Keywords

1 Introduction

Networking is the process of sharing the resources or communication between two or more parties {source, destination}. Infrastructure network (i.e. Cellular Network) and infrastructureless network (i.e. MANET, VANET and so on.) is the type of wireless network [1]. Infrastructure based network is not a “peer-to-peer” connection similar to Ad hoc network. It is roundabout connection between two or more network points which is able to get to be through fixed wireless access point called as central administrator. While in infrastructureless network, all nodes in network act as a router.

Meaning of Ad hoc is “for this” and “for this situation” comes from Latin. American uses word “Ad hoc” for immediate and special purpose. It means Ad hoc word use for temporary basis. Same thing, Mobile Ad hoc network (MANET) is temporary based network in which physical network layout will change frequently as network point is moving. Due to this dynamic topology, MANET has need of more system resources such as efficient power supply or energy, network throughput, network lifetime. MANET have a many key challenges [2, 3] such as limited power support, limited bandwidth, network lifetime, end-to-end delay, Quality of Service (QoS), network security.

The Major end, purpose of the MANET is to maximize the throughput, improve the life span of the network and minimize the delay time. Throughput can be measured through Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR). Routing is the process of selecting the best path through which it forwards the traffic over a network. All network points in MANET are dependent on battery power, in other words, network points are battery driven. Flooding the packet often may cause connection failure. Reason for connection failure is:

  • Energy exhaustion by single dead node

  • Node is moving out-of range of its close-by node

The rest of this paper is organized as follows. The energy-efficient issue is presented in Sect. 2. In Sect. 3, we provides summary of literature available on traditional routing protocols. Finally we conclude the paper in Sect. 4 with future research opportunities on energy-efficient.

2 Energy Efficiency Issues

The energy-efficient routing is voluminous concern in the MANET. All nodes are battery-driven, powered by constrained battery capacity. Due to the lack of energy, Node cannot communicate efficiently with another node. It is obligatory to take action to ameliorate the energy of node. This paper defines sundry efficiency routing protocol to solve the energy related problem. The parameters or process define as below in which node consuming more Energy.

  • During transmit the packets

  • On receiving the packets

  • In a idle mode

  • In a slumber mode

The various energy challenges are define as below:

  1. 1.

    Limited Bandwidth: Basically, Limited bandwidth in wireless network refers to packet connection’s capacity and round-trip delay time (RTD) or round-trip time (RTT). It means Circumscribed bandwidth affects the network during the traversal of packets because of length of time taken for a request and reply.

  2. 2.

    Battery Constraint: Battery power is paramount concern into the Ad hoc network. Each node in wireless Ad hoc network is operates on battery potency. Less energy can affect the communication of the network.

  3. 3.

    Packet losses due to transmission errors: Certain connection may break due to the dynamic deportment of the node. The physical network topology often changes when node moves. In an astronomically immense network, a dead node exhausts all energy can cause the transmission error.

  4. 4.

    Security threats: Security is big challenge in terms of secure communication in Ad hoc network. The several security threats affect the network due to limited cryptographic measure, node traverse without adequate protection and static topology which is not adequate in dynamic comportment. As a result node grabs more battery power which affects the overall performance of the network.

  5. 5.

    Mobility-induced route changes: Ad hoc wireless network is dynamic topology. Certain connection may be break frequently due to the node movement during perpetual session of the network.

  6. 6.

    Routing Overhead: In wireless network, nodes are changing its location frequently. As a result, stale entry in obtained in routing table that increase the routing overhead.

3 Related Work

Energy saving is big concern in wireless Ad hoc network. In recent past years, many researchers have addressed energy-efficiency related issue and innovate incipient conceptions and novel techniques. Below shows few algorithm based on Energy efficiency mechanism.

Zhao and Tong [4] proposed EAGER protocol which includes proactive and reactive approaches based on traffic and mobility conditions. EAGER divides the network into equipollent size cell. It works based on two routing protocol: Intra-cell proactive routing and another Inter-cell reactive routing protocol. EAGER culls the optimal peripheral area that can be used to minimize the node in a traversal process.

Kim et al. [5], in this, LRCA is utilized to change the route if a node is dead or have a less-battery life by broadcasting the HELP and OK message.

Shin et al. [6], modified the conventional routing protocol with the avail of K-hop PRREQ message. K-hop PRREQ message used to reduce the number of broadcasting of route request (RREQ) message. K-hop PRREQ is use by sender to broadcast with hope with the use of Time To Live (TTL) field.

Loganathan and Ramamoorthy [7], describe comparison between the pristine DSDV and modified DSDV with the use of cost parameter assign for link and path of the Ad hoc network The cost parameter include parameters such as hop count (h), total inference (I), Node link delay (d), Residual energy of a node (R), node transmission power (T). The cost parameter is cummulate with different optimization function and for optimal path MAX/MIN Energy-Half-Interference Hop multicast algorithm in utilization.

Karuppanan and Mahalaksmi [8], in this, MANET is a subset of VANET. OLSR include data such as broken link information which leads the vagueness. Fuzzy Rough-OLSR (FR-OLSR) reduces the force of uncertainty in the dataset and produces the optimal path for packet traversal. FR-OLSR based on Fussy Rough set theory. FR based theory obviate the problem that is incapable to defense. FR defines the degree of kindred attribute between two objects which measured in 0–1 interval.

