Skip to main content

Human Dignity

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Encyclopedia of Contemporary Constitutionalism
  • 32 Accesses

Abstract

Human dignity is a complex idea. Its legal prominence, both internationally and nationally, hides its mere philosophical and moral foundations. As a legal promise, it features most prominently in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) of 1948 and the German Basic Law (GG) of 1949, both boostering their promise with “inherency” (UDHR) and “inviolability” (GG). Yet dignity is not and has never been, in and of itself, a legal concept, and therefore, the following contribution is committed to dignities in legal history and the “belated” (Habermas, The Concept of Human Dignity and the Realistic Utopia of Human Rights, Metaphilosophy 41: 464–480 = Habermas, Jürgen. 2012. The Concept of Human Dignity and the Realistic Utopia of Human Rights. In Philosophical Dimensions of Human Rights, Some Contemporary Views, ed. Claudio Corradetti, 63–79. Heidelberg/London: Springer. 2010, p. 465 f.) constitutional careers of human dignity before and after WWII. Paradox complexities of human dignity in legal practice are also discussed here.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress assembled. Juli 4, 1776. In Congress. https://nl.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/docpdf/nlh-eai1:101E0381E6D31E10:101E0381E6D31E10.pdf. Accessed 24 Feb 2022, cit. American Declaration of Independence.

  • A Declaration of Rights made by the representatives of the good people of Virginia, assembled in full and free Convention; which rights do pertain to them, and their posterity, as the basis and foundation of government. June 12, 1776. Postscript. In Convention No. 72: Friday June 14, 1776, cit. Virginia Declaration of Rights.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aggarawala, Om Prakash, and S.K. Aiyar. 1950. The Constitution of India. Delhi: Rajkamal Publications Limited.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ändringar som trädde i kraft den 1 januari 1977. 1999. In Sveriges konstitutionella urkunder, 380–409. Kristianstad: SNS Förlag, cit. Constitution of Sweden.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anschütz, Gerhard. 1933. Die Verfassung des Deutschen Reichs vom 11. August 1919. Ein Kommentar für Wissenschaft und Praxis, 14th edition, Berlin: Stilke.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aquinas, Thomas. 1585. Summa theologiae D. Th. Aquinatis Doct. Angelici. Iuxta praecipuas illius conclusions in compendium redactae, t. 2. Venedig. https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10744178?page=184,185. Accessed 24 Jan 2022.

  • Arendt, Hannah. 1986, 17th edition 2014. Elemente und Ursprünge totaler Herrschaft. Antisemitismus, Imperialismus, totale Herrschaft., München/Zürich: Piper.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barth, Karl. 1938, Reprint 1993. Die Kirchliche Dogmatik I/2, Vol. 1: Die Lehre vom Wort Gottes. Prolegomena zur kirchlichen Dogmatik. Zürich: Theologischer Verlag. Reprint Evangelischer Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bayerisches Gesetz- und Verordnungsblatt 1946, Nr. 23 (8 December 1946). cit. BayGVBl. https://www.verkuendung-bayern.de/files/gvbl/1946/23/gvbl-1946-23.pdf#page=1. Accessed 28 Feb 2022.

  • Belgium’s Constitution of 1831 with Amendments through 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bericht über den Verfassungskonvent auf Herrenchiemsee vom 10. bis 23. August 1948, München: Richard Pflaum Verlag. cit. Report on the Constitutional Convention at Herrenchiemsee 1948.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolívar, Simon. 1975. Discursos, proclamas y epistolario político, Madrid: Editora Nacional. (This finding was inspired by McCrudden (2008).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brumlik, Micha. 2017. Zur Begründung der Menschenrechte und menschlicher Würde im Glauben Israels und dem rabbinischen Judentum. In Menschenwürde. Vom Selbstwert des Menschen, ed. Clemens Sedmak, 267–278. Darmstadt: WBG.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cassirer, Ernst. 1959. On the Dignity of Man by Pico della Mirandola. Studia Humanitatis 12: 48–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charter of the United Nations and Statute of the International Court of Justice. 1945. San Francisco; https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/ctc/uncharter.pdf. Accessed 28 Feb 2022.

  • Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 1964. De Officiis, ed. and Trans. Karl Büchner. München/Zürich: Artemis-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Complet de la LDH à la declaration des droits de l’homme. 1936. https://www.ldh-france.org/1936-COMPLEMENT-DE-LA-LDH-A-LA/. Accessed 10 Feb 2022.

  • Constitucion de la Republica de Cuba. 1940. In Leyes Civiles de la Republica de Cuba, 17–112. La Habana: Editorial Lex. URL: https://dloc.com/UF00074048/00001/thumbs/30. Accessed 24 Jan 2022. Cit. Cuban Constitution.

  • Constituţia României. 1991. București: Parlamentul României.

    Google Scholar 

  • Constitution of the Czech Republic of 16 December 1992. 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Constitution of the Portuguese Republic. 1977. Lisbon: Secretary of State for Mass Communication. Directorate General for Information and Diffusion.

    Google Scholar 

  • Constitution of the Republic of Chile. 1925 (1972). Washington D.C.: General Secretariat Organization of American States.

    Google Scholar 

  • Constitution of the Republic of Costa Rica. 1949 (as amended 1961). Washington, D.C.: Pan American Union. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39076006012343&view=1up&seq=1&skin=2021. Accessed 25 Feb 2022.

  • Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador. 1946 (1961). Washington D.C.: Pan American Union.

    Google Scholar 

  • Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania. 1993. Approved by Citizens of the Republic of Lithuania in the Referendum on 25 October 1992. Vilnius: Publishing House of the Seimas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Constitution of the Republic of Panama. 1946. Washington D.C.: Pan American Union. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015022701265&view=1up&seq=25&skin=2021. Accessed 21 Jan 2022.

  • Constitution of the Republic of Paraguay 1940 (1963). Washington D.C.: Pan American Union.

    Google Scholar 

  • Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia. 1993. Ljubljana: Miro Cerar, Constitutional Commission of the Parliament of the Republic of Slovenia. (cit. as Ljubljana-edition).

    Google Scholar 

  • Czeguhn, Ignacio. 2013. Das Verhältnis von Menschenwürde und Menschenrechten in historischer Perspektive. In Menschenwürde und Demütigung, Die Menschenwürdekonzeption Avishai Margalits, ed. Eric Hilgendorf, 9–23. Baden-Baden: Nomos.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Declaration of Human Rights. Submitted by THE AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE. https://credo.library.umass.edu/view/pageturn/mums312-b101-i302/#page/1/mode/1up. Accessed 04 Nov 2021.

  • Decreto Jefatura del Estado. 1939. Boletin official del Estado. De 31 de Julio de 1939. Núm. 216, 1238–1247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Decreto número 259. 1937. Boletin official del Estado. Martes 20 de abril de 1937. Año II. Núm. 182, 1033–1034.

    Google Scholar 

  • Der Parlamentarische Rat 1948–1949. Akten und Protokolle. vol. 7. 1995. Boppard am Rhein: Harald Boldt Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Der Parlamentarische Rat 1948–1949. Akten und Protokolle. vol 5/I. 1993. Boppard am Rhein: Harald Boldt Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Der Parlamentarische Rat 1948–1949. Akten und Protokolle. vol. 5/II. 1993. Boppard am Rhein: Harald Boldt Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Die Verfassung der Deutschen demokratischen Republik mit einer Einleitung von Karl Steinhoff. 1949. Berlin: Heymanns-Verlag. cit.: Socialist Constitution of the German Democratic Republic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Draft Declaration of the international rights and duties of man, formulated of the inter-American juridical committee, 8 January 1847, E/CN.4/2; https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/560759?ln=en. Accessed 10 Feb 2022.

  • Dreier, Horst. 2013. Art. 1 GG. In Grundgesetz Kommentar, ed. Horst Dreier, Vol. I: Präambel, Artikel 1–19, 3rd ed., Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2014. Idee und Gestalt des freiheitlichen Verfassungsstaates. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dylan, Bob. 1989. Dignity. https://www.bobdylan.com/songs/dignity/. Accessed 01 Aug 2020.

