Zusammenfassung
Das Erleben eines traumatischen Ereignisses ist immer mit einer psychischen Belastung und einer Anpassungsreaktion verbunden. Dies kann auch Augenzeugen, Angehörige, Hinterbliebene, Helfer und Einsatzkräfte betreffen. Die auf ein solches Ereignis folgende Reaktion kann sich in einer akuten Belastungsreaktion (ICD-10) bzw. akuten Stressreaktion (ICD-11), einer akuten Belastungsstörung (DSM) und/oder mittel- und langfristig in einer chronischen Belastungsstörung oder einer anderen psychischen Störung äußern. Früh einsetzende psychologische Versorgungsangebote sollen dazu beitragen, dass die mittel- und langfristigen psychischen Folgen traumatischer Ereignisse gemildert oder verhindert werden.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Literatur
Acierno, R., Rheingold, A., Amstadter, A., Kurent, J., Amella, E., Resnick, H., Muzzy, W., & Lejuez, C. (2012). Behavioral activation and therapeutic exposure for bereavement in older adults. The American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care, 29, 13–25.
ACPMH. (2013). Australian guidelines for the treatment of adults with acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Melbourne: Australian Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health.
Agorastos, A., Marmar, C. R., & Otte, C. (2011). Immediate and early behavioral interventions for the prevention of acute and posttraumatic stress disorder. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 24, 526–532.
Allen, B., Brymer, M. J., Steinberg, A. M., Vernberg, E. M., Jacobs, A., Speier, A. H., & Pynoos, R. S. (2010). Perceptions of psychological first aid among providers responding to Hurricanes Gustav and Ike. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23, 509–513.
Amos, T., Stein, D. J., & Ipser, J. C. (2014). Pharmacological interventions for preventing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (7), CD006239.
Amstadter, A. B., Broman-Fulks, J., Zinzow, H., Ruggiero, K. J., & Cercone, J. (2009). Internet-based interventions for traumatic stress-related mental health problems: A review and suggestion for future research. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 410–420.
Angenendt, J., Riering, A., Röhrich, B., Südkamp, N., & Berger, M. (2012). Freiburger Arbeitsunfallstudie-II (FAUST-II); Screeninggestützte Früherkennung psychischer Gesundheitsstörungen nach schweren Arbeitsunfällen. Trauma und Berufskrankheit, 14, 186–193.
Antony, J. (2010). Psychological debriefing of workplace trauma: A case study of the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC). Toronto: Masterarbeit.
APA. (2004). Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
APA. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders; DSM-5. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Arnetz, B. B., Nevedal, D. C., Lumley, M. A., Backman, L., & Lublin, A. (2009). Trauma resilience training for police: Psychophysiological and performance effects. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 24, 1–9.
Australian Psychological Society. (2011). Psychological first aid – An Australian guide. Melbourne: Australian Psychological Society.
Balaban, V. (2008). Assessment of children. In E. B. Foa, T. M. Keane, M. J. Friedman & J. A. Cohen (Hrsg.), Effective treatments for PTSD: Practice guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (S. 62–80). New York: Guilford Press.
Başoğlu, M., Salcioğlu, E., Livanou, M., Kalender, D., & Acar, G. (2005). Single-session behavioral treatment of earthquake-related posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized waiting list controlled trial. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 1–11.
Bates, M. J., Bowles, S., Hammermeister, J., Stokes, C., Pinder, E., Moore, M., Fritts, M., Vythilingam, M., Yosick, T., Rhodes, J., Myatt, C., Westphal, R., Fautua, D., Hammer, P., & Burbelo, G. (2010). Psychological fitness. Military Medicine, 175, 21–38.
BBK. (2012). Psychosoziale Notfallversorgung: Qualitätsstandards und Leitlinien Teil I und II. Bonn: Bundesamt für Bevölkerungsschutz und Katastrophenhilfe.
Beatty, L. J., Koczwara, B., Rice, J., & Wade, T. D. (2010). A randomised controlled trial to evaluate the effects of a self-help workbook intervention on distress, coping and quality of life after breast cancer diagnosis. The Medicale Journal of Australia, 193, 68–73.
Becker-Nehring, K. (2014). Erstversorgung nach traumatischen Ereignissen: Screening und psychologische Frühinterventionen (Dissertation). Freiburg i. Br.: Albert-Ludwigs-Universität.
Becker-Nehring, K., Witschen, I., & Bengel, J. (2012). Schutz- und Risikofaktoren für Traumafolgestörungen. Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, 41, 148–165.
Beerlage, I. (2015). Psychosoziales Belastungs- und Handlungsverständnis für Interventionen nach Notfallereignissen und für belastende Einsatzsituationen. In G. Perren-Klingler (Hrsg.), Psychische Gesundheit und Katastrophe (S. 1–35). Heidelberg: Springer.
Bengel, J. (2001). Psychologische Maßnahmen für Einsatzkräfte bei Katastrophen: Das Zugunglück von Eschede. In A. Maercker & U. Ehlert (Hrsg.), Psychotraumatologie (S. 186–200). Göttingen: Hogrefe.
Bengel, J. (Hrsg.). (2004). Psychologie in Notfallmedizin und Rettungsdienst. Heidelberg: Springer.
Bengel, J., & Heinrichs, M. (2004). Psychische Belastungen des Rettungspersonals. In J. Bengel (Hrsg.), Psychologie in Notfallmedizin und Rettungsdienst (S. 25–43). Heidelberg: Springer.
Bengel, J., & Hubert, S. (2010). Anpassungsstörung und Akute Belastungsreaktion. Göttingen: Hogrefe.
Bengel, J., & Lyssenko, L. (2012). Resilienz und psychologische Schutzfaktoren im Erwachsenenalter: Stand der Forschung zu psychologischen Schutzfaktoren von Gesundheit im Erwachsenenalter. Köln: Bundeszentrale für Gesundheitliche Aufklärung.
