Abstract
This report responds to concerns about migration, statelessness, and refugee status in the Dominican Republic (DR) from a human rights perspective, taking into account both law and practice. According to the first official survey completed in 2012, the majority of migrants in DR are from Haiti. Descendants of Haitian migrants in DR continue to be denied Dominican nationality. This has given rise to the most widespread statelessness in the Americas. Haitian migrants and their Dominican-born descendants face structural and racial discrimination and are collectively deported through forms of racial profiling without due process of law. Despite international condemnations, the discriminatory and nationalist domestic law, policies, and practices continue to violate international standards but are explained as resulting from sovereignty concerns. The refugee system is inefficient and needs to be completely reformed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
- 1.
- 2.
IACHR OAS (2015), pp. 11–12, 15, paras 4–5, 8.
- 3.
IACHR OAS (2017). Chapter IV.B, p. 581, 598-601, paras 16, 90–101.
- 4.
- 5.
See Pelletier (2015). IIDH, 205-2015.
- 6.
Migration Law (5, 6.), Migration Decree (4, 5, 6).
- 7.
See Sect. 7.1 (Asylum).
- 8.
In DR, marriage and consensual unions enjoy the same legal status. However, according to Article 55 of the 2010 Constitution, marriage and consensual unions are between man and woman (persons of opposite sex), and the legal practice adopts this position. There is no jurisprudence or legislation concerning same-sex marriage or same-sex consensual unions, nor about gender identity.
- 9.
See Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Girls Yean and Bosico vs. Dominican Republic (2005); Expelled Dominicans and Haitians vs. Dominican Republic (2014).
- 10.
Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Girls Yean and Bosico vs. Dominican Republic, para 156.
- 11.
DR Supreme Court of Justice (2005). Judgment No. 9.
- 12.
For first time, in 2014, DR adopted an International Private Law (Conflict of Laws) No. 544-14. Different from the migratory norms, Articles 5 and 6 of this new law adopted a broad definition of residence: the domicile is the ‘habitual residence’ of the person. The residence is determined based on facts concerning the personal or professional reasons the person intends to live and remain in the country, although the migrant does not hold a legal residence nor is he or she registered with the official registries.
- 13.
DR Requirements for Permanent Residence. Migration Agency. Ministry of Migration and Police.
- 14.
DR Ministry of Interior and Police. Requirements for naturalisation by reasons of permanent residence.
- 15.
Centro Bonó (2011a).
- 16.
DR Constitutional Court. (2015). Judgment No. 29-2015.
- 17.
- 18.
See US Department of State. (2016).
- 19.
DR Migration Agency (2016).
- 20.
Ibid.; see United Nations Human Rights Committee (2017), paras 23-24.
- 21.
- 22.
DR Decree No. 327-13 concerning the Regularisation Plan for Migrants; DR Ministry of the Interior and Police (2013); see Acento.com.do (2014a).
- 23.
- 24.
DR National Office of Statistics (2012).
- 25.
Other immigrants are mainly from the United States, Puerto Rico, Canada, China, South America (Venezuela and Colombia) and Europe (mainly from Spain, Germany, Italy, and France.). Ministry of the Interior and Police. Statistics (2017).
- 26.
DR Ministry of the Interior and Police. Access to Public Information Department. Information requested by the author (2017).
- 27.
- 28.
US Department of State (2017).
- 29.
DR Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2017).
- 30.
Ibid.
- 31.
US Department of State (2017).
- 32.
DR Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2017), p. 2.
- 33.
- 34.
7dias.com.do (2013); see Video TV programme by the well-known journalist, Nuria Piera (2013).
- 35.
DR National Office of Statistics (2012).
- 36.
- 37.
For more information concerning legal norms in the Dominican Republic on due process for migration and obstacles in practice, see Pelletier. Amicus Curiae presented to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (Pelletier 2013b).
- 38.
Pelletier (2015).
- 39.
- 40.
Inter-American Court of Human Rights (2014).
- 41.
- 42.
Idem. OBMICA; Centro Bonó (2013b).
- 43.
- 44.
By 2012, only 37% of Haitians had a passport. DR National Office of Statistics (2012).
- 45.
DR Migration Agency. Access to Public Information Office. Information requested by the author (December 2017); see OBMICA (2015), 91–92.
- 46.
OBMICA (2014), DR, 87–88.
- 47.
Idem., 69–71.
- 48.
Official statistics from Migration Agency. OBMICA (2012), 30–31.
- 49.
IACHR. Chapter IV.B. Annual Report 2016, paras 115, 116, 118, p. 603; see also US Department of State (2015), p. 11.
- 50.
- 51.
- 52.
El Dia.com.do (2017).
- 53.
- 54.
DR Consejo Nacional para la Niñez y Adolescencia (CONANI) (2015), 3-4; CONANI (2016); CONANI (2017).
- 55.
Save the Children, DR (2015).
- 56.
Although Article 18.2 of the 2010 Constitution recognises the Dominican nationality of those who ‘had’ Dominican nationality prior to the 2010 Constitution, the Dominican state, in practice, applies Article 18.3 wrongfully; it is applied retroactively so that those born in DR to a mother or to parents in irregular migratory status before the 2010 Constitution are deemed ‘foreign’.
- 57.
See also Articles 4 and 5 of Law 136-03 (the Children and Youth Code) concerning the right to nationality and civil registry of the child.
- 58.
2010 Constitution (Articles 25.2 and 55.8), Migration Law (Article 28), Migration Decree (Article 36). In addition, Article 36 (b) of Migration Decree and Law No. 659 of 1944 establish that if a child is not born in the hospital, the certification of the birth must be issued by the local prosecutor or by the town mayor. This official document can be presented to the local civil registry office as proof that the child was born in DR.
- 59.
