy-Pérez E, Arya SK, Bhansali S (2011) Vapor–liquid–solid grown silica nanowire based electrochemical glucose biosensor. Analyst 136(8):1686–1689
Su S et al (2010) A silicon nanowire-based electrochemical glucose biosensor with high electrocatalytic activity and sensitivity. Nanoscale 2(9):1704–1707
Lee I et al (2012) Detection of cardiac biomarkers using single polyaniline nanowire-based conductometric biosensors. Biosensors 2(2):205–220
Xue Q et al (2019) Printed highly ordered conductive polymer nanowires doped with biotinylated polyelectrolytes for biosensing applications. Adv Mater Interfaces 6(18):1900671
Jung J, Lim S (2013) ZnO nanowire-based glucose biosensors with different coupling agents. Appl Surf Sci 265:24–29
Xie P et al (2012) Local electrical potential detection of DNA by nanowire–nanopore sensors. Nat Nanotechnol 7(2):119–125
Li Z et al (2004) Sequence-specific label-free DNA sensors based on silicon nanowires. Nano Lett 4(2):245–247
Chen C-P et al (2009) Label-free dual sensing of DNA molecules using GaN nanowires. Anal Chem 81(1):36–42
Janissen R et al (2017) InP nanowire biosensor with tailored biofunctionalization: ultrasensitive and highly selective disease biomarker detection. Nano Lett 17(10):5938–5949
Kim K et al (2016) Silicon nanowire biosensors for detection of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) with high sensitivity. Biosens Bioelectron 77:695–701
Li J et al (2016) Direct real-time detection of single proteins using silicon nanowire-based electrical circuits. Nanoscale 8(36):16172–16176
Lin ZT et al (2018) A conductive nanowire-mesh biosensor for ultrasensitive detection of serum C-reactive protein in melanoma. Adv Funct Mater 28(31):1802482
Verardo D et al (2019) Single-molecule detection with lightguiding nanowires: determination of protein concentration and diffusivity in supported lipid bilayers. Nano Lett 19(9):6182–6191
Men D et al (2016) Fluorescent protein nanowire-mediated protein microarrays for multiplexed and highly sensitive pathogen detection. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 8(27):17472–17477
Le Borgne B et al (2018) Bacteria electrical detection using 3D silicon nanowires based resistor. Sensors Actuators B Chem 273:1794–1799
Wang L et al (2020) Rapid and sensitive detection of Salmonella Typhimurium using nickel nanowire bridge for electrochemical impedance amplification. Talanta 211:120715
Harris PJ, Harris PJF (2009) Carbon nanotube science: synthesis, properties and applications. Cambridge University Press
De Volder MF et al (2013) Carbon nanotubes: present and future commercial applications. Science 339(6119):535–539
Zhou Y, Fang Y, Ramasamy RP (2019) Non-covalent functionalization of carbon nanotubes for electrochemical biosensor development. Sensors 19(2):392
Hashwan SSB et al (2017) Reduced graphene oxide–multiwalled carbon nanotubes composites as sensing membrane electrodes for DNA detection. Microsyst Technol 23(8):3421–3428
Zhou Q et al (2016) Detection of circulating tumor DNA in human blood via DNA-mediated surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Anal Chem 88(9):4759–4765
Li J, Lee E-C (2017) Functionalized multi-wall carbon nanotubes as an efficient additive for electrochemical DNA sensor. Sensors Actuators B Chem 239:652–659
Tran TL et al (2017) Detection of influenza A virus using carbon nanotubes field effect transistor based DNA sensor. Physica E Low Dimens Syst Nanostruct 93:83–86
Harvey JD et al (2019) HIV detection via a carbon nanotube RNA sensor. ACS Sens 4(5):1236–1244
Harvey JD et al (2017) A carbon nanotube reporter of microRNA hybridization events in vivo. Nat Biomed Eng 1(4):1–11
Feng T, Wang Y, Qiao X (2017) Recent advances of carbon nanotubes-based electrochemical immunosensors for the detection of protein cancer biomarkers. Electroanalysis 29(3):662–675
Hendler-Neumark A, Bisker G (2019) Fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotubes for protein detection. Sensors 19(24):5403
Huang Y et al (2017) Magnetized carbon nanotubes for visual detection of proteins directly in whole blood. Anal Chim Acta 993:79–86
Bisker G et al (2018) Insulin detection using a corona phase molecular recognition site on single-walled carbon nanotubes. ACS Sens 3(2):367–377