Bering, R., Fischer, G., Schedlich, C., & Zurek, G. (2005). Kölner Risiko Index. In B. Strauß & J. Schumacher (Hrsg.), Klinische Interviews und Ratingskalen (S. 216–221). Göttingen: Hogrefe.
Berkowitz, S. J., Stover, C. S., & Marans, S. R. (2011). The child and family traumatic stress intervention: Secondary prevention for youth at risk of developing PTSD. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52, 676–685.
Bisson, J. I., Shepherd, J. P., Joy, D., Probert, R., & Newcombe, R. G. (2004). Early cognitive-behavioural therapy for post-traumatic stress symptoms after physical injury. Randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 184, 63–69.
Bisson, J. I., Weltch, R., Maddern, S., & Shepherd, J. P. (2010a). Implementing a screening programme for post-traumatic stress disorder following violent crime. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 1, 5541.
Bisson, J. I., Tavakoly, B., Witteveen, A. B., Ajdukovic, D., Jehel, L., Johansen, V. J., Nordanger, D., Orengo Garcia, F., Punamaki, R.-L., Schnyder, U., Sezgin, A. U., Wittmann, L., & Olff, M. (2010b). TENTS guidelines: Development of post-disaster psychosocial care guidelines through a Delphi process. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 196, 69–74.
Boscarino, J. A., Kirchner, H. L., Hoffman, S. N., & Erlich, P. M. (2013). Predicting PTSD using the New York Risk Score with genotype data: Potential clinical and research opportunities. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 9, 517–527.
Brauchle, G., Juen, B., & Beck, T. (2005). Effizienz von Debriefings. In C. Schönherr, B. Juen, G. Brauchle, T. Beck & D. Kratzer (Hrsg.), Belastungen und Stressverarbeitung bei Einsatzkräften. Aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse der Arbeitsgruppe Notfallpsychologie der Universität Innsbruck (S. 39–47). Innsbruck: STUDIA.
Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J. D. (2000). Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 748–766.
Brewin, C. R., Scragg, P., Robertson, M., Thompson, M., d’Ardenne, P., & Ehlers, A. (2008). Promoting mental health following the London bombings: A screen and treat approach. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21, 3–8.
Brewin, C. R., Fuchkan, N., Huntley, Z., Robertson, M., Thompson, M., Scragg, P., d’Ardenne, P., & Ehlers, A. (2010). Outreach and screening following the 2005 London bombings: Usage and outcomes. Psychological Medicine, 40, 2049–2057.
Bryant, R. A. (2011). Acute stress disorder as a predictor of posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72, 233–239.
Bryant, R. A., Harvey, A. G., Dang, S. T., & Sackville, T. (1998a). Assessing acute stress disorder: Psychometric properties of a structured clinical interview. Psychological Assessment, 10, 215–220.
Bryant, R. A., Harvey, A. G., Dang, S. T., Sackville, T., & Basten, C. (1998b). Treatment of acute stress disorder: A comparison of cognitive-behavioral therapy and supportive counseling. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 862–866.
Bryant, R. A., Sackville, T., Dang, S. T., Moulds, M., & Guthrie, R. (1999). Treating acute stress disorder: An evaluation of cognitive behavior therapy and supportive counseling techniques. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1780–1786.
Bryant, R. A., Moulds, M. L., & Guthrie, R. M. (2000). Acute stress disorder scale: A self-report measure of acute stress disorder. Psychological Assessment, 12, 61–68.
Bryant, R. A., Moulds, M. L., & Nixon, R. V. D. (2003). Cognitive behaviour therapy of acute stress disorder: A four-year follow-up. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 489–494.
Bryant, R. A., Moulds, M. L., Guthrie, R. M., & Nixon, R. D. (2005). The additive benefit of hypnosis and cognitive-behavioral therapy in treating acute stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 334–340.
Bryant, R. A., Mastrodomenico, J., Felmingham, K. L., Hopwood, S., Kenny, L., Kandris, E., Cahill, C., & Creamer, M. (2008). Treatment of acute stress disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65, 659–667.
Bryant, R. A., Creamer, M., O’Donnell, M., Silove, D., & McFarlane, A. C. (2009). A study of the protective function of acute morphine administration on subsequent posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 65, 438–440.
Bryant, R. A., Friedman, M. J., Spiegel, D., Ursano, R., & Strain, J. (2011). A review of acute stress disorder in DSM-5. Depression and Anxiety, 28, 802–817.
Brymer, M., Layne, C., Jacobs, A., Pynoos, R., Ruzek, J., Steinberg, A., Vernberg, E., & Watson, P. (2006). Psychological first aid field operations guide. Los Angeles: National Child Traumatic Stress Network and National Center for PTSD.
Cacioppo, J. T., Reis, H. T., & Zautra, A. J. (2011). Social resilience: The value of social fitness with an application to the military. The American Psychologist, 66, 43–51.
Caplan, G. (1964). Principles of preventive psychiatry. New York: Basic Books.
Cardeña, E., Koopman, C., Classen, C., Wälde, L. C., & Spiegel, D. (2000). Psychometric properties of the Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire (SASRQ). Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13, 719–734.
Casey, E. A., & Lindhorst, T. P. (2009). Toward a multi-level, ecological approach to the primary prevention of sexual assault: Prevention in peer and community contexts. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 10, 91–114.
Charuvastra, A., & Cloitre, M. (2008). Social bonds and posttraumatic stress disorder. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 301–328.
Cornum, R., Matthews, M. D., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Comprehensive soldier fitness: Building resilience in a challenging institutional context. The American Psychologist, 66, 4–9.
Cox, C. M., Kenardy, J. A., & Hendrikz, J. K. (2010). A randomized controlled trial of a web-based early intervention for children and their parents following unintentional injury. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 35, 581–592.
Deahl, M. P., Srinivasan, M., Jones, N., Neblett, C., & Jolly, A. (2001). Evaluating psychological debriefing: Are we measuring the right outcomes? Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14, 527–529.