Article 37 of Migration Decree states that the obligation of the health centres to notify migration authorities about the migratory status of mothers or parents, and migration authorities would proceed ‘according to law’. Besides, Articles 40 and 42 of Migration Decree dispose criminal consequences in the event that health centres fail to inform the authorities of the birth of a child to a mother or parents in irregular migratory status, or in case of fraud (for example, if the hospital were to issue a ‘white’ birth certificate to a mother in irregular migratory status instead of the corresponding ‘pink’ birth certificate). Articles 40 and 42 are unconstitutional since a Decree from the Executive Branch does not have the legal competence to prescribe criminal dispositions; in DR, only a law adopted by the National Congress has the legal competence to adopt criminal laws.
- 60.
Migration Law (Article 28), Migration Decree (Article 36).
- 61.
See Inter-American Court of Human Rights (2005).
- 62.
Law 136-03 (Children and Youth Code (Articles 63-64).
- 63.
Petrozziello et al. (2014).
- 64.
See Table 1 (Number of Persons Registered in the Foreign Book by Age) DR Central Electoral Board (Junta Central Electoral). Access to Public Information Department. Information requested by the author. (February 2017).
- 65.
These time frames are the result of national administrative and constitutional norms: the Central Electoral Board (Resolution No. 2-2007 of 18 April 2007) set the first date; and the second date is from the Constitution (26 January 2010), the date of its adoption by the National Congress. OBMICA (2017), p. 5.
- 66.
Petrozziello et al. (2014), pp. 88–95.
- 67.
- 68.
According to the National Office of Statistics, in 2013, 3.9% of DR’s population did not have a birth certificate; see Centro Bonó (2012), pp. 2, 12.
- 69.
Ibid., 3–4.
- 70.
See this classification of statelessness profiles in DR after Law 169-14 in Human Rights Watch (2015).
- 71.
The civil registry registers the birth certificate in a book that is identified by a number and the year of birth. Civil registry offices are located in all provinces across the country. The local civil registry, where the birth registration takes place, shall issue a duplicate of the birth certificate each time it is requested; for example, a duplicate of the birth certificate is required to obtain the Dominican ID card when the person reaches 16 years of age, or the legal age (18 years); the duplicate of the birth certificate is also required to register at schools, at the university, to apply for a passport, or get married, etc.
- 72.
In Spanish, the Central Electoral Board is ‘Junta Central Electoral’ (JCE). Only the Senate of the National Congress is competent to dismiss and impeach members of the Central Electoral Board. By law, the Central Electoral Board is also responsible for the coordination of the political elections in the country.
- 73.
The administrative measures (Memo 17 of 2007 and Resolution 12 of 2007) issued by the Central Electoral Board (Junta Central Electoral) established that those with ‘irregularities’ in the birth certificates would be investigated. These administrative measures indicate neither a deadline for the investigations nor a procedure. The effect of these administrative measures applied in practice by this entity of the state on persons of Haitian origin registered with the civil registry was widespread, however, different from the measures applicable to those of a different national origin, those whose mother or parents were in irregular migratory status at the time of their children’s birth registry. The measure retroactively affected the Dominican nationality of all those registered with the civil registry, most of Haitian origin.
- 74.
See Georgetown Law Human Rights Institute (2014), Georgetown Law School.
- 75.
Inter-American Court of Human Rights (2015), paras 136–192, 57–69.
- 76.
DR Supreme Court of Justice. Judgment No. 9, 14 December 2005.
- 77.
- 78.
However, the Haitian Constitution of 1987 modified the Constitution of 1983, and Article 15 of the Constitution of 1987 prohibited dual citizenship. Besides, Article 6 of Haitian Decree Law of 6 November 1984 stated that the acquisition of another citizenship would automatically amount to the loss of Haitian citizenship; therefore, when Juliana Deguis was born in March 1984 and acquired Dominican nationality at birth, the Dominican state issued her a birth certificate, which meant she could not be Haitian.
- 79.
DominicanosxDerecho Platform Movement (2013); DR Constitutional Court (2013). Judgment No. 168-13, 23 September 2013.
- 80.
- 81.
- 82.
DR Law 169-14, May 2014.
- 83.
DR Decree No. 250-14, July 2014 from Executive Branch. Special Naturalization Process.
- 84.
See Inter-American Court of Human Rights (2014).
- 85.
DR Constitutional Court (2014). Judgment No. 256-14, November 2014.
- 86.
- 87.
See Civolani (2013), pp. 69–86.
- 88.
Pelletier (2014).
- 89.
Centro Bonó (2011b).
- 90.
Dominican Republic Central Electoral Board (Junta Central Electoral) (2015).
- 91.
For more information, visit their web page www.reconoci.do and social networks; watch documentary “Down to the Root”/”Hasta La Raìz” (2017).
- 92.
- 93.
- 94.
DR Constitutional Court Judgment No. 168-13.
- 95.
DR Central Electoral Board (Junta Central Electoral). Access to Public Information Department. Information requested by the author (February 2017).
- 96.
See Human Rights Watch (2015).
- 97.
DR Central Electoral Board (Junta Central Electoral). Access to Public Information Department. Information requested by the author concerning the legal source of the ‘Transcripts Book’ (February 2017).
- 98.
Listindiario.com.do (2017).
- 99.
Acento.com.do (2017b).
- 100.
DR Central Electoral Board (Junta Central Electoral) (2017).
- 101.
DR Decree No. 250-14. Special Naturalization process.
- 102.
Acento.com.do (2014b).
- 103.
Acento.com.do (2014b).
- 104.
Cdn.com.do (2015).
- 105.
ElNacional.dom.do (2013).
- 106.
DR National Office of Statistics (2012).
- 107.
ListinDiario.com (2015).
- 108.
- 109.
DR Junta Central Electoral (Central Electoral Board) (2015).
- 110.
- 111.
DR National Office of Statistics (2016), 15.
- 112.
DR Migration Agency Ministry of Interior and Police (2016), p. 49; DiariodominicaNo.com (2015).
- 113.
- 114.
- 115.
- 116.
See Table 2 (Number of Undocumented and Unregistered Children in the Civil Registry in Public Schools 2011-2012) DR Ministry of Education. Access to Public Information Department. Information requested by the author. (February 2013). Updated information was requested by the author in December 2017 from the Ministry of Education through Access to Public Information Department, no answer was provided.