Alivisatos AP, Gu W, Larabell C (2005) Quantum dots as cellular probes. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 7:55–76
Medintz IL et al (2005) Quantum dot bioconjugates for imaging, labelling and sensing. Nat Mater 4(6):435–446
Loo AH et al (2016) Carboxylic carbon quantum dots as a fluorescent sensing platform for DNA detection. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 8(3):1951–1957
Sharon E, Freeman R, Willner I (2010) CdSe/ZnS quantum dots-G-quadruplex/hemin hybrids as optical DNA sensors and aptasensors. Anal Chem 82(17):7073–7077
Wang G, Li Z, Ma N (2017) Next-generation DNA-functionalized quantum dots as biological sensors. ACS Chem Biol 13(7):1705–1713
Canfarotta F, Whitcombe MJ, Piletsky SA (2013) Polymeric nanoparticles for optical sensing. Biotechnol Adv 31(8):1585–1599
Cui Y et al (2016) Highly sensitive visual detection of mutant DNA based on polymeric nanoparticles-participating amplification. RSC Adv 6(116):115238–115246
Melnychuk N, Klymchenko AS (2018) DNA-functionalized dye-loaded polymeric nanoparticles: ultrabright FRET platform for amplified detection of nucleic acids. J Am Chem Soc 140(34):10856–10865
Gerard M, Chaubey A, Malhotra B (2002) Application of conducting polymers to biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 17(5):345–359
Xia L, Wei Z, Wan M (2010) Conducting polymer nanostructures and their application in biosensors. J Colloid Interface Sci 341(1):1–11
Wang G et al (2018) Nanomaterial-doped conducting polymers for electrochemical sensors and biosensors. J Mater Chem B 6(25):4173–4190
Zamani FG et al (2019) Current trends in the development of conducting polymers-based biosensors. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 118:264–276
Azak H et al (2016) Electrochemical glucose biosensing via new generation DTP type conducting polymers/gold nanoparticles/glucose oxidase modified electrodes. J Electroanal Chem 770:90–97
Shao Y et al (2010) Graphene based electrochemical sensors and biosensors: a review. Electroanalysis 22(10):1027–1036
Varghese SS et al (2015) Recent advances in graphene based gas sensors. Sensors Actuators B Chem 218:160–183
Kuila T et al (2011) Recent advances in graphene-based biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 26(12):4637–4648
Robinson JT et al (2008) Reduced graphene oxide molecular sensors. Nano Lett 8(10):3137–3140
He Q et al (2012) Graphene-based electronic sensors. Chem Sci 3(6):1764–1772
Kwak YH et al (2012) Flexible glucose sensor using CVD-grown graphene-based field effect transistor. Biosens Bioelectron 37(1):82–87
Xuan X, Yoon HS, Park JY (2018) A wearable electrochemical glucose sensor based on simple and low-cost fabrication supported micro-patterned reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite electrode on flexible substrate. Biosens Bioelectron 109:75–82
Dhara K et al (2014) Pt-CuO nanoparticles decorated reduced graphene oxide for the fabrication of highly sensitive non-enzymatic disposable glucose sensor. Sensors Actuators B Chem 195:197–205
Wei S et al (2020) Transfer-free CVD graphene for highly sensitive glucose sensors. J Mater Sci Technol 37:71–76
Cui D et al (2019) Non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on micro-/nanostructured Cu/Ni deposited on graphene sheets. J Electroanal Chem 838:154–162
Liu Q et al (2019) An ultra-low detection limit glucose sensor based on reduced graphene oxide-concave tetrahedral Pd NCs@ CuO composite. J Electrochem Soc 166(6):B381
Jaberi SYS, Ghaffarinejad A, Omidinia E (2019) An electrochemical paper based nano-genosensor modified with reduced graphene oxide-gold nanostructure for determination of glycated hemoglobin in blood. Anal Chim Acta 1078:42–52
Sampath U, Kim D, Song M (2019) Hemoglobin detection using a graphene oxide functionalized side-polished fiber sensor. In: Optical sensors 2019. International Society for Optics and Photonics
Wu S et al (2019) Layer-by-layer self-assembly film of PEI-reduced graphene oxide composites and cholesterol oxidase for ultrasensitive cholesterol biosensing. Sensors Actuators B Chem 298:126856