Delahanty, D. L., Gabert-Quillen, C., Ostrowski, S. A., Nugent, N. R., Fischer, B., Morris, A., Pitman, R. K., Bon, J., & Fallon, W. (2013). The efficacy of initial hydrocortisone administration at preventing posttraumatic distress in adult trauma patients: A randomized trial. CNS Spectrums, 18, 103–111.
Devilly, G. J., Gist, R., & Cotton, P. (2006). Ready! Fire! Aim! The status of psychological debriefing and therapeutic interventions: In the work place and after disasters. Review of General Psychology, 10, 318–345.
Drayer, C. S., Cameron, D. C., Woodward, W. D., & Glass, A. (1954). Psychological first aid in community disasters prepared by the American Psychiatric Association Committee on Civil Defense. JAMA, 156, 36–41.
Dunker, S. (2009). Prognose und Verlauf der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung bei Soldaten der Bundeswehr. Längsschnittstudie zur Neuvalidierung des Kölner Risikoindex-Bundeswehr (KRI-Bw). Dissertation, Universität Köln.
Dyregrov, A. (1989). Caring for helpers in disaster situations: Psychological debriefing. Disaster Management & Response, 2, 25–30.
Dyregrov, A., & Regel, S. (2012). Early interventions following exposure to traumatic events: Implications for practice from recent research. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 17, 271–291.
Echeburúa, E., Corral, P., Sarasua, B., & Zubizarreta, I. (1996). Treatment of acute posttraumatic stress disorder in rape victims: An experimental study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 10, 185–199.
Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Hackmann, A., McManus, F., Fennell, M., Herbert, C., & Mayou, R. (2003). A randomized controlled trial of cognitive therapy, a self-help booklet, and repeated assessments as early interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 1024–1032.
Ehring, T., Ehlers, A., & Glucksman, E. (2006). Contribution of cognitive factors to the prediction of post-traumatic stress disorder, phobia and depression after motor vehicle accidents. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 1699–1716.
Ehring, T., Ehlers, A., & Glucksman, E. (2008). Do cognitive models help in predicting the severity of posttraumatic stress disorder, phobia, and depression after motor vehicle accidents? A prospective longitudinal study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 219–230.
Everly, G. S., & Mitchell, J. T. (2000). The debriefing ‚controversy‘ and crisis intervention: A review of lexical and substantive issues. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 2, 211–225.
Falkai, P., Wittchen, H.-U., Döpfner, M., Gaebel, W., Maier, W., Rief, W., Saß, H., & Zaudig, M. (Hrsg.). (2015). Diagnostische Kriterien DSM-5. Göttingen: Hogrefe.
Fernandez, I., Gallinari, E., & Lorenzetti, A. (2004). A school-based EMDR intervention for children who witnessed the Pirelli Building airplane crash in Milan, Italy. Journal of Brief Therapy, 2, 129–136.
Fiedler, H., Gasch, B., & Lasogga, F. (2004). Zuschauer bei Notsituationen. In J. Bengel (Hrsg.), Psychologie in Notfallmedizin und Rettungsdienst (S. 191–200). Heidelberg: Springer.
Fischer, G. (2000). Mehrdimensionale psychodynamische Traumatherapie (MPTT); Manual zur Behandlung psychotraumatischer Störungen. Heidelberg: Asanger.
Flatten, G., Bär, O., Becker, K., Bengel, J., Frommberger, U., Hofmann, A., Lempa, W., & Andrea, M. (2011). S2 – Leitlinie: Diagnostik und Behandlung von akuten Folgen psychischer Traumatisierung. Trauma und Gewalt, 5, 214–221.
Fletcher, S., Creamer, M., & Forbes, D. (2010). Preventing post traumatic stress disorder: Are drugs the answer? The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 44, 1064–1071.
Foa, E., Hearst-Ikeda, D., & Perry, K. J. (1995). Evaluation of a brief cognitive-behavior program for the prevention of chronic PTSD in recent assault victims. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 948–955.
Foa, E., Cahill, S., Boscarino, J. A., Hobfoll, S., Lahad, M., McNally, R., & Solomon, Z. (2005). Social, psychological, and psychiatric interventions following terrorist attacks: Recommendations for practice and research. Neuropsychopharmacology, 30, 1806–1817.
Foa, E. B., Zoellner, L. A., & Feeny, N. C. (2006). An evaluation of three brief programs for facilitating recovery after assault. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19, 29–43.
Forbes, D., Lewis, V., Varker, T., Phelps, A., O’Donnell, M., Wade, D. J., Ruzek, J. I., Watson, P., Bryant, R. A., & Creamer, M. (2011). Psychological first aid following trauma: Implementation and evaluation framework for high-risk organizations. Psychiatry, 74, 224–239.
Freyth, C., Elsesser, K., Lohrmann, T., & Sartory, G. (2010). Effects of additional prolonged exposure to psychoeducation and relaxation in acute stress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 909–917.
Gelpin, E., Bonne, O., Peri, T., Brandes, D., & Shalev, A. Y. (1996). Treatment of recent trauma survivors with benzodiazepines: A prospective study. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 57, 390–394.
Gist, R., & Woodall, S. J. (2000). There are no simple solutions to complex problems. In J. M. Violanti, D. E. Paton & C. E. Dunning (Hrsg.), Posttraumatic stress intervention: Challenges, issues, and perspectives (S. 81–96). Springfield: Thomas.
Glynn, S. M., Shetty, V., Elliot-Brown, K., Leathers, R., Belin, T. R., & Wang, J. (2007). Chronic posttraumatic stress disorder after facial injury: A 1-year prospective cohort study. Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection & Critical Care, 62, 410–418.
Gottman, J. M., Gottman, J. S., & Atkins, C. L. (2011). The comprehensive soldier fitness program: Family skills component. The American Psychologist, 66, 52–57.