  • ECJ. Erich Stauder v. City of Ulm, Sozialamt. Judgment of 12 November 1969. C-29/69. ECLI:EU:C:1969:57.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. Netherlands v. Parliament and Council. Judgment of 9 October 2001. C-377/98. ECLI:EU:C:2001:523. European Court Reports 2001 I-07079.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckert, Joern. 2002. Legal Roots of Human Dignity in German Law. In The Concept of Human Dignity in Human Rights Discourse, ed. David Kretzmer and Eckart Klein, 41–54. The Hague: Kluwer Law Internat.

    Google Scholar 

  • ECtHR. Pretty v. the United Kingdom. Judgment of 29 April 2002. 235. no. 2346/02. ECLI:CE:ECHR:2002:0429JUD000234602.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emcke, Carolin. 2013. Weil es sagbar ist. Über Zeugenschaft und Gerechtigkeit. Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer.

    Google Scholar 

  • EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. 14.12.2007. Official Journal of the European Union C 303/17; https://fra.europa.eu/en/eu-charter/article/1-human-dignity. Accessed 14 Feb 2022.

  • Falange Española. Tradicionalista de las J.O.N-S., Stiftung Deutsches Historisches Museum Berlin, Do 56/1593.6.

    Google Scholar 

  • FCC, First Senate. Decision of 24 February 1971. Mephisto. 1 BvR 435/68. BVerfGE 30, 173–227.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. First Senate. Judgement of 25 February 1975. Abortion I. 1 BvF 1/74, 1 BvF 2/74, 1 BvF 3/74, 1 BvF 4/74, 1 BvF 5/74, 1 BvF 6/74. BVerfGE 39, 1–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. First Senate. Judgement of 21 June 1977. Life Imprisonment. 1 BvL 14/76. BVerfGE 45, 187–271.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. First Senate. Decision of 11 October 1978. Transsexuals I. 1 BvR 16/72. BVerfGE 49, 286–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. First Senate. Decision of 17 January 1979. Expulsion. 1 BvR 241/77. BVerfGE 50, 166–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. First Senate. Decision of 29 Mai 1990. Tax-free subsistence minimum. 1 BvL 20/84, 1 BvL 26/84, 1 BvL 4/86. BVerfGE 82, 60–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. First Senate. Decision of 20 October 1992. Dance of the devils. 1 BvR 698/89. BVerfGE 87, 209–233.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. Second Senate. Judgement of 28 May 1993. Abortion II. 2 BvF 2/90, 2 BvF 4/92, 2 BvF 5/92. BVerfGE 88, 203.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. Second Senate. Judgement of 15 May 1996. Safe third countries. 2 BvR 1938/93, 2 BvR 2315/93. BVerfGE 94, 49–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. First Senate. Decision of 12 November 1997. Child as damage. 1 BvR 479/92, 1 BvR 307/94. BVerfGE 96, 375–407.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. Second Senate. Judgement of 1 July 1998. Duty to work. 2 BvR 441/90, 2 BvR 493/90, 2 BvR 618/92, 2 BvR 212/93, 2 BvL 17/94. ECLI:DE:BVerfG:1998:rs19980701.2bvr044190. BVerfGE 98, 169–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. Second Senate. Judgement of 7 December 1999. Desertion. 2 BvR 1533/94. ECLI:DE:BVerfG:1999:rs19991207.2bvr153394. BVerfGE 101, 275.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. First Senate. Judgement of 12 December 2000. Shock advertising I. 1 BvR 1762/95, 1 BvR 1787/95. ECLI:DE:BVerfG:2000:rs20001212.1bvr176295. BVerfGE 102, 347–369.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. First Senate. Judgment of 11 March 2003. Shock advertising II. 1 BvR 426/02. ECLI:DE:BVerfG:2003:rs20030311.1bvr042602. BVerfGE 107, 275–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. Second Senate. Judgement of 5 February 2004a. Long-term Preventive Detention. 2 BvR 2029/01. ECLI:DE:BVerfG:2004:rs20040205.2bvr202901. BVerfGE 109. 133–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. First Senate. Judgement of 3 March 2004b. Grand Bugging Attack. 1 BvR 2378/98, 1 BvR 1084/99. ECLI:DE:BVerfG:2004:rs20040303.1bvr237898. BVerfGE 109, 279–391.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. First Senate. Judgement of 15 Feburary 2006. Aviation Security Act. 1 BvR 357/05. ECLI:DE:BVerfG:2006:rs20060215.1bvr035705. BVerfGE 115, 118–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Federal Constitutional Court (FCC) = Bundesverfassungsgericht (BVerfG). Second Senate. Judgement of 15 December 1970. Wiretapping. 2 BvF 1/69, 2 BvR 629/68, 2 BvR 308/69. BVerfGE 30, 1–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ficinus, Marsilius. 1559 (1970). Theologia Platonica de immortalitate animorum, XVIII libris comprehensa, ND Ausgabe Paris 1559, Hildesheim/New York: Georg Olms 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedrich, Carl. 1950. The Political Theory of the New Democratic Constitutions. The Revue of Politics 12: 215–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gesetz- und Verordnungsblatt des Landes Hessen. 1946. Nr. 34/35 (18. Dezember 1946). cit. GVBl. Hessen. http://starweb.hessen.de/cache/GVBL/1946/00034.pdf. Accessed 28 Feb 2022.