Kim et al. [9], proposed, TEES is based on DSR, use to reduce the control packet overhead and increase the amount of packet delivery ratio. TEES find the optimal path based on two levels LB (Lower Bound) and UB (Upper Bound). The energy value is compared with LB and UB to compute the case LC (Low Case), MC (Middle Case) and HC (High Case).

Shivashankar et al. [10], Described conventional the power aware algorithm. In DSR, the routing packet load increases the time for a multipath. DSR cull the path which have minimum number of hops. EPAR (Efficient Power Routing Protocol) select the path with the maximum lowest hop energy. DSR performance is inefficient in terms of medium and large size networks. For this, EPAR, MTPR is proved to be preponderant. EPAR in terms of throughput provide a preponderant result.

De Rango et al. [11], proposed EE-OLSR which is the modification of OLSR protocol to reduce the battery consumption. EE-OLSR is work on two methodologies, one is, EA-Willingness Setting and another one is Overhearing Exclusion. The willingness of node can be described by two steps or metrics: (1) Battery capacity and, (2) Predicted lifetime.

Sheng et al. [12], an energy-efficient protocol NCE-DSR (Number of times nodes send Constraint Energy DSR) based on DSR. NCE-DSR considers the two domain value MAX and AVE value that is added to datagram to record the mean value and the maximum value of the number of times node sending messages are protected or chosen for route selection.

Vazifehdan et al. [13], In this, two novel energy aware routing algorithm is proposed in which Reliable Minimum Energy Cost Routing (RMECR) is used to elongating the operational lifetime of the network while RMER reducing the consuming energy during end-to end packet traversal.

Fahrnv et al. [14], proposed, Predictive Energy Efficient Bee Routing (PEEBR) is a swarm based optimization algorithm that work on two phases: (a) node level and (b) network level.

Rekha et al. [15], GFSR is a grid based protocol used to exchange the control message and data packet by selecting the good candidate called the gateway. Grid includes the gateway and gateway is the node that used to forward the packet. GFSR chooses the best path by observing the node during transmission and checks whether it’s gateway or not. Nearest node to the virtual grids is good candidate call gateway.

Ur Rahman Khan et al. [16], in this, the higher rate of mobility degrade the performance of network and maximize the packet delivery ratio. As a result, stale routes are updated into the routing table. DSDV uses stale route it signifies not a valid route to destination. Eff-DSDV utilizes the stale routes in case of broken link. In case of broken link, Eff-DSDV engenders the temporary link by sending one-hop packet to the destination.

Chettibi and Chikhi [17], the paper utilizes the Zero-order Sugeno Fuzzy Logic System adjust the willingness parameter into the OLSR protocol. FLS check the willingness of node by considering two parameters such as RE (Remaining Energy) and ERL (Expected Residual Lifetime).

Roy et al. [18], SEEC (Signal and Energy Efficient Clustering) play consequential role while cluster dies. It considers the second node as a cluster head while cluster head’s power level goes below to the certain threshold value.

Mangai and Tamilarasi [19], the ILCRP (Improved Location aided Cluster based Routing Protocol) used to maintain the nodes location by utilizing the GPS. Due to the advantages of system, ILCRP used to reduce the control overhead. ILCRP works on three phases: cluster formation, route maintenance, route discovery.

Sharma et al. [20], proposed, new algorithm MCGCR (Modified Cluster Head Gateway Switch Routing Protocol) combining the two approaches: proactive and reactive approach. MCGCR ameliorate the routing performance by utilizing the cluster heads and gateways.

Verma [21], the main three areas that consume more power, namely, radio frequency, nodes processing unit and energy consume by nodes. To calculate the energy consumption by node, ZRP with anycast is use. Anycast is use while node is consuming more energy in receiving and sending the packet. The total energy calculated by sum of receiving and sending packet process.

SreeRangaRaju and Mungara [22], ZRP utilizes the query methodology targeting the peripheral nodes which is more efficient than the flooding process. It is possible that the neighbour receive the packet multiple times. It is obligatory to reduce the control overhead. The query control mechanism used to reduce the delay in which detection mechanism include source node’s id and query id pair. In this, node sends the packet to the peripheral node. It may transpire that packet may receive multiple times through peripheral node. At this time, query bordercasting approach is use.

Table 1 describes the survey on various traditional routing protocols with their novel conception and optimization techniques.

Table 1 A survey on traditional routing protocol
Full size table

4 Conclusion and Future Scope

To evaluate the energy consumption, this paper surveys various routing protocols with their novel conceptions and optimization techniques over the pristine routing protocols. Paper also describes the erudition of conventional routing protocol briefly. Maintaining the energy level and network life is voluminous concern in Ad hoc network. For that, efficient routing protocols are required to discover the routes which facilitate the secure and reliable communication.

It is infeasible to compare the routing protocols with one another because protocols are dependent on network parameters or each protocol has a different goal with different postulation. The network parameters affect the overall performance of the protocol in the network. As well as, each modified routing protocols perform independently in case of energy cognate issue. Due to this reasons, Results cannot be compared with one another.

We surveys several routing protocols utilizing a single-hop and multi-hop routing process. But there are many open questions in case of maintaining the energy level such as QoS guarantees, adaptability, and security. QoS and adaptability is most crucial during communication process in Ad hoc network which are found missing in most of the routing protocol being proposed. Therefore, new optimization techniques or energy-efficient routing protocol that address QoS and adaptability need to be developed.