Gray, M. J., & Litz, B. T. (2005). Behavioral interventions for recent trauma: Empirically informed practice guidelines. Behavior Modification, 29, 189–215.
Grothe, C., Bering, R., Spieß, R., Lüneburg, E., & Fischer, G. (2003). Mehrdimensionale Psychodynamische Traumatherapie (MPTT): Forschungsergebnisse zur Standardversion. Zeitschrift für Psychotraumatologie und Psychologische Medizin, 1, 27–43.
Halligan, S. L., Michael, T., Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A. (2003). Posttraumatic stress disorder following assault: The role of cognitive processing, trauma memory, and appraisals. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 419–431.
Heim, C., Ehlert, U., & Hellhammer, D. H. (2000). The potential role of hypocortisolism in the pathophysiology of stress-related bodily disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 25, 1–35.
Helfricht, S., Landolt, M. A., Moergeli, H., Hepp, U., Wegener, D., & Schnyder, U. (2009). Psychometric evaluation and validation of the German version of the Acute Stress Disorder Scale across two distinct trauma populations. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22, 476–480.
Helmerichs, J. (2011). Psycho-soziale Notfallversorgung im Großschadensfall und bei Katastrophen. In F. Lasogga & B. Gasch (Hrsg.), Notfallpsychologie. Lehrbuch für die Praxis (S. 371–388). Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer.
Helmerichs, J., Marx, J., & Treunert, R. (2002). Hilfe für die im Einsatz. Nachsorge für Polizeikräfte–Erfahrungen aus Erfurt. Deutsche Polizei, 51, 7–11.
Hepp, U., Moergeli, H., Buchi, S., Bruchhaus-Steinert, H., Kraemer, B., Sensky, T., & Schnyder, U. (2008). Post-traumatic stress disorder in serious accidental injury: 3-year follow-up study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 192, 376–383.
Hobfoll, S. E., Watson, P., Bell, C. C., Bryant, R. A., Brymer, M. J., Friedman, M. J., Friedman, M., Gersons, B. P. R., de Jong, J. T. V. M., Layne, C. M., Maguen, S., Neria, Y., Norwood, A. E., Pynoos, R. S., Reissman, D., Ruzek, J. I., Shalev, A. Y., Solomon, Z., Steinberg, A. M., & Ursano, R. J. (2007). Five essential elements of immediate and mid-term mass trauma intervention: Empirical evidence. Psychiatry, 70, 283–315.
Hofmann, A. (2006). EMDR: Therapie psychotraumatischer Belastungssyndrome. Stuttgart: Thieme.
Holbrook, T. L., Galarneau, M. R., Dye, J. L., Quinn, K., & Dougherty, A. L. (2010). Morphine use after combat injury in Iraq and post-traumatic stress disorder. The New England Journal of Medicine, 362, 110–117.
Hourani, L. L., Council, C. L., Hubal, R. C., & Strange, L. B. (2011). Approaches to the primary prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder in the military: A review of the stress control literature. Military Medicine, 176, 721–730.
Hunt, E., Jones, N., Hastings, V., & Greenberg, N. (2013). TRiM: An organizational response to traumatic events in Cumbria Constabulary. Occupational Medicine, 63, 549–555.
IFRC. (2016). World Disaster Report. Resilience: Saving lives today, investing for tomorrow (Hrsg. D. Sanderson & A. Sharma). Geneva: International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.
Jacobs, G. A. (1995). The development of a national plan for disaster mental health. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 26, 543–549.
Jarero, I., & Artigas, L. (2010). The EMDR integrative group treatment protocol: Application with adults during ongoing geopolitical crisis. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 4, 148–155.
Jarero, I., Artigas, L., & Luber, M. (2011). The EMDR protocol for recent critical incidents: Application in a disaster mental health continuum of care context. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 5, 82–94.
Johnson, D. M., Zlotnick, C., & Perez, S. (2011). Cognitive behavioral treatment of PTSD in residents of battered women’s shelters: Results of a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79, 542–551.
Kassam-Adams, N., Felipe García-España, J., Marsac, M. L., Kohser, K. L., Baxt, C., Nance, M., & Winston, F. (2011). A pilot randomized controlled trial assessing secondary prevention of traumatic stress integrated into pediatric trauma care. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24, 252–259.
Katzman, M. A., Bleau, P., Blier, P., Chokka, P., Kjernisted, K., & van Ameringen, M. (2014). Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders. BMC Psychiatry, 14, S1.
Kearns, M. C., Ressler, K. J., Zatzick, D., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2012). Early interventions for PTSD: A review. Depression and Anxiety, 29, 833–842.
Kenardy, J., Thompson, K., Le Brocque, R., & Olsson, K. (2008). Information-provision intervention for children and their parents following pediatric accidental injury. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 17, 316–325.
Kilpatrick, D. G., & Veronen, L. J. (1983). Treatment for rape-related problems: Crisis intervention is not enough. In L. H. Cohen, W. Claiborn & G. A. Specter (Hrsg.), Crisis intervention (S. 165–185). New York: Human Sciences Press.
Kleim, B., Ehlers, A., & Glucksman, E. (2007). Early predictors of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder in assault survivors. Psychological Medicine, 37, 1457–1467.
Klengel, T., Mehta, D., Anacker, C., Rex-Haffner, M., Pruessner, J. C., Pariante, C. M., Pace, T. W. W., Mercer, K. B., Mayberg, H. S., Bradley, B., Nemeroff, C. B., Holsboer, F., Heim, C. M., Ressler, K. J., Rein, T., & Binder, E. B. (2013). Allele-specific FKBP5 DNA demethylation mediates gene-childhood trauma interactions. Nature Neuroscience, 16, 33.
Kliem, S., & Kröger, C. (2013). Prevention of chronic PTSD with early cognitive behavioral therapy. A meta-analysis using mixed-effects modeling. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51, 753–761.