References
United Nations
CEDAW (July 2013) Alternative report from Dominican civil society organizations for CEDAW. Dominican Republic periodic review. Geneva http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CEDAW/Shared%20Documents/DOM/INT_CEDAW_NGO_DOM_13311_S.pdf. Accessed Dec 2019
United Nations (July 2013a) CEDAW/C/DOM/CO/6-7 Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. Report concerning Dominican Republic. Geneva http://www.acnur.org/fileadmin/Documentos/BDL/2016/10924.pdf?view=1. Accessed Dec 2019
United Nations (April 2013b) CERD/C/DOM/CO/13-14 Committee on the Elimination of all forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD). Report concerning Dominican Republic http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CERD%2fC%2fDOM%2fCO%2f13-14&Lang=en. Accessed Dec 2019
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (December 2013a) UNHCR urges DR to restore nationality. Statement. Geneva http://www.unhcr.org/52a0a59b9.html. Accessed Dec 2019
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (October 2013b) UNCHR concern by potential impact of Dominican court decision on persons of Haitian descent. Statement. Geneva. http://www.unhcr.org/524c0c929.html. Accessed Dec 2019
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (2013) Global Trends 2013, Geneva. http://www.unhcr.org/statistics/country/5399a14f9/unhcr-global-trends-2013.html. Accessed Dec 2019
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (2015) Global Trends 2015 http://www.unhcr.org/576408cd7.pdf. Accessed Dec 2019
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (2016) Global Trends 2016. Geneva. http://www.unhcr.org/5943e8a34.pdf. Accessed Dec 2019
United Nations Human Rights Committee (November 2017) Dominican Republic periodic review, International Convention of Civil and Political Rights. CCPR/C/DOM/CO/6. Concluding observations. http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CCPR/C/DOM/CO/5&Lang=en. Accessed Dec 2019
United Nations Social and Economic Committee (August 2017) UNICEF Executive Board. Program for the Country of Dominican Republic https://www.unicef.org/about/execboard/files/2017-PL17-Dominican_Republic_CPD-ES-2017.08.09.pdf. Accessed Dec 2019
Regional Human Rights System (OAS)
Inter-American Commission of Human Rights. Organization of American States (OAS) (2017) Chapter IV.B Dominican Republic. In: Annual Report 2016. Washington, D.C., https://www.oas.org/en/iachr/docs/annual/2016/docs/InformeAnual2016cap4B.RD-en.pdf. Accessed Dec 2019
Inter-American Court of Human Rights (2005) Girls Yean and Bosico vs. Dominican Republic. Judgement 8 September 2005 http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_130_%20ing.pdf. Accessed Dec 2019
Inter-American Court of Human Rights (2012) Case of Nadege Dorzema et al vs. Dominican Republic. Judgement 24 October 2012. http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_251_ing.pdf. Accessed Dec 2019
Inter-American Court of Human Rights (2014) Expelled Dominicans and Haitians vs. Dominican Republic. Judgement 28 August 2014 https://corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_282_ing.pdf. Accessed Dec 2019
OAS (1999) Situation of Haitian Migrant Workers and their Families in the Dominican Republic (1999). Chapter IX, para 340, http://www.cidh.org/countryrep/DominicanRep99/Chapter9.htm. Accessed Dec 2019
OAS (2013a) Preliminary Observations on IACHR’s Visit to the Dominican Republic (3–6 December 2013). http://www.oas.org/es/cidh/actividades/visitas/2013RD/Preliminary-Observations-DR-2013.pdf. Accessed Dec 2019
OAS (6 December 2013b) Press release. Preliminary Observations on IACHR’s Visit to the Dominican Republic. https://www.oas.org/en/iachr/media_center/PReleases/2013/097.asp. Accessed Dec 2019
OAS (12 June 2013c) IACHR Condemns Death of Haitian Immigrant at Hands of State Agents in the Dominican Republic. Press Release 042/2013. http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/media_center/PReleases/2013/042.asp. Accessed Dec 2019
OAS (October 2013d). Inter-American Commission of Human Rights Expresses Deep Concern Over Ruling by the Constitutional Court of the DR. Press release. Washington, D. C. http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/media_center/PReleases/2013/073.asp. Accessed Dec 2019
OAS (June 2013e) Precautionary Measures Luisa Fransua, Rafael Toussaint, and others. MC2 72-12. Washington, D. C. http://www.oas.org/es/cidh/docs/anual/2013/docs-es/InformeAnual-Cap2-MC.pdf. Accessed Dec 2019
OAS (January 2014) Precautionary Measures on behalf of Reconocido Movement. Resolution MC 408-13 Washington, D. C. https://www.oas.org/es/cidh/decisiones/pdf/2014/MC408-13-ES.pdf. Accessed Dec 2019
OAS (2015) OEA/Ser.L/V/II. Doc. 45/15. Country Report. Human Rights Situation in the Dominican Republic. Washington, D. C. http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/reports/pdfs/dominicanrepublic-2015.pdf. Accessed Dec 2019
Santa Clara University, Human Rights Clinic, California. Petition presented to the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights, Organization of American States (OAS) (2008) Petition Case Ana Belique and others. http://law.scu.edu/wp-content/uploads/PeticiC3B3n20Caso20Belique20Delba20y20otros20vs20Republica20Dominicana20-20.pdf. Accessed Dec 2019
Reports Concerning the Dominican Republic
Centro Bonó (2011a) Suspendido Temporalmente. Observatorio de Derechos Humanos. Bulletin No. 9. DR
Centro Bonó (2011b) Trabas en los procesos de regularización migratoria. Observatorio de Derechos Humanos. Bulletin No. 8. DR
Centro Bonó (2012) Trabas a la documentación civil de los/las dominicanos/as. Observatorio de Derechos Humanos. No. 14. July/December. DR
Centro Bonó (2013a) ¿Qué es el centro de detención migratoria de Haina? Observatorio de Derechos Humanos. DR