  • Glendon, Mary Ann. 2002. A World Made New, Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greece’s Constitution of 1975 with Amendments through 2008, https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Greece_2008.pdf?lang=en. Accessed 02 Mar 2022; cit. Greek Constitution.

  • Grimm, Jakob, Wilhelm Grimm, and Ludwig Sütterlin. 1960. Deutsches Wörterbuch. Vol. 30: Wilb-Ysop,. Leipzig: Hirzel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gröschner, Rolf. 2008. Des Menschen Würde – humanistische Tradition eines Verfassungsprinzips. In Des Menschen Würde – entdeckt und erfunden im Humanismus der italienischen Renaissance, ed. Rolf Gröschner, Stephan Kirste, and Oliver Lembcke. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2016. Weil Wir frei sein wollen. Geschichten vom Geist republikanischer Freiheit. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grotius, Hugo. 1680. De Jure Belli ac Pacis in quibus Jus Naturae & Gentium. Jena: Sumtibus Johannis Theodori Fleischeri, Bibliopol. https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN771629974?tify={%22pages%22:[9],%22view%22:%22export%22}. Accessed 25 Feb 2022.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grundgesetz Finnlands. 1999. Inoffizielle Ubersetzung Justizministerium, Finnland; https://finlex.fi/fi/laki/kaannokset/1999/de19990731.pdf. Accessed 21 Feb 2022.

  • Günes, Merdan. 2017. Menschenwürde im Islam. In Menschenwürde. Vom Selbstwert des Menschen, ed. Clemens Sedmak, 237–266. Darmstadt: WBG.

    Google Scholar 

  • Habermas, Jürgen. 2010. The Concept of Human Dignity and the Realistic Utopia of Human Rights, Metaphilosophy 41: 464–480 = Habermas, Jürgen. 2012. The Concept of Human Dignity and the Realistic Utopia of Human Rights. In Philosophical Dimensions of Human Rights, Some Contemporary Views, ed. Claudio Corradetti, 63–79. Heidelberg/London: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heuss, Theodor. In Der Parlamentarische Rat 1948–1949, Akten und Protokolle. Vol. 5/I, no. 4. Boppard am Rhein: Harald Boldt Verlag 1993. The relant quote during the fourth session of the committee for Basic Questions of 23 September 1948 is on p. 72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilpert, Konrad. 2001. Menschenrechte und Theologie, Forschungsbeiträge zur ethischen Dimension der Menschenrechte. Freiburg: Universitätsverlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann, Hasso. 1993. Die versprochene Menschenwürde. Archiv des öffentlichen Rechts 118/3: 353–377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Humphrey, John Thomas Peter. 1984. Human Rights and the United Nations: A great Adventure. New York: Transnational Publ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hungary’s Constitution of 2011 with Amendments through 2016; https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Hungary_2016.pdf?lang=en. Accessed 03 Feb 2022.