Alexander S et al (2017) Modified graphene based molecular imprinted polymer for electrochemical non-enzymatic cholesterol biosensor. Eur Polym J 86:106–116
Semwal V, Gupta BD (2017) LSPR-and SPR-based fiber-optic cholesterol sensor using immobilization of cholesterol oxidase over silver nanoparticles coated graphene oxide nanosheets. IEEE Sensors J 18(3):1039–1046
Karimi-Maleh H, Arotiba OA (2020) Simultaneous determination of cholesterol, ascorbic acid and uric acid as three essential biological compounds at a carbon paste electrode modified with copper oxide decorated reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite and ionic liquid. J Colloid Interface Sci 560:208–212
Sriram B et al (2019) Novel sonochemical synthesis of Fe3O4 nanospheres decorated on highly active reduced graphene oxide nanosheets for sensitive detection of uric acid in biological samples. Ultrason Sonochem 58:104618
Yola ML, Atar N (2016) Functionalized graphene quantum dots with bi-metallic nanoparticles composite: sensor application for simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid, dopamine, uric acid and tryptophan. J Electrochem Soc 163(14):B718
Jothi L et al (2018) Simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid, dopamine and uric acid by a novel electrochemical sensor based on N2/Ar RF plasma assisted graphene nanosheets/graphene nanoribbons. Biosens Bioelectron 105:236–242
Kumarasamy J et al (2018) One-step coelectrodeposition-assisted layer-by-layer assembly of gold nanoparticles and reduced graphene oxide and its self-healing three-dimensional nanohybrid for an ultrasensitive DNA sensor. Nanoscale 10(3):1196–1206
Gong Q et al (2019) Sensitive electrochemical DNA sensor for the detection of HIV based on a polyaniline/graphene nanocomposite. J Mater 5(2):313–319
Balaji A et al (2019) Graphene oxide-based nanostructured DNA sensor. Biosensors 9(2):74
Song L et al (2019) Capturing hemoglobin on graphene sheet from sub-microliter whole blood for quantitative characterization by internal extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Talanta 202:436–442
Mohanraj J et al (2020) Facile synthesis of paper based graphene electrodes for point of care devices: a double stranded DNA (dsDNA) biosensor. J Colloid Interface Sci 566:463–472
Luker GD, Luker KE (2008) Optical imaging: current applications and future directions. J Nucl Med 49(1):1–4
Rehemtulla A et al (2000) Rapid and quantitative assessment of cancer treatment response using in vivo bioluminescence imaging. Neoplasia 2(6):491–495
Samanta A et al (2010) Development of photostable near-infrared cyanine dyes. Chem Commun 46(39):7406–7408
Wang C et al (2017) Super-photostable phosphole-based dye for multiple-acquisition stimulated emission depletion imaging. J Am Chem Soc 139(30):10374–10381
Ayare NN, Ramugade SH, Sekar N (2019) Photostable coumarin containing azo dyes with multifunctional property. Dyes Pigments 163:692–699
Wilson BC, Jeeves WP, Lowe DM (1985) In vivo and post mortem measurements of the attenuation spectra of light in mammalian tissues. Photochem Photobiol 42(2):153–162
Weissleder R, Ntziachristos V (2003) Shedding light onto live molecular targets. Nat Med 9(1):123–128
Baker M (2010) Nanotechnology imaging probes: smaller and more stable. Nat Methods 7(12):957–962
McHugh KJ et al (2018) Biocompatible semiconductor quantum dots as cancer imaging agents. Adv Mater 30(18):1706356
Chen H et al (2014) Characterization of tumor-targeting Ag 2 S quantum dots for cancer imaging and therapy in vivo. Nanoscale 6(21):12580–12590
Tang R et al (2015) Tunable ultrasmall visible-to-extended near-infrared emitting silver sulfide quantum dots for integrin-targeted cancer imaging. ACS Nano 9(1):220–230
Rana M et al (2020) Glutathione capped core/shell CdSeS/ZnS quantum dots as a medical imaging tool for cancer cells. Inorg Chem Commun 112:107723
Cong H et al (2020) Tuning the brightness and photostability of organic dots for multivalent targeted cancer imaging and surgery. ACS Nano
Sikorska K et al (2020) The impact of Ag nanoparticles and CdTe quantum dots on expression and function of receptors involved in amyloid-β uptake by BV-2 microglial cells. Materials 13(14):3227