Centro Bonó (2013b) Repatriaciones en República Dominicana. Observatorio de Derechos Humanos. Bulletins 12 and 13, DR
Centro Bonó (Jesuit Network with Migrants in Dominican Republic) (2017) Informe Situación de Derechos Humanos en República Dominicana DR https://issuu.com/rstalin/docs/informe_de_ddhh_2017_-_centro_bon. Accessed Dec 2019
Centro Montalvo (2017) Migrantes Venezolanos piden al Gobierno alternativas viables para regularizarse. http://centromontalvo.org/migrantes-venezolanos-piden-al-gobierno-dominicano-alternativas-viables-para-regularizarse/. Accessed Dec 2019
Centro para la Observación Migratoria y el Desarrollo Social en el Caribe (OBMICA) (September 2017) Bulletin Year 7, No. 3. DR. http://obmica.org/images/Publicaciones/Boletines/2017-Boletin-Obmica-Septiembre.pdf. Accessed Dec 2019
Ferguson J (2003) Migration in the Caribbean: Haiti, the Dominican Republic and Beyond. Minority Rights. UK. https://minorityrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/MRG_Rep_Caribbean.pdf. Accessed Dec 2019
Georgetown Law Human Rights Institute (2014) Left behind: how statelessness in the Dominican Republic Limits Children’s Access to Education. Georgetown Law School. Washington D.C. http://www.right-to-education.org/resource/left-behind-how-statelessness-dominican-republic-limits-childrens-access-education. Accessed Dec 2019
Human Rights Watch (2015) We are Dominicans. Arbitrary deprivation of nationality in the Dominican Republic. NY. https://www.hrw.org/report/2015/07/01/we-are-dominican/arbitrary-deprivation-nationality-dominican-republic. Accessed Dec 2019
International Amnesty (October 2013a) Dominican Republic must retract ruling could leave thousands stateless. Statement. https://www.amnesty.org/en/articles/news/2013/10/dominican-republic-must-retract-ruling-could-leave-thousands-stateless/. Accessed Dec 2019
International Amnesty (31 May 2013b) Homicidio de un migrante haitiano durante expulsión debe alentar al gobierno dominicano a que finalmente respete sus obligaciones internacionales. Press Release https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr27/006/2013/es/. Accessed Dec 2019
International Amnesty (June 2016) Haiti/Dominican Republic: Reckless deportations leaving thousands in limbo. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2016/06/haiti-dominican-republic-reckless-deportations-leaving-thousands-in-limbo/. Accessed Dec 2019
IOM-Instituto Nacional de Migraciòn (2017) Perfil Migratorio en Repùblica Dominicana. https://issuu.com/inmrd/docs/perfil_migratorio_de_rep__blica_dom. Accessed Dec 2019
Centro para la Observación Migratoria y el Desarrollo Social en el Caribe (OBMICA) (2012) Informe sobre la Cuestión de la Migración Internacional en la Republica Dominicana para el año 2011. Observatorio de Migrantes del Caribe (OBMICA). DR http://obmica.org/images/Publicaciones/Informes/Informe%20anual%20Obmica%202011.pdf. Accessed Dec 2019
Centro para la Observación Migratoria y el Desarrollo Social en el Caribe (OBMICA) (2014) Estado del arte de las migraciones que atañen a la República Dominicana 2013. Centro para la Observación Migratoria y el Desarrollo Social en el Caribe (OBMICA). DR http://obmica.org/images/Publicaciones/Informes/Rodriguez%202014%20Estado%20del%20arte%20migracion%202013%20v%20web.pdf. Accessed Dec 2019
Centro para la Observación Migratoria y el Desarrollo Social en el Caribe (OBMICA) (2015) Estado del arte de las migraciones que atañen a la República Dominicana 2014. Centro para la Observación Migratoria y el Desarrollo Social en el Caribe (OBMICA) DR http://obmica.org/images/Publicaciones/Informes/Riveros%20et%20al%202015%20Estado%20del%20arte%20migraciones%20RD%202014.pdf. Accessed Dec 2019
Centro para la Observación Migratoria y el Desarrollo Social en el Caribe (OBMICA) (2016) Estado de las Migraciones que atañen a República Dominicana 2015. Centro para la Observación Migratoria y Desarrollo Social en el Caribe (OBMICA) DR. http://obmica.org/index.php/publicaciones/informes/151-estado-de-las-migraciones-que-atanen-a-la-republica-dominicana-2015. Accessed Dec 2019
Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Center (June 2015) Dominicanos Desnacionalizados y Migrantes Haitianos en Riesgo de Expulsiones Discriminatorias de República Dominicana. Documento Informativo. Washington, D.C. https://rfkhumanrights.org/assets/documents/espanol.pdf. Accessed Dec 2019
Save the Children, Dominican Republic (Dec 2015) Deportación Masiva de Haitianos desde República Dominicana. DR. https://www.savethechildren.org.co/articulo/deportaci%C3%B3n-masiva-de-haitianos-desde-rep%C3%BAblica-dominicana. Accessed Dec 2019
United States Department of State - Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons (June 2017) Trafficking in Persons Report. Dominican Republic Report 2016. https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2016/258758.htm. Accessed Dec 2019
United States Department of State Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labour (2015) Country Reports for Human Rights Practices 2015. Dominican Republic. Executive Summary https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport//index.htm#wrapper. Accessed Dec 2019
United States Department of State. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labour (March 2017) Country Reports for Human Rights Practices 2016. Dominican Republic. Section 2: Protection of Refugees. https://do.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/281/2017/03/Dominican-Republic-HRR-2016-english.pdf. Accessed Dec 2019
Verité, Fair Labor Worldwide (2016) Research on indicators of forced labor in the Supply Chain of Sugar in the Dominican Republic, https://www.verite.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Research-on-Indicators-of-Forced-Labor-in-the-Dominican-Republic-Sugar-Sector_9.18.pdf. Accessed Dec 2019