Kobayashi, I., Sledjeski, E., Fallon, W., Spoonster, E., Riccio, D., & Delahanty, D. (2011). Effects of early albuterol (salbutamol) administration on the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Psychiatry Research, 185, 296–298.
Kornør, H., Winje, D., Ekeberg, Ø., Weisæth, L., Kirkehei, I., Johansen, K., & Steiro, A. (2008). Early trauma-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy to prevent chronic post-traumatic stress disorder and related symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 8, 81.
Kröger, C. (2013). Psychologische Erste Hilfe. Göttingen: Hogrefe.
Kröger, C., Ritter, C., & Bryant, R. A. (2011). Akute Belastungsstörung. Ein Therapiemanual. Göttingen: Hogrefe.
Kutz, I., Resnik, V., & Dekel, R. (2008). The Effect of single-session modified EMDR on acute stress syndromes. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2, 190–200.
Lasogga, F., & Gasch, B. (2006). Psychische Erste Hilfe bei Unfällen: Kompensation eines Defizits. Edewecht: Stumpf & Kossendey.
Lasogga, F., & Gasch, B. (Hrsg.). (2011). Notfallpsychologie. Lehrbuch für die Praxis. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.
Littleton, H., Horsley, S., John, S., & Nelson, D. V. (2007). Trauma coping strategies and psychological distress: A meta-analysis. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, 977–988.
Litz, B. T., & Bryant, R. A. (2008). Early cognitive-behavioral interventions for adults. In E. B. Foa, T. M. Keane, M. J. Friedman & J. A. Cohen (Hrsg.), Effective treatments for PTSD: Practice guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (S. 117–137). New York: Guilford Press.
Litz, B. T., Gray, M. J., Bryant, R. A., & Adler, A. B. (2002). Early intervention for trauma: Current status and future directions. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9, 112–134.
Lueger-Schuster, B., Krüsmann, M., & Purtscher, K. (2006). Psychosoziale Hilfe bei Katastrophen und komplexen Schadenslagen: Lessons learned. Wien: Springer Science & Business Media.
Maercker, A., & Bengel, J. (2017). Prävention der Trauma- und belastungsbezogenen Störungen. In J. Klosterkötter & W. Maier (Hrsg.), Handbuch Präventive Psychiatrie: Forschung-Lehre-Versorgung (S. 177–194). Stuttgart: Schattauer.
Marsac, M. L., Kohser, K. L., Winston, F. K., Kenardy, J., March, S., & Kassam-Adams, N. (2013). Using a web-based game to prevent posttraumatic stress in children following medical events: Design of a randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 4, 21311.
Matsuoka, Y., Nishi, D., Yonemoto, N., Hamazaki, K., Hashimoto, K., & Hamazaki, T. (2010). Omega-3 fatty acids for secondary prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder after accidental injury: An open-label pilot study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 30, 217–219.
McGhee, L. L., Maani, C. V., Garza, T. H., DeSocio, P. A., Gaylord, K. M., & Black, I. H. (2009). The effect of propranolol on posttraumatic stress disorder in burned service members. Journal of Burn Care & Research, 30, 92–97.
van der Meer, C. A. I., Bakker, A., Schrieken, B. A. L., Hoofwijk, M. C., & Olff, M. (2017). Screening for trauma-related symptoms via a smartphone app: The validity of Smart Assessment on your Mobile in referred police officers. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 26, e1579.
Miller, T. W. (2008). School violence and primary prevention. New York: Springer.
Mitchell, J. T. (1983). When disaster strikes: The critical incident stress debriefing process. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 8, 36–39.
Mitchell, J. T. (1998). Stressbearbeitung nach belastenden Ereignissen (SBE); Ein Handbuch zur Prävention psychischer Traumatisierung in Feuerwehr, Rettungsdienst und Polizei. Edewecht: Stumpf & Kossendey.
Mitchell, J. T., & Everly, G. S. (2001). Critical Incident Stress Debriefing: An operations manual for CISD, defusing and other group crisis intervention services. Ellicot City: Chevron Publishing.
Morgan, C. A., Krystal, J. H., & Southwick, S. M. (2003). Toward early pharmacological posttraumatic stress intervention. Biological Psychiatry, 53, 834–843.
Mouthaan, J., Sijbrandij, M., Reitsma, J., Gersons, B. P. R., & Olff, M. (2011a). Internet-based prevention of posttraumatic stress symptoms in injured trauma patients: Design of a randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 2, 8294.
Mouthaan, J., Sijbrandij, M., & Olff, M. (Hrsg.). (2011b). Quality of life and cost-effectiveness of a brief web-based early intervention to prevent PTSD in traumatic injury patients. Järfälla: Co-Action Publishing.
Mouthaan, J., Sijbrandij, M., Reitsma, J. B., Luitse, J. S. K., Goslings, J. C., & Olff, M. (2011c). Trauma TIPS: An internet-based intervention to prevent posttraumatic stress disorder in injured trauma patients. Journal of Cybertherapy and Rehabilitation, 4, 331–340.
Mouthaan, J., Sijbrandij, M., de Vries, G.-J., Reitsma, J. B., van de Schoot, R., Goslings, J. C., Luitse, J. S. K., Bakker, F. C., Gersons, B. B. P. R., & Olff, M. (2013). Internet-based early intervention to prevent posttraumatic stress disorder in injury patients: Randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15, e165.
Mouthaan, J., Sijbrandij, M., Reitsma, J. B., Luitse, J. S. K., Goslings, J. C., Gersons, B. P. R., & Olff, M. (2015). The role of early pharmacotherapy in the development of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms after traumatic injury: An observational cohort study in consecutive patients. General Hospital Psychiatry, 37, 230–235.
Müller-Lange, J. (2005). Critical Incident Stress Management: Handbuch Einsatznachsorge. Edewecht: Stumpf & Kossendey.