Feng L et al (2013) A quantum dot probe conjugated with Aβ antibody for molecular imaging of Alzheimer’s disease in a mouse model. Cell Mol Neurobiol 33(6):759–765
Gao X et al (2008) Quantum dots bearing lectin-functionalized nanoparticles as a platform for in vivo brain imaging. Bioconjug Chem 19(11):2189–2195
Hu J et al (2017) Quantum dots emitting in the third biological window as bimodal contrast agents for cardiovascular imaging. Adv Funct Mater 27(41):1703276
Koshman YE et al (2008) Delivery and visualization of proteins conjugated to quantum dots in cardiac myocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 45(6):853–856
Ross B, Chenevert T, Rehemtulla A (2002) Magnetic resonance imaging in cancer research. Eur J Cancer 38(16):2147–2156
Evelhoch JL et al (2000) Applications of magnetic resonance in model systems: cancer therapeutics. Neoplasia 2(1–2, 152):–165
Kurhanewicz J, Vigneron DB, Nelson SJ (2000) Three-dimensional magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging of brain and prostate cancer. Neoplasia 2(1–2):166–189
Artemov D et al (2003) Magnetic resonance molecular imaging of the HER-2/neu receptor. Cancer Res 63(11):2723–2727
Amiri H et al (2013) Alzheimer’s disease: pathophysiology and applications of magnetic nanoparticles as MRI theranostic agents. ACS Chem Neurosci 4(11):1417–1429
Khoo VS et al (1997) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): considerations and applications in radiotherapy treatment planning. Radiother Oncol 42(1):1–15
Golman K et al (2006) Metabolic imaging by hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance imaging for in vivo tumor diagnosis. Cancer Res 66(22):10855–10860
Bhujwalla ZM et al (2001) Vascular differences detected by MRI for metastatic versus nonmetastatic breast and prostate cancer xenografts. Neoplasia 3(2):143–153
Rehemtulla A et al (2002) Molecular imaging of gene expression and efficacy following adenoviral-mediated brain tumor gene therapy. Mol Imaging 1(1):15353500200200005
Martincich L et al (2004) Monitoring response to primary chemotherapy in breast cancer using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Breast Cancer Res Treat 83(1):67–76
Matson ML, Wilson LJ (2010) Nanotechnology and MRI contrast enhancement. Future Med Chem 2(3):491–502
Hadjipanayis CG et al (2008) Metallic iron nanoparticles for MRI contrast enhancement and local hyperthermia. Small 4(11):1925–1929
Khurshid H et al (2013) Core/shell structured iron/iron-oxide nanoparticles as excellent MRI contrast enhancement agents. J Magn Magn Mater 331:17–20
Chen Z et al (2012) Applications of functionalized fullerenes in tumor theranostics. Theranostics 2(3):238
Ghiassi KB, Olmstead MM, Balch AL (2014) Gadolinium-containing endohedral fullerenes: structures and function as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) agents. Dalton Trans 43(20):7346–7358
Wu H et al (2011) Solvothermal synthesis of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles loaded on multiwalled carbon nanotubes for magnetic resonance imaging and drug delivery. Acta Biomater 7(9):3496–3504
Al Faraj A et al (2009) In vivo imaging of carbon nanotube biodistribution using magnetic resonance imaging. Nano Lett 9(3):1023–1027
Marangon I et al (2014) Covalent functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes with a gadolinium chelate for efficient T1–weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Adv Funct Mater 24(45):7173–7186
Ito A et al (2005) Medical application of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. J Biosci Bioeng 100(1):1–11
Pankhurst QA et al (2003) Applications of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedicine. J Phys D Appl Phys 36(13):R167
Abakumov MA et al (2015) VEGF-targeted magnetic nanoparticles for MRI visualization of brain tumor. Nanomedicine 11(4):825–833
Liguori C et al (2015) Emerging clinical applications of computed tomography. Med Devices (Auckland, NZ) 8:265
Ou P et al (2007) Three-dimensional CT scanning: a new diagnostic modality in congenital heart disease. Heart 93(8):908–913
Fan W et al (2019) Breaking the depth dependence by nanotechnology-enhanced X-ray-excited deep cancer theranostics. Adv Mater 31(12):1806381