Media Press
Acento.com.do (November 2012a) Por nuestro color de piel nos dijeron haitianos súbanse para arriba. https://acento.com.do/2012/actualidad/26817-por-nuestro-color-de-piel-nos-dijeron-haitianos-subanse-para-arriba/. Accessed Dec 2019
Acento.com.do (September 2012b) Niña raptada, sodomizada y asesinada no existía por ser ‘hija’ de haitiana. https://acento.com.do/2012/actualidad/21470-nina-raptada-sodomizada-y-asesinada-no-existia-por-ser-hija-de-haitiana/. Accessed Dec 2019
Acento.com.do (September 2012c) Un crimen doble y horrendo que reclama sanción. https://acento.com.do/2012/opinion/editorial/21605-un-crimen-doble-y-horrendo-que-reclama-sancion/. Accessed Dec 2019
Acento.com.do (August 2013a) Esposas de cañeros reclaman a Danilo pago de pensiones y prestaciones laborales. https://acento.com.do/2013/actualidad/112880-esposas-de-caneros-reclaman-a-danilo-pago-de-pensiones-y-prestaciones-laborales/. Accessed Dec 2019
Acento.com.do (May 2013b) Acusan a los agentes de Migración de matar a palos a un obrero haitiano. https://acento.com.do/2013/actualidad/84363-acusan-a-los-agentes-de-migracion-de-matar-a-palos-a-un-obrero-haitiano/. Accessed Dec 2017. Accessed Dec 2019
Acento.com.do (September 2014a) Report of the United Nation System concerning the application of Regularization Plan and Law 169-14. http://acento.com.do/2014/actualidad/8179189-snu-rd-teme-lentitud-auditorias-a-registro-civil-evite-cumplir-objetivo-de-la-ley-169-14/. Accessed Dec 2019
Acento.com.do (August 2014b) Plataforma 169 denuncia incumplimiento Decreto 259-14. https://dominicanosxderecho.wordpress.com/2014/08/27/plataforma169-denuncia-decreto-250-14-no-se-esta-cumpliendo/. Accessed Dec 2019
Acento.com.do (November 2017a) Dominicanos-as de ascendencia haitiana exigen la restitución nacionalidad que les despojó de la TC-168-13. https://acento.com.do/2017/actualidad/8510209-dominicanos-as-ascendencia-haitiana-exigen-la-restitucion-nacionalidad-les-despojo-la-tc-168-13/. Accessed Dec 2019
Acento.com.do (2017b) Venezolanos en Repùblica Dominicana piden ayuda para regular su estatus migratorio. https://acento.com.do/2017/internacional/venezuela/8503738-venezolanos-republica-dominicana-piden-ayuda-regular-estatus-migratorio/. Accessed Dec 2019
Caricom (25 November 2013) Cour constitutionnelle dominicaine: Martelly à Trinidad and Tobago. Le Nouvelliste. Haiti http://lenouvelliste.com/lenouvelliste/article/124346/Cour-constitutionnelle-dominicaine-Martelly-a-Trinidad-and-Tobago.html. Accessed Dec 2019
Cdn.com.do (February 2015) Autoridades Advierten no hay prórroga para Ley de Naturalización. http://www.cdn.com.do/2015/02/02/autoridades-advierten-no-hay-prorroga-para-ley-de-naturalizacion/. Accessed Dec 2019
DiariodominicaNo.com (June 2015) RD beneficia 4 mil trabajadores cañeros con regularización. http://diariodominicaNo.com/dominicana-hoy/2015/06/11/199669/r-d-beneficia-4-mil-trabajadores-caneros-con-regularizacion. Accessed Dec 2019
DiarioLibre.com.do (May 2013) En República Dominicana viven 458,233 haitianos establece censo estadísticas. http://www.diariolibre.com/noticias/2013/05/02/i381629_repablica-dominicana-viven-458-233-haitianos-establece-censo-estadasticas.html. Accessed Dec 2019
DiarioLibre.com.do (April 2016) Trabajadores cañeros reclaman pensiones frente al ministerio de hacienda https://www.diariolibre.com/noticias/trabajadores-caneros-reclaman-pensiones-frente-al-ministerio-de-hacienda-XA3389880. Accessed Dec 2019
DiarioLibre.com.do (May 2017) Trabajadores cañeros vuelven a la calle a protestar en reclamo de sus pensiones. https://www.diariolibre.com/noticias/trabajadores-caneros-vuelven-a-la-calle-a-protestar-en-reclamo-de-sus-pensiones-NC7037249. Accessed Dec 2019
El Dia.com.do (July 2017) Refuerzan control frontera domínico-haitiana y siguen denuncias deportaciones. http://eldia.com.do/refuerzan-control-frontera-dominico-haitiana-y-siguen-denuncias-deportaciones/. Accessed Dec 2019
Eldia.com.do (23 November 2012) Migración apresa dominicanos por el color de piel. http://eldia.com.do/migracion-apresa-dominicanos-por-el-colorde-piel/. Accessed Dec 2019
Eldia.com.do (August 2017) 40% de las parturientas atendidas en hospitales de la capitald de Rd son Haitianas. http://eldia.com.do/el-40-de-parturientas-atendidas-en-hospitales-de-la-capital-de-rd-son-haitianas/. Accessed Dec 2019
Elnacional.com.do (February 2014) Centro Bonó considera plan de regularización migratoria es una medida histórica. http://elnacional.com.do/centro-bono-considera-plan-de-regularizacion-migratoria-es-una-medida-historica/. Accessed Dec 2019
ElNacional.dom.do (May 2013) Confirman RD residen 524,632 inmigrantes, la mayoría haitiano. http://elnacional.com.do/confirman-rd-residen-524632-de-inmigrantes-la-mayoria-haitianos-de-mas-9-millones-dominicanos/. Accessed Dec 2017
Elnuevodiario.com.do (2017) Venezolanos que escapan de crisis piden ayudas migratorias a Gobierno de RD. https://elnuevodiario.com.do/venezolanos-escapan-crisis-piden-ayudas-migratorias-pais/. Accessed Dec 2019
Hoy.com.do (2012) Red Fronteriza denuncia Migración realiza deportación masiva de haitianos. http://hoy.com.do/red-fronteriza-denunciamigracion-realiza-deportacion-masiva-de-haitianos/. Accessed Dec 2019
Hoy.com.do (June 2013) Denuncian masiva deportación ilegal de inmigrantes haitianos. http://hoy.com.do/denuncian-masiva-deportacion-ilegal-de-inmigrantes-haitianos/. Accessed Dec 2019
Hoy.com.do (2014a) OEA promete ayudar Haití documentar migrantes. http://hoy.com.do/oea-promete-ayudar-a-haiti-a-documentar-migrantes/. Accessed Dec 2019
Hoy.com.do (July 2014b) Obstáculos frenan regularización de haitiano http://hoy.com.do/obstaculos-frenan-regularizacion-de-haitianos/. Accessed Dec 2019
