Abstract
A proper diet is commonly regarded as one of the most important factors determining one’s health. A key role in such a diet is played by unprocessed food of plant origin, mainly fruits and vegetables, as they contain many important dietary bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, carotenoids, fiber, antioxidants, several important vitamins, and minerals. Despite the nutritional benefit, they may also contain substances that adversely affect human health. Pesticides constitute a special group of contaminants as even small amounts of these substances can result in acute poisoning, lead to cancer, and have an adverse impact on the endocrine, immune, and nervous system. A considerable number of pesticides have a harmful effect already in low concentrations, within the range of μg kg−1 and below μg kg−1; hence, there is a great need for identifying and determining them by means of highly selective and sensitive methods. In the analysis of pesticide residue, similarly to the analysis of other food contaminants, there is a clear tendency to prepare multiresidue methods that enable monitoring a large number of compounds in a great number and variety of samples. Most multiresidue methods reported for fruits and vegetables in the last decade are based mostly on the use of liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), which is the technique of choice for the majority of pesticides and their metabolites nowadays.
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Abbreviations
- APCI:
-
Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
- API:
-
Atmospheric pressure ionization
- ASE:
-
Accelerated solvent extraction
- C18:
-
Octadecylated silica bounded stationary phase
- C8:
-
Octasilyl silica bounded stationary phase
- CHEMAC:
-
Conservative homogenizing extraction and multifunction adsorption cleanup
- CID:
-
Collision-induced dissociation
- CNTs:
-
Carbon nanotubes
- dSPE:
-
Dispersive solid phase extraction
- ESI:
-
Electrospray ionization
- EU:
-
European union
- GC:
-
Gas chromatography
- GCB:
-
Graphitized carbon black
- GC-MS:
-
Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer
- GC-MS/MS:
-
Gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometer
- HPLC:
-
High-performance liquid chromatography
- HRMS:
-
High-resolution mass spectrometry
- LC-MS:
-
Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer
- LC-MS/MS:
-
Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometer
- LLE:
-
Liquid–liquid extraction
- MAE:
-
Microwave-assisted extraction
- MRL:
-
Maximum residue level
- MRM:
-
Multiple reaction monitoring
- MS:
-
Mass spectrometry
- MSPD:
-
Matrix solid phase dispersion
- MWCNTs:
-
Multiwalled carbon nanotubes
- OPPs:
-
Organophospohorus pesticides
- PSA:
-
Primary–secondary amine
- Q:
-
Quadrupole
- QQQ:
-
Triple quadrupoles
- Q-TOF:
-
Quadrupole-time of flight
- Q-Trap:
-
Quadrupole-linear ion trap
- QuEChERS:
-
Quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe
- SCAN:
-
Scan monitoring
- SFE:
-
Supercritical-fluid extraction
- SIM:
-
Selected ion monitoring
- SPE:
-
Solid phase extraction
- SPME:
-
Solid phase microextraction
- SRM:
-
Selected reaction monitoring
- STEMIT:
-
Single-tube extraction with multisorbent impurity trapping
- SWCNTs:
-
Single-walled carbon nanotubes
- TIC:
-
Total ion current
- TOF:
-
Time of flight
- UHPLC:
-
Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography
- WHO:
-
World health organization
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Acknowledgments
Author gratefully acknowledges the use of the facilities and services of the Center for Interdisciplinary Research at The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Poland, co-funded by the European Union from the European Regional Development Fund in the frame of the Operational Programme Development of Eastern Poland 2007–2013 (POPW.01.03.00-06-003/09-00). This work was supported by the Polish National Science Centre via the research project DEC-2017/01/X/ST4/00722.I also acknowledge assistance in preparation of tables provided by Ms Agata Surma.
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Stachniuk, A. (2018). LC-MS/MS Determination of Pesticide Residues in Fruits and Vegetables. In: Mérillon, JM., Ramawat, K. (eds) Bioactive Molecules in Food. Reference Series in Phytochemistry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54528-8_82-1
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