Neria, Y., Besser, A., Kiper, D., & Westphal, M. (2010). A longitudinal study of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and generalized anxiety disorder in Israeli civilians exposed to war trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23, 322–330.
NICE. (2005). Post-traumatic stress disorder – The management of PTSD in adults and children in primary and secondary care. National Clinical Practice Guideline Number 26. London: Gaskell and the British Psychological Society.
Nievergelt, C. M., Maihofer, A. X., Mustapic, M., Yurgil, K. A., Schork, N. J., Miller, M. W., Logue, M. W., Geyer, M. A., Risbrough, V. B., O’Connor, D. T., & Baker, D. G. (2015). Genomic predictors of combat stress vulnerability and resilience in U.S. Marines: A genome-wide association study across multiple ancestries implicates PRTFDC1 as a potential PTSD gene. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 51, 459–471.
Nikendei, A. (2017). Psychosoziale Notfallversorgung (PSNV). Praxisbuch Krisenintervention. Edewecht: Stumpf & Kossendey.
NNPN. (2013). Einsatzrichtlinien und Ausbildungsstandards für die psychologische Nothilfe; Revision. https://www.notfallseelsorge.ch/dok/6. Zugegriffen am 22.06.2018.
North, C. S., & Pfefferbaum, B. (2013). Mental health response to community disasters: A systematic review. JAMA, 310, 507–518.
North, C. S., Tivis, L., McMillen, J. C., Pfefferbaum, B., Cox, J., Spitznagel, E. L., Bunch, K., Schorr, J., & Smith, E. M. (2002). Coping, functioning, and adjustment of rescue workers after the Oklahoma City bombing. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15, 171–175.
Nugent, N. R., Christopher, N. C., Crow, J. P., Browne, L., Ostrowski, S., & Delahanty, D. L. (2010). The efficacy of early propranolol administration at reducing PTSD symptoms in pediatric injury patients: A pilot study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23, 282–287.
O’Brien, S. L. (1998). Traumatic events and mental health. Cambridge: University Press.
O’Donnell, M. L., Creamer, M., Holmes, A. C., Ellen, S., Mcfarlane, A. C., Judson, R., Bryant, R. A., et al. (2010). Posttraumatic stress disorder after injury: Does admission to intensive care unit increase risk? The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, 69(3), 627–632.
O’Donnell, M. L., Creamer, M. C., Parslow, R., Elliott, P., Holmes, A. C. N., Ellen, S., et al. (2008). A predictive screening index for posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following traumatic injury. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 923–932.
O’Donnell, M. L., Lau, W., Tipping, S., Holmes, A. C. N., Ellen, S., Judson, R., Varker, T., Elliot, P., Bryant, R. A., Creamer, M. C., & Forbes, D. (2012). Stepped early psychological intervention for posttraumatic stress disorder, other anxiety disorders, and depression following serious injury. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25, 125–133.
Ozer, E. J., Best, S. R., Lipsey, T. L., & Weiss, D. S. (2003). Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 52–73.
Pajonk, F. G., Stoewer, S., Kinn, M., & Fleiter, B. (2006). Psychopharmakotherapie in der Notfallmedizin. Notfall & Rettungsmedizin, 9, 393–402.
Paterson, H. M., Whittle, K., & Kemp, R. I. (2015). Detrimental effects of post-incident debriefing on memory and psychological responses. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 30, 27–37.
Peterson, K. C., Prout, M. F., & Schwarz, R. A. (1991). Post-traumatic stress disorder: A clinican’s guide. New York: Plenum Press.
Pitman, R. K., & Delahanty, D. L. (2005). Conceptually driven pharmacologic approaches to acute trauma. CNS Spectrums, 10, 99–106.
Pitman, R. K., Sanders, K. M., Zusman, R. M., Healy, A. R., Cheema, F., Lasko, N. B., Cahill, L., & Orr, S. P. (2002). Pilot study of secondary prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder with propranolol. Biological Psychiatry, 51, 189–192.
Pitman, R. K., Rasmusson, A. M., Koenen, K. C., Shin, L. M., Orr, S. P., Gilbertson, M. W., Milad, M. R., & Liberzon, I. (2012). Biological studies of post-traumatic stress disorder. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 13, 769.
Quick, J. C. (2011). Missing: Critical and skeptical perspectives on comprehensive soldier fitness. The American Psychologist, 66, 645.
Raphael, B. (1986). When disaster strikes. London: Hutchinson.
Raphael, B., & Wilson, J. P. (Hrsg.). (2000). Psychological debriefing: Theory, practice and evidence. London: Cambridge University Press.
Reddemann, L. (2004). Psychodynamisch imaginative traumatherapie (PITT); Das Manual. Stuttgart: Pfeiffer bei Klett-Cotta.
Rees, B. (2011). Overview of outcome data of potential meditation training for soldier resilience. Military Medicine, 176, 1232–1242.
Resnick, H., Acierno, R., Waldrop, A. E., King, L., King, D., Danielson, C., Ruggiero, K. J., & Kilpatrick, D. (2007). Randomized controlled evaluation of an early intervention to prevent post-rape psychopathology. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 2432–2447.
Richmond, T. S., Ruzek, J., Ackerson, T., Wiebe, D. J., Winston, F. K., & Kassam-Adams, N. (2011). Predicting the future development of depression or PTSD after injury. General Hospital Psychiatry, 33, 327–335.
Roberts, N. P., Kitchiner, N. J., Kenardy, J., & Bisson, J. (2009). Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (3), CD006869.
Roberts, N. P., Kitchiner, N. J., Kenardy, J., & Bisson, J. I. (2010). Early psychological interventions to treat acute traumatic stress symptoms. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (3), CD007944.
Rose, S. C., Bisson, J., Churchill, R., & Wessely, S. (2006). Psychological debriefing for preventing post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4).
Rosenberg, S. (2011). Psychologische Frühinterventionen – Interventionsstudien zwischen 2008 und 2011. Bachelorarbeit, Universität Freiburg.