Listin.com.do (April 2013) En RD hay más de medio millón de inmigrantes haitianos. https://www.listindiario.com/la-republica/2013/08/15/288294/en-rd-hay-mas-de-medio-millon-de-inmigrantes-haitianos. Accessed Dec 2019
ListinDiario.com (27 June 2015) Discurso del excelentísimo señor presidente Danilo Medina en la Cumbre de jefes de Estado y de Gobierno del SICA. https://www.listindiario.com/la-republica/2015/06/27/377991/discurso-del-excelentisimo-senor-presidente-danilo-medina-en-la-cumbre-de-jefes-de-estado-y-de-gobierno-del-sica. Accessed Dec 2019
Listindiario.com (August 2017) Caso Parturientas de Haití preocupa a todas las regiones. https://www.listindiario.com/la-republica/2017/08/25/479711/caso-parturientas-de-haiti-preocupa-a-todas-las-regiones. Accessed Dec 2019
ListínDiario.com.do (21 August 2013) Viudas de cañeros reclaman pago de pensión al Gobierno. https://www.listindiario.com/la-republica/2013/08/22/289144/viudas-de-caneros-reclaman-pago-de-pension-al-gobierno. Accessed Dec 2019
Listindiario.com.do (January 2015) Amnistía Internacional denuncia deportación 30 niños nacidos de madres haitianas en RD. https://www.listindiario.com/la-republica/2015/01/29/354214/amnistia-internacional-denuncia-deportacion-30-ninos-nacidos-de-madres-haitianas-en-rd. Accessed Dec 2019
Listindiario.com.do (January 2017) Tribunal anula acta a Juliana Deguis Pierre. Monte Plata. Afirman su acta fue instrumentada de manera irregular. https://www.listindiario.com/la-republica/2017/01/27/451988/tribunal-anula-acta-a-juliana-deguis-pierre. Accessed Dec 2019
Miami Herald.com (Dec 2017) They’re abandoned and separated. This is the perilous plight of Haiti’s children. http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/haiti/article191560479.html. Accessed Dec 2019
Piera N (January 2013) El detrás del empresario responsable de los haitianos que protestan frente al Ministerio de Trabajo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7m44_hY7vA4&feature=youtu.be&a. Accessed Dec 2019
Piera N (July 2017) Investigan caso niños haitianos abandonados en la frontera sin documentos. http://nuria.com.do/2017/07/21/investigan-caso-ninos-haitianos-abandonados-en-la-frontera-sin-documentos/. Accessed Dec 2019
Doctrine
Civolani K (Jan–March 2013) Vidas Suspendidas: Efectos de la Resolución 12-07 sobre la población de ascendencia haitiana. Centro Bonó. DR. Year 45, Vol. XLI, No. 154. https://www.patiocomun.com/images/pc/publicaciones/pdf/vidas-suspendidas-ilovepdf-compressed.pdf. Accessed Dec 2019
COLADIC-RD (September 2014) Amicus Curiae brief presented to the Constitutional Court for analysing why the Inter-American Court of Human Rights has jurisdiction in Dominican Republic
DominicanosxDerecho Platform Movement (2013) Análisis de la Sentencia No. 168-13 del Tribunal Constitucional. https://dominicanosxderecho.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/puntos-de-anc3a1lisis-de-la-sentencia-no-168-13-definitivo.pdf. Accessed Dec 2019
Jorge Prats E (August 2013) El tribunal constitucional cierra las puertas a la sociedad civil. Hoy.com.do DR. http://hoy.com.do/el-tribunal-constitucional-cierra-sus-puertas-a-la-sociedad-civil/. Accessed Dec 2019
Jorge Prats E (October 2014) La Competencia de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. Hoy.com.do. DR. http://hoy.com.do/la-competencia-de-la-corte-interamericana-de-derechos-humanos/. Accessed Dec 2019
Pelletier P (2013a) Análisis de la Sentencia Nadege Dorzema y otros vs. República Dominicana de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. Revue Québécoise du Droit International, Univerity of Quebec, Canada. https://www.sqdi.org/wp-content/uploads/RQDI_HS201311_12_Quinones.pdf. Accessed Dec 2019
Pelletier P (October 2013b) Amicus Curiae presented to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights for the case Expelled Dominicans and Haitians (before called Tide Méndez and others) vs. Dominican Republic https://paolapelletier.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/corteidh-amicus-curiae-paola-pelletier-caso-dominicanos-y-haitianos-expulsados-vs-rd-normativa-deportaciones-en-rd.pdf. Accessed Dec 2019
Pelletier P (August 2013c) El TC también cierra las puertas a las entidades de la administración pública. Acento.com.do. https://acento.com.do/2013/opinion/210428-el-tc-tambien-cierra-puertas-a-entidades-de-la-administracion-publica/. Accessed Dec 2019
Pelletier P (2014) Discriminación Indirecta, sutil creación de desventaja irrazonable. Acento.com.do. D.R. https://acento.com.do/2014/opinion/1412555-discriminacion-indirecta-sutil-creacion-de-desventaja-irrazonable/. Accessed Dec 2019
Pelletier P (2015) Discriminación estructural en la evolución jurisprudencial de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos (IIDH). Magazine No. 60. San José, Costa Rica. http://www.iidh.ed.cr/iidh/novedades/revista-iidh-60/ and http://www.corteidh.or.cr/tablas/r34025.pdf. Accessed Dec 2019
Petrozziello A et al (2014) Género y el riesgo de apatridia en la población de bateyes en República Dominicana. Observatorio de Migrantes del Caribe (OBMICA). Edit. Búho, DR. http://obmica.org/images/Publicaciones/Libros/Petrozziello%202014%20Genero%20y%20el%20riesgo%20de%20apatridia.pdf. Accessed Dec 2019
Dominican Republic
A. National Laws
Acts of Civil Registry Law No. 659-44 from 1944 and modifications
Constitution of 2002
Constitution of 2010
Decree Law No. 250-14 concerning Naturalization Plan on application of Law 169-14
Decree Law No. 631-11 issued on 2011 in application of Migration Law
Decree No. 2330 of 1984, also from the Executive Branch
Decree No. 327-13 for Regularization Plan of Migrants
Human Smuggling and Trafficking Law No. 137-03 from 2003
Law 169-14 concerning Nationality Rights in DR
