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Serum Cholinesterase Activities as Biomarkers of Cardiac Malfunctioning

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Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Disease

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Abstract

Cardiovascular functioning depends on proper autonomous nervous system activities, and cardiovascular pathologies are associated with autonomic imbalance. Acetylcholine is the main parasympathetic neurotransmitter, involved in restoring hemostasis, reducing heart rate, and blocking inflammation and anxiety. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), the acetylcholine-hydrolyzing enzymes, can be detected via reliable, low-cost measurements that are amenable for use in large cohort studies. Recent surveys have suggested that cholinesterase (ChE) activity measurements can serve as biomarkers for cardiovascular diseases, correlating with inflammation, heart rate, and delayed heart rate recovery. Moreover, patients with ChE activities beyond the normal range are at risk for non-survival or poor recovery outcome following stroke or myocardial infarction. In this chapter, we will introduce the ChEs, the detection methods available for measuring their activities, and the relevant studies validating the roles of ChEs as risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.

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Abbreviations

ACh:

Acetylcholine

AChE:

Acetylcholinesterase

ANS:

Autonomous nervous system

ATCh:

Acetylthiocholine

BChE:

Butyrylcholinesterase

BRS:

Baroreflex sensitivity

BTCh:

Butyrylthiocholine

CAD:

Coronary arterial disease

ChAT:

Choline acetyltransferase

CHD:

Coronary heart disease

ChE:

Cholinesterase

ChOx:

Choline oxidase

CNS:

Central nerve system

ColQ:

Collagen tail

CS:

Cholinergic status

DTNB:

5,5′-Dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid)

GPI:

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol

Il:

Interleukin

iso-OMPA:

Tetramonoisopropyl pyrophosphortetramide

MACE:

Major adverse cardiac events

mAChR:

Muscarinic ACh receptor

MI:

Myocardial infarction

MiRNA:

MicroRNA

nAChR:

Nicotinic ACh receptor

NMJ:

Neuromuscular junction

NP:

Nanoparticle

PAS:

Peripheral anionic site

PNS:

Peripheral nervous system

PRiMA:

Proline-rich membrane anchor

SNP:

Single nucleotide polymorphism

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor-α

WAT:

Tryptophan-rich amphiphilic tetramerization

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Life Sciences Institute and the Edmond and Lily Safra Center of Brain Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel

    Shani Shenhar-Tsarfaty & Hermona Soreq

  2. Institute of Chemistry and the Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Life Sciences Institute and the Edmond and Lily Safra Center of Brain Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel

    Nir Waiskopf

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  1. Nir Waiskopf
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  2. Shani Shenhar-Tsarfaty
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  1. Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom

    Vinood B. Patel

  2. Sciences Division, King's College, London, United Kingdom

    Victor R. Preedy

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Waiskopf, N., Shenhar-Tsarfaty, S., Soreq, H. (2015). Serum Cholinesterase Activities as Biomarkers of Cardiac Malfunctioning. In: Patel, V., Preedy, V. (eds) Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Disease. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7741-5_10-1

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