Paget’s Disease

Abstract

Cutaneous Paget’s disease may be an important harbinger of an underlying visceral malignancy. The most important forms of Paget’s disease entail a genital or extra-mammary form imbued with a tenuous association with underlying genitourinary or gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma and a mammary form of the disease that connotes an inevitable association with underlying breast adenocarcinoma. Both forms represent the intra-epithelial proliferation of glandular-derived malignant cells. These cells derive from the adnexal or adnexal-like apocrine or sebaceous glands of their respective anatomic structures. The pathogenic mechanisms or etiology of these diseases remain unknown as does the exact pathogenic relationship that these tumors potentially possess with their respective underlying malignancies. The clinical presentation involves a scaly patch of the breast nipple or an erythematous patch of the genitalia. The pathology is typically configured as a confluent and randomly scattered spread of abnormal polygonal-shaped clear cells throughout the epithelium. The confluent foci tend to be seen in basilar portions of the epithelium with some tendency of these cells to coalesce forming glandular foci with central lumina seen. The cells themselves possess ample amounts of foamy-to-clear cytoplasm with occasional vacuoles. The nuclei are enlarged and possess prominent central nucleoli. These cells sometimes referred to as Paget cells, are typically carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cytokeratin-7, epithelial membrane antigen positive and cytokeratin-20, high molecular weight keratin, S-100 and leukocyte common antigen (LCA) negative on immunohistochemical staining. The latter stains are important to examine as the most important entities that can masquerade as Paget’s disease and entail the pagetoid scatter of atypical intraepidermal cells include CK-20 merkel cells, high molecular weight keratin squamous cell carcinoma cells, S-100 melanoma cells and LCA lymphoma cells. The prognosis of mammary Paget’s disease remains guarded and, given its inviolate association with underlying breast adenocarcinoma, is treated with local surgery often entailing mastectomy with adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Genital forms of the disease portend a significantly better prognosis with approximately 20% associated with underlying cervical, bladder, prostate or colorectal adenocarcinoma. The cutaneous expression of the disease even among patients with demonstrated visceral involvement, can be successfully treated with frozen-section-aided excisional or Mohs micrographic surgery.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Uncommon, elderly, mammary and extra-mammary.

ETIOLOGY: Unknown

PATHOLOGY: Single and nested clear cells throughout the epithelium, CEA+, CK-7+, EMA+.

CLINICAL: Scaly or erythematous patch areola or genitalia.

TREATMENT: Supportive for mammary, excision with genitourinary/gastrointestinal w/u for extra-mammary.

Cutaneous Paget’s disease may be an important harbinger of an underlying visceral malignancy. The most important forms of Paget’s disease entail a genital or extra-mammary form imbued with a tenuous association with underlying genitourinary or gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma and a mammary form of the disease that connotes an inevitable association with underlying breast adenocarcinoma. Both forms represent the intra-epithelial proliferation of glandular-derived malignant cells. These cells derive from the adnexal or adnexal-like apocrine or sebaceous glands of their respective anatomic structures. The pathogenic mechanisms or etiology of these diseases remain unknown as does the exact pathogenic relationship that these tumors potentially possess with their respective underlying malignancies. The clinical presentation involves a scaly patch of the breast nipple or an erythematous patch of the genitalia. The pathology is typically configured as a confluent and randomly scattered spread of abnormal polygonal-shaped clear cells throughout the epithelium. The confluent foci tend to be seen in basilar portions of the epithelium with some tendency of these cells to coalesce forming glandular foci with central lumina seen. The cells themselves possess ample amounts of foamy-to-clear cytoplasm with occasional vacuoles. The nuclei are enlarged and possess prominent central nucleoli. These cells sometimes referred to as Paget cells, are typically carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) , cytokeratin-7 , epithelial membrane antigen positive and cytokeratin-20 , high molecular weight keratin, S-100 and leukocyte common antigen (LCA) negative on immunohistochemical staining. The latter stains are important to examine as the most important entities that can masquerade as Paget’s disease and entail the pagetoid scatter of atypical intraepidermal cells include CK-20 merkel cells, high molecular weight keratin squamous cell carcinoma cells, S-100 melanoma cells and LCA lymphoma cells. The prognosis of mammary Paget’s disease remains guarded and, given its inviolate association with underlying breast adenocarcinoma , is treated with local surgery often entailing mastectomy with adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Genital forms of the disease portend a significantly better prognosis with approximately 20% associated with underlying cervical, bladder, prostate or colorectal adenocarcinoma. The cutaneous expression of the disease even among patients with demonstrated visceral involvement, can be successfully treated with frozen-section-aided excisional or Mohs micrographic surgery.

Paget’s Disease