Anton N, Vandamme TF (2014) Nanotechnology for computed tomography: a real potential recently disclosed. Pharm Res 31(1):20–34
Wang X et al (2019) Rhenium sulfide nanoparticles as a biosafe spectral CT contrast agent for gastrointestinal tract imaging and tumor theranostics in vivo. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 11(37):33650–33658
Mukundan S Jr et al (2006) A liposomal nanoscale contrast agent for preclinical CT in mice. Am J Roentgenol 186(2):300–307
Danila D et al (2009) Antibody-labeled liposomes for CT imaging of atherosclerotic plaques: in vitro investigation of an anti-ICAM antibody-labeled liposome containing iohexol for molecular imaging of atherosclerotic plaques via computed tomography. Tex Heart Inst J 36(5):393
Chang Y-J et al (2010) Therapeutic efficacy and microSPECT/CT imaging of 188Re-DXR-liposome in a C26 murine colon carcinoma solid tumor model. Nucl Med Biol 37(1):95–104
Xu H et al (2019) Nanoliposomes co-encapsulating CT imaging contrast agent and photosensitizer for enhanced, imaging guided photodynamic therapy of cancer. Theranostics 9(5):1323
Gao C et al (2020) cRGD-modified and disulfide bond-crosslinked polymer nanoparticles based on iopamidol as a tumor-targeted CT contrast agent. Polym Chem 11(4):889–899
Zhou W et al (2020) Iodine-rich semiconducting polymer nanoparticles for CT/fluorescence dual-modal imaging-guided enhanced photodynamic therapy. Small 16(5):1905641
Tian C et al (2015) Poly (acrylic acid) bridged gadolinium metal–organic framework–gold nanoparticle composites as contrast agents for computed tomography and magnetic resonance bimodal imaging. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7(32):17765–17775
Curry T et al (2014) Multifunctional theranostic gold nanoparticles for targeted CT imaging and photothermal therapy. Contrast Media Mol Imaging 9(1):53–61
Meir R et al (2015) Nanomedicine for cancer immunotherapy: tracking cancer-specific T-cells in vivo with gold nanoparticles and CT imaging. ACS Nano 9(6):6363–6372
Popovtzer R et al (2008) Targeted gold nanoparticles enable molecular CT imaging of cancer. Nano Lett 8(12):4593–4596
Kimm MA et al (2020) Gold nanoparticle mediated multi-modal CT imaging of Hsp70 membrane-positive tumors. Cancer 12(5):1331
Shrestha B et al (2020) Photoacoustic imaging in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Tissue Eng B Rev 26(1):79–102
Zhu Y et al (2018) Light emitting diodes based photoacoustic imaging and potential clinical applications. Sci Rep 8(1):1–12
Yu Q et al (2020) Label-free visualization of early cancer hepatic micrometastasis and intraoperative image-guided surgery by photoacoustic imaging. J Nucl Med 61(7):1079–1085
Jnawali K et al (2020) Automatic cancer tissue detection using multispectral photoacoustic imaging. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 15(2):309–320
Gharieb RR (2020) Photoacoustic imaging for cancer diagnosis: a breast tumor example. In: Photoacoustic imaging-principles, advances and applications. IntechOpen
Xie H et al (2020) Biodegradable Bi2O2Se quantum dots for photoacoustic imaging-guided cancer photothermal therapy. Small 16(1):1905208
Ge X et al (2020) A non-invasive nanoprobe for in vivo photoacoustic imaging of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque. Adv Mater:2000037
Imaizumi Y et al (2020) P16 assessment of plaque vulnerability using a novel technique: multi-spectral photoacoustic imaging (CVENT-PAI). Artery Res 25(10):S59–S59
Lv J et al (2020) In vivo photoacoustic imaging dynamically monitors the structural and functional changes of ischemic stroke at a very early stage. Theranostics 10(2):816
Graham MT et al (2020) Photoacoustic image guidance and robotic visual servoing to mitigate fluoroscopy during cardiac catheter interventions. In: Advanced biomedical and clinical diagnostic and surgical guidance systems XVIII. International Society for Optics and Photonics
Joseph FK et al (2020) LED-based photoacoustic imaging for early detection of joint inflammation in rodents: towards achieving 3Rs in rheumatoid arthritis research. In: Photons plus ultrasound: imaging and sensing 2020. International Society for Optics and Photonics