Rothbaum, B. O., Kearns, M. C., Price, M., Malcoun, E., Davis, M., Ressler, K. J., Lang, D., & Houry, D. (2012). Early intervention may prevent the development of posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized pilot civilian study with modified prolonged exposure. Biological Psychiatry, 72, 957–963.
Ruggiero, K. J., Resnick, H. S., Acierno, R., Coffey, S. F., Carpenter, M. J., Ruscio, A. M., Stephens, R. S., Kilpatrick, D. G., Stasiewicz, P. R., & Roffman, R. A. (2006). Internet-based intervention for mental health and substance use problems in disaster-affected populations: A pilot feasibility study. Behavior Therapy, 37, 190–205.
Russell, M. C. (2006). Treating combat-related stress disorders: A multiple case study utilizing eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with battlefield casualties from the Iraqi War. Military Psychology, 18, 1–18.
Ruzek, J. I., Brymer, M. J., Jacobs, A. K., Layne, C. M., Vernberg, E. M., & Watson, P. J. (2007). Psychological first aid. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 29, 17–49.
Sander, L., Paganini, S., Lin, J., Schlicker, S., Ebert, D. D., Buntrock, C., & Baumeister, H. (2017). Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a guided Internet- and mobile-based intervention for the indicated prevention of major depression in patients with chronic back pain-study protocol of the PROD-BP multicenter pragmatic RCT. BMC Psychiatry, 17, 36.
Schelling, G., Briegel, J., Roozendaal, B., Stoll, C., Rothenhäusler, H. B., & Kapfhammer, H. P. (2001). The effect of stress doses of hydrocortisone during septic shock on posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors. Biological Psychiatry, 50, 978–985.
Schelling, G., Kilger, E., Roozendaal, B., Quervain, d., Dominique, J.-F., Briegel, J., Dagge, A., Rothenhäusler, H.-B., Krauseneck, T., Nollert, G., & Kapfhammer, H.-P. (2004). Stress doses of hydrocortisone, traumatic memories, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in patients after cardiac surgery: A randomized study. Biological Psychiatry, 55, 627–633.
Schelling, G., Roozendaal, B., Krauseneck, T., Schmoelz, M., de Quervain, D., & Briegel, J. (2006). Efficacy of hydrocortisone in preventing posttraumatic stress disorder following critical illness and major surgery. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1071, 46–53.
Schmidt, U., Willmund, G.-D., Holsboer, F., Wotjak, C. T., Gallinat, J., Kowalski, J. T., & Zimmermann, P. (2015). Searching for non-genetic molecular and imaging PTSD risk and resilience markers: Systematic review of literature and design of the German Armed Forces PTSD biomarker study. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 51, 444–458.
Schneider, A., Lefering, R., & Neugebauer, E. (2011). Überprüfung der Gütekriterien des Freiburger Screeningfragebogens zur Identifizierung von Risikopatienten für die Entwicklung einer Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung an der Gruppe schwerverletzter Unfallpatienten. Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie, Psychologie und Psychotherapie, 59, 241–250.
Scholes, C., Turpin, G., & Mason, S. (2007). A randomised controlled trial to assess the effectiveness of providing self-help information to people with symptoms of acute stress disorder following a traumatic injury. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 2527–2536.
Shalev, A. Y., Ankri, Y., Israeli-Shalev, Y., Peleg, T., Adessky, R., & Freedman, S. (2012). Prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder by early treatment: Results from the Jerusalem Trauma Outreach and Prevention study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69, 166–176.
Shapiro, E. (2009). EMDR treatment of recent trauma. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3, 141–151.
Shapiro, E., & Laub, B. (2008). Early EMDR intervention (EEI): A summary, a theoretical model, and the recent traumatic episode protocol (R-TEP). Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2, 79–96.
Sijbrandij, M., Mouthaan, J., & Olff, M. (2008). Trauma-TIPS: Eine internetgestützte Intervention zur Prävention von posttraumatischen Belastungsstörungen bei Patienten mit körperlichen Verletzungen. In S. Bauer & H. Kordy (Hrsg.), E-Mental-Health: Neue Medien in der psychosozialen Versorgung (S. 52–60). Berlin: Springer.
Silver, S. M., Rogers, S., Knipe, J., & Colelli, G. (2005). EMDR therapy following the 9/11 terrorist attacks: A community-based intervention project in New York City. International Journal of Stress Management, 12, 29–42.
Skeffington, P. M., Rees, C. S., & Kane, R. (2013). The primary prevention of PTSD: A systematic review. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 14, 404–422.
Sorenson, S. B. (2002). Preventing traumatic stress: Public health approaches. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15, 3–7.
Steenkamp, M. M., Nash, W. P., & Litz, B. T. (2013). Post-traumatic stress disorder: Review of the comprehensive soldier fitness program. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 44, 507–512.
Stein, M. B., Kerridge, C., Dimsdale, J. E., & Hoyt, D. B. (2007). Pharmacotherapy to prevent PTSD: Results from a randomized controlled proof-of-concept trial in physically injured patients. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, 923–932.
Stieglitz, R.-D., Nyberg, E., Albert, M., Frommberger, U., & Berger, M. (2002). Entwicklung eines Screeninginstrumentes zur Identifizierung von Risikopatienten für die Entwicklung einer Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung (PTB) nach einem Verkehrsunfall. Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, 31, 22–30.
Suliman, S., Seedat, S., Pingo, J., Sutherland, T., Zohar, J., & Stein, D. J. (2015). Escitalopram in the prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry, 15, 24.
Tagay, S., & Senf, W. (2014). ETI – Essener Trauma-Inventar. Eine Verfahrensfamilie zur Identifikation von traumatischen Ereignissen und Traumafolgestörungen. Manual. Göttingen: Hogrefe.
Tol, W. A., Barbui, C., & van Ommeren, M. (2013). Management of acute stress, PTSD, and bereavement: WHO recommendations. JAMA, 310, 477–478.