Law No. 136-03. Children and Teenagers Code of 2003
Law No. 137-11 of the Constitutional Court and constitutional procedures
Migration Decree of 1939 and the rule of application of 1939
Migration Law No. 285-04 issued on 2004
National Commission of Refugees (CONARE Decree) No. 1569 of 1983, and Application
Naturalization Law No. 1683 from 1948
Resolution 02-2007 of the Central Electoral Board concerning the Foreign Book (April 18, 2007)
Resolutions of the Central Electoral Board concerning ‘irregularities’ on birth certificates in (Memo 17-07 and Resolution 12-07)
B. National Cases
Dominican Republic. Constitutional Court. Judgement No. 29-2015 of 3 March 2015 https://www.tribunalconstitucional.gob.do/consultas/secretar%C3%ADa/sentencias/tc002915/. Accessed Dec 2019
Dominican Republic. Constitutional Court. Judgement No. 256-14 of November 2014 https://presidencia.gob.do/themes/custom/presidency/docs/gobplan/gobplan-15/Sentencia-TC-0168-13-C.pdf; https://www.tribunalconstitucional.gob.do/content/sentencia-tc025614. Accessed Dec 2019
Dominican Republic. Constitutional Court. Judgement No. 123-13 of July 2013 https://www.tribunalconstitucional.gob.do/consultas/secretar%C3%ADa/sentencias/tc012313/. Accessed Dec 2019
Dominican Republic. Constitutional Court. Judgement No. 168-13 of 23 September 2013. https://tribunalsitestorage.blob.core.windows.net/media/7592/sentencia-tc-0168-13-c.pdf; http://www.acnur.org/fileadmin/Documentos/BDL/2013/9392.pdf?file=fileadmin/Documentos/BDL/2013/9392. Accessed Dec 2019
Dominican Republic. Supreme Court of Justice. Judgement No. 9 of 14 December 2005, unconstitutionality action concerning the conformity of Migration Law 285-04 to the 2002 Constitution. https://www.migracion.gob.do/Trans/Archives/68. Accessed Dec 2019
C. Responses of State Institutions to Author Requests from Access to Public Information Offices
Dominican Republic. Migration Agency. Access to Public Information Office. Information requested by the author (December 2017)
Dominican Republic. Ministry of the Interior and Police. Access to Public Information Department. Information requested by the author (September 2017)
Dominican Republic. Central Electoral Board (Junta Central Electoral). Access to Public Information Department. Information requested by the author (February 2017)
Dominican Republic. Ministry of Education. Access to Public Information Department. Information requested by the author. (December 2017): No response
Dominican Republic. Ministry of Education. Access to Public Information Department. Information requested by the author (February 2013)
D. State Official Data Available Online
Dominican Republic Central Electoral Board (Junta Central Electoral) (December 2015) JCE coloca en oficialías de todo el país las listas con nombres de 55 Mil personas beneficiadas por Ley 169 14 http://jce.gob.do/Noticias/jce-coloca-oficialias-pais-listas-nombres-55-mil-personas-beneficiadas-ley-169-14. Accessed Dec 2019
Dominican Republic Central Electoral Board (Junta Central Electoral) (December 2017) JCE sostiene reunión con representantes de PNUD y ACNUR. http://jce.gob.do/Noticias/jce-sostiene-reunion-con-representantes-de-pnud-y-acnur. Accessed Dec 2019
Dominican Republic Consejo Nacional para la Niñez y Adolescencia (CONANI). Memoria institucional http://memorias.minpre.gob.do/api/documents/155/download. Accessed Dec 2019
Dominican Republic Consejo Nacional para la Niñez y Adolescencia (CONANI). Memoria institutional http://memorias.minpre.gob.do/api/documents/480/download. Accessed Dec 2019
Dominican Republic Consejo Nacional para la Niñez y Adolescencia (CONANI). Memoria institutional http://memorias.minpre.gob.do/api/documents/757/download. Accessed Dec 2019
Dominican Republic Executive Branch (DIGEPEP) (2015) Plan para el Año de Protección y Atención integral de la primera infancia https://minpre.gob.do/comunicacion/notas-de-prensa/se-aprueba-plan-para-el-ano-de-la-proteccion-y-atencion-integral-de-la-primera-infancia/. Accessed Dec 2019
Dominican Republic Migration Agency. Ministry of Interior and Police (2016) Management Report https://www.migracion.gob.do/Trans/Archives/1603. Accessed Dec 2019
Dominican Republic Ministry of Interior and Police. Requirements for Naturalization by reasons of permanent residence https://www.migracion.gob.do/Menu/index/2. Accessed Dec 2019
Dominican Republic Ministry of the Interior and Police. Statistics and requirements of the Regularization Plan http://mipenlinea.gob.do/Planregularizacion/PublicDashboard.aspx; https://mip.gob.do/index.php/requisitos-plan-regularizacion. Accessed Dec 2019
Dominican Republic National Office of Statistics (Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas) (April 2013) First National Survey of Migrants, 2012 (Encuesta Nacional de Migrantes (ENI), 2012). https://www.one.gob.do/encuestas/eni. Accessed Dec 2019
Dominican Republic Requirements for Permanent Residence, Migration Agency https://www.migracion.gob.do/Menu/SubList/31. Accessed Dec 2019
Dominican Republic. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (June 2017) Informe del Gobierno de la República Dominicana sobre Acciones en materia Trata de Personas y Tráfico ilícito de Migrantes durante el año 2016 https://issuu.com/comunicaciondigitalmirexrd/docs/informe_sobre_trata_final. Accessed Dec 2019
Haitian Law
Decree Law of 6 November 1984
Haitian Constitution of 1983
Haitian Constitution of 1987
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Annex: Profile of Stateless, Migrant, and Refugee Population in the Dominican Republic (Tabular Overview of the Problem of Statelessness in the Dominican Republic Summarising the Report Published in This Volume)
Annex: Profile of Stateless, Migrant, and Refugee Population in the Dominican Republic (Tabular Overview of the Problem of Statelessness in the Dominican Republic Summarising the Report Published in This Volume)