Ogawa K et al (2019) Evaluation of arthritis with model rats using photoacoustic imaging system. In: European conference on biomedical optics. Optical Society of America
Chu C et al (2020) Multimodal photoacoustic imaging-guided regression of corneal neovascularization: a non-invasive and safe strategy. Adv Sci:2000346
Yang G et al (2020) Vascularization in tissue engineering: fundamentals and state-of-art. Prog Biomed Eng 2(1):012002
Shrestha B et al (2020) Gold nanorods enable noninvasive longitudinal monitoring of hydrogels in vivo with photoacoustic tomography. Acta Biomater
García-Álvarez R et al (2020) Optimizing the geometry of photoacoustically active gold nanoparticles for biomedical imaging. ACS Photonics 7(3):646–652
Chen Y-S et al (2019) Miniature gold nanorods for photoacoustic molecular imaging in the second near-infrared optical window. Nat Nanotechnol 14(5):465–472
Han S, Bouchard R, Sokolov KV (2019) Molecular photoacoustic imaging with ultra-small gold nanoparticles. Biomed Opt Express 10(7):3472–3483
Lee S, Lee D, Kim C (2019) Photoacoustic imaging with carbon nanomaterials. In: Carbon nanomaterials for bioimaging, bioanalysis, and therapy, pp 139–166
Fu Q et al (2019) Photoacoustic imaging: contrast agents and their biomedical applications. Adv Mater 31(6):1805875
Dutta R et al (2019) Real-time detection of circulating tumor cells in living animals using functionalized large gold nanorods. Nano Lett 19(4):2334–2342
Wang B et al (2010) Intravascular photoacoustic imaging of macrophages using molecularly targeted gold nanoparticles. In: Photons plus ultrasound: imaging and sensing 2010. International Society for Optics and Photonics
Goetz LH, Schork NJ (2018) Personalized medicine: motivation, challenges, and progress. Fertil Steril 109(6):952–963
Kelkar SS, Reineke TM (2011) Theranostics: combining imaging and therapy. Bioconjug Chem 22(10):1879–1903
Yang Z et al (2017) Self-assembly of semiconducting-plasmonic gold nanoparticles with enhanced optical property for photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy. Theranostics 7(8):2177
Zhou P et al (2018) Photoacoustic-enabled self-guidance in magnetic-hyperthermia Fe@ Fe3O4 nanoparticles for theranostics in vivo. Adv Healthc Mater 7(9):1701201
Xu H et al (2019) PEGylated liposomal photosensitizers as theranostic agents for dual-modal photoacoustic and fluorescence imaging-guided photodynamic therapy. J Innov Opt Health Sci 12(03):1941003
Yang Z et al (2019) Precision cancer theranostic platform by in situ polymerization in perylene diimide-hybridized hollow mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 141(37):14687–14698
Dai Y et al (2019) Multifunctional thermosensitive liposomes based on natural phase-change material: near-infrared light-triggered drug release and multimodal imaging-guided cancer combination therapy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 11(11):10540–10553
Zhao S et al (2018) Designing of UCNPs@ Bi@ SiO2 hybrid theranostic nanoplatforms for simultaneous multimodal imaging and photothermal therapy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 11(1):394–402
Liu Z et al (2018) 2D superparamagnetic tantalum carbide composite MXenes for efficient breast-cancer theranostics. Theranostics 8(6):1648
Yang S et al (2019) Rodlike MSN@ Au nanohybrid-modified supermolecular photosensitizer for NIRF/MSOT/CT/MR quadmodal imaging-guided photothermal/photodynamic cancer therapy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 11(7):6777–6788
Patri AK (2020) Nanotechnology: over a decade of progress and innovation. FDA
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this entry
Cite this entry
Shrestha, B., Tang, L., Hood, R.L. (2022). Nanotechnology for Personalized Medicine. In: Gu, N. (eds) Nanomedicine. Micro/Nano Technologies. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9374-7_18-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9374-7_18-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-9374-7
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-9374-7
eBook Packages: Springer Reference EngineeringReference Module Computer Science and Engineering