Trickey, D., Siddaway, A. P., Meiser-Stedman, R., Serpell, L., & Field, A. P. (2012). A meta-analysis of risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 122–138.
Tuckey, M. R., & Scott, J. E. (2014). Group critical incident stress debriefing with emergency services personnel: A randomized controlled trial. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 27, 38–54.
Turpin, G., Downs, M., & Mason, S. (2005). Effectiveness of providing self-help information following acute traumatic injury: Randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 187, 76–82.
Vaiva, G., Ducrocq, F., Jezequel, K., Averland, B., Lestavel, P., Brunet, A., & Marmar, C. R. (2003). Immediate treatment with propranolol decreases posttraumatic stress disorder two months after trauma. Biological Psychiatry, 54, 947–949.
Van der Velden, P. G., & Wittmann, L. (2008). The independent predictive value of peritraumatic dissociation for PTSD symptomatology after type I trauma: A systematic review of prospective studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 1009–1020.
Wagner, D., Heinrichs, M., Kerber, U., Wingenfeld, K., Hellhammer, D. H., & Ehlert, U. (2001). Wirkfaktoren der Prävention sekundärer posttraumatischer Belastungsstörungen bei Hochrisikopopulationen. In A. Maercker & U. Ehlert (Hrsg.), Psychotraumatologie (S. 201–225). Göttingen: Hogrefe.
Wagner, A. W., Zatzick, D. F., Ghesquiere, A., & Jurkovich, G. J. (2007). Behavioral activation as an early intervention for posttraumatic stress disorder and depression among physically injured trauma survivors. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 14, 341–349.
Weis, F., Kilger, E., Roozendaal, B., de Quervain, D. J.-F., Lamm, P., Schmidt, M., Schmölz, M., Briegel, J., & Schelling, G. (2006). Stress doses of hydrocortisone reduce chronic stress symptoms and improve health-related quality of life in high-risk patients after cardiac surgery: A randomized study. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 131, 277–282.
Wessely, S., Bryant, R. A., Greenberg, N., Earnshaw, M., Sharpley, J., & Hughes, J. H. (2008). Does psychoeducation help prevent post traumatic psychological distress? Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 71, 287–302.
Wesson, M., & Gould, M. (2009). Intervening early with EMDR on military operations: A case study. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3, 91–97.
Whitecross, F., Seeary, A., & Lee, S. (2013). Measuring the impacts of seclusion on psychiatry inpatients and the effectiveness of a pilot single-session post-seclusion counselling intervention. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 22, 512–521.
Whybrow, D., Jones, N., & Greenberg, N. (2015). Promoting organizational well-being: A comprehensive review of trauma risk management. Occupational Medicine, 65, 331–336.
Wilker, S., Kolassa, S., Vogler, C., Lingenfelder, B., Elbert, T., Papassotiropoulos, A., de Quervain, D. J.-F., & Kolassa, I.-T. (2013). The role of memory-related gene WWC1 (KIBRA) in lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder: Evidence from two independent samples from African conflict regions. Biological Psychiatry, 74, 664–671.
Wu, S., Zhu, X., Zhang, Y., Liang, J., Liu, X., Yang, Y., Yang, H., & Miao, D. (2012). A new psychological intervention: „512 Psychological Intervention Model“ used for military rescuers in Wenchuan Earthquake in China. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47, 1111–1119.
Yehuda, R., Flory, J. D., Pratchett, L. C., Buxbaum, J., Ising, M., & Holsboer, F. (2010). Putative biological mechanisms for the association between early life adversity and the subsequent development of PTSD. Psychopharmacology, 212, 405–417.
Young, B. H. (2006). The immediate response to disaster: Guidelines to adult psychological first aid. In E. C. Ritchie, M. J. Friedman & P. J. Watson (Hrsg.), Interventions following mass violence and disasters. Strategies for mental health practice (S. 134–154). New York: Guilford Press.
Young, A. T. (2012). The effectiveness of cumulative stress debriefings with law enforcement personnel. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 14, 29–35.
Zatzick, D., Roy-Byrne, P., Russo, J., Rivara, F., Droesch, R., Wagner, A., Dunn, C., Jurkovich, G., Uehara, E., & Katon, W. (2004). A randomized effectiveness trial of stepped collaborative care for acutely injured trauma survivors. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 498–506.
Zatzick, D., Rivara, F., Jurkovich, G., Russo, J., Trusz, S. G., Wang, J., Wagner, A., Stephens, K., Dunn, C., & Uehara, E. (2011). Enhancing the population impact of collaborative care interventions: Mixed method development and implementation of stepped care targeting posttraumatic stress disorder and related comorbidities after acute trauma. General Hospital Psychiatry, 33, 123–134.
Zehnder, D., Meuli, M., & Landolt, M. A. (2010). Effectiveness of a single-session early psychological intervention for children after road traffic accidents: A randomised controlled trial. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 4, 7.
Zohar, J., Yahalom, H., Kozlovsky, N., Cwikel-Hamzany, S., Matar, M. A., Kaplan, Z., Yehuda, R., & Cohen, H. (2011). High dose hydrocortisone immediately after trauma may alter the trajectory of PTSD: Interplay between clinical and animal studies. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 21, 796–809.
van Zuiden, M., Geuze, E., Willemen, H. L. D. M., Vermetten, E., Maas, M., Amarouchi, K., Kavelaars, A., & Heijnen, C. J. (2012). Glucocorticoid receptor pathway components predict posttraumatic stress disorder symptom development: A prospective study. Biological Psychiatry, 71, 309–316.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland, ein Teil von Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bengel, J., Becker-Nehring, K., Hillebrecht, J. (2019). Psychologische Frühinterventionen. In: Maercker, A. (eds) Traumafolgestörungen. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-58470-5_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-58470-5_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-58469-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-58470-5
eBook Packages: Medicine (German Language)