Profile | Definition | ID | National Sources | Statistics |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Group A (Risk of Statelessness) | Born in DR, registered with the Dominican civil registry and holding a Dominican birth certificate. Registered since 2014 in “Transcripts Book”. (1st. Generation) | I. Dominican birth certificate, Dominican ID, Dominican passport II. Birth certificate of “Transcripts Book” | – Constitutions modified since 1929 until 2010 – Civil Registry Law 659 of 1944 – Central Electoral Board. Memo 17-07 and Resolution 12-07 – Constitutional Court Ruling 168-13 of 2013 – Law 169-14 | Approximately 55,000 (Ref: Official data from Central Electoral Board until 2015). By 2017: 27,472 in ‘Transcripts Book’. 22,463 (81.67%) of Haitian origin (Ref: Central Electoral Board. Access to Public Information, February 2017) |
2.Group A.2 (Risk of statelessness) | Born in DR, descendants of Group A not registered with the civil registry (2nd generation) | Not registered (no documents) | – Constitutions modified since 1929 until 2010 – Civil Registry Law 659 of 1944 – Central Electoral Board. Memo 17-07 and Resolution 12-07 – Constitutional Court Ruling 168-13 of 2013 – Law 169-14 | There is no official data. |
3. Group B-Naturalisation Plan (Statelessness) | Born in DR, never registered with the Dominican civil registry. Under Special Naturalisation Process (August 2014-01.02.2015). By December 2017, they had not received Dominican nationality through naturalisation. (1st generation) | Carnet of the Naturalisation Plan (By 2018, did not have Dominican ID) | – Law 169-14 and Decree Law 250-14 – Central Electoral Board. Resolution 02-07 (Foreign Book) | 8755 (Ref: Access to Public Information. Ministry of Interior and Police) |
4.Group B2 (Statelessness) | Born in DR, never registered in the Dominican civil registry, subsequent generations (the majority of stateless population in DR) are also not registered. Currently, the most vulnerable group, there is no legal solution for them. (1st, 2nd and 3rd generations) | Not registered (No documents) | – Constitutional Court Ruling 168-13 of 2013 – Law 169-14 and Decree Law 250-14 | Official statistics are not clear *According to the national survey of 2012, almost 210,000 of Haitian origin were born in DR (1st generation) 210,000–55,000 (registered with the Dominican civil registry) -8755 (from Group B) = 146,245 could be unregistered (*the number of mixed families was not disaggregated in this 2012 official statistics) |
4. Foreign Book (Statelessness) | Born in DR, registered in a book where nationality is not identified. (1st generation born after 18.04.2017, late birth registrations or administrative denationalisation) | Birth certificate of the Foreign Book | – Migration Law No. 285-04 – Resolution No. 02-2007 from Central Electoral Board – Constitutional Court Ruling 168-13 of 2013 | 74,917, mostly between 0-15 years old; 97.82% (73,286) are of Haitian origin (Ref: Access to Public Information. Central Electoral Board, February 2017) |
5. Mixed Families (Risk of Statelessness) | If one of the parents is Dominican, the person has Dominican nationality by jus sanguinis, but for different reasons (material, undocumented status of the mother… .) the child was not registered with the civil registry, subsequent generations face difficulties for registration (1st, 2nd or 3rd generation) | Not registered (no documents) | – Constitution. Dominican nationality by jus sanguinis. | Official statistics are not clear *This group was not addressed in the official survey of 2012 |
6. Migrants | Target population for the Regularisation Plan. Includes mother and parents of the stateless population | Carnet of the Regularisation Plan | – Migration Law No. 185-04 – Migration Decree No. 631-11 – Constitutional Court Ruling 168-13 of 2013. – Regularisation Plan Decree No. 327-13 | 524,632 immigrants by 2012, 83.7% from Haiti and 12.7% from other countries (United States, Spain, Puerto Rico, Italy, China, France, Venezuela, Cuba, Colombia, Germany) (Ref: survey 2012, National Office of Statistics) 288,466 applied to Regularisation Plan (55% of all immigrants), 98% of the applicants were from Haiti and almost 250,000 qualified. Approximately 3.41% received residence status, and 96.59% received ‘stay’ permit (Ref: Access to Public Information. Ministry of the Interior and Police, September 2017) |
7. Refugees and Asylum Seekers | 7.1 Under UNHCR mandate 7.2 Under state recognition | Certificate from UNHCR Temporary Residence (1 year), non-voting ID, and travel documents (albeit never received from the state). | – Constitution 2010 – Migration Law 285-04 – Migration Decree No. 631-11 – National Commission of Refugees (CONARE Decree) No. 1569 of 1983, and application Decree No. 2330 of 1984 – CONARE administrative resolutions | 7.1 By 2016, 600 recognised under the UNHCR mandate. (Ref: US Department Human Rights Inform 2016, DR) 7.2 By 2016, 12 recognised by state [Colombia (1), Syria (3), Iraq (1), Haiti (7)] (Ref: Migration Agency, Management Inform 2016) |
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pelletier, P. (2022). Reporting Basics About Migration and Statelessness in the Dominican Republic from a Human Rights Perspective. In: Foblets, MC., Carlier, JY. (eds) Law and Migration in a Changing World. Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law, vol 31. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99508-3_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99508-3_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-99506-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-99508-3
eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)