  • Hunt, Lynn Avery. 2007. Inventing Human Rights. A History. New York/London: W.W. Norton & Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • International Bill of Human Rights – A Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), A_RES_217 (III), p. 71–79; https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/666853?ln=en. Accessed 10 Feb 2022.

  • International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. 16 December 1966 (1967). opened for signature at New York on 19 December 1966. https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=IV-3&chapter=4. Accessed 28 Feb 2022.

  • Joas, Hans. 2019. Die Sakralität der Person. Eine neue Genealogie der Menschenrechte. 2nd ed. Berlin: Suhrkamp Insel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kant, Immanuel. 1785/86 (1903). Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten, section II (Von der Populären Sittlichen Weltweisheit zur Metaphysik der Sitten). In Kants gesammelte Schriften (1903, Akademieausgabe=AA), vol. IV, ed. Georg Wobbermin and Paul Natorp. Berlin: Königlich Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften=1998. In Schriften zur Ethik und Religionsphilosophie, vol. IV. ed. Wilhelm Weischedel. 5th reprint, Wiesbaden: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, cit. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1797 (1907). Metaphysik der Sitten. In Kants gesammelte Schriften (1907, Akademieausgabe =AA), vol. VI, ed. Georg Wobbermin and Paul Natorp. Berlin: Königlich Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften=2009. The Metaphysics of Morals, translated and edited by Mary Gregory, with an Introduction by Roger J. Sullivan, 13th edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, cit. Metaphysics of Morals.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kantorowicz, Ernst. 1992. Die zwei Körper des Königs. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kible, Brigitte. 1989. Art. Person. Hoch- und Spätscholastik. In Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie, ed. Joachim Ritter and Karlfried Gründer . Basel/Stuttgart: Schwabe.1

    Google Scholar 

  • Kondylis, Panajotis. 2004. Würde. In Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe, Historisches Lexikon zur politisch-sozialen Sprache in Deutschland, ed. Otto Brunner, Werner Conze, and Reinhart Kosseleck, vol. 7, 637–677. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.

    Google Scholar 

  • La Constitucion Española de 1978. 1978. Madrid: Presidencia del Gobierno Secretaría General Técnica (version inglesa de la Constitucion Española de 1978, p. 1047–1092).

    Google Scholar 

  • Laband, Paul. 2004. Staatsrechtliche Vorlesungen, Vorlesungen zur Geschichte des Staatsdenkens, zur Staatstheorie und Verfassungsgeschichte und zum deutschen Staatsrecht des 19. Jahrhunderts, gehalten an der Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universität Straßburg 1872–1918, ed. Bernd Schlüter. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lassalle, Ferdinand. 1970. Reden und Schriften, Aus der Arbeiteragitation. München: dtv.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le décret relatif à l’abolition de l’esclavage dans les colonies et les possessions françaises du 27 avril 1848.; URL https://www.gouvernement.fr/egalite-outremer/le-decret-relatif-a-l-abolition-de-l-esclavage-dans-les-colonies-et-les-possessions. Accessed 21 Jan 2022; cit. Decree of the Abolition of Slavery of 27 April 1848, French Republic. The Preamble.

  • Lembke, Oliver. 2008. Die Würde des Menschen, frei zu sein. Zum Vermächtnis der ‘Oratio de hominis dignitate’ Picos della Mirandola. In Des Menschen Würde – entdeckt und erfunden im Humanismus der italienischen Renaissance, ed. Rolf Gröschner, Stephan Kirste, and Oliver Lembcke. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim. 1779. ND. 1940. Nathan der Weise. Ein dramatisches Gedicht in fünf Aufzügen. Wiesbaden: Limes-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindgren Alves, José Augusto. 1996. Aufschub der Menschenrechte. Gewissen und Freiheit 46/47: 8–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lithuania’s Constitution of 1992 with Amendments through 2019; https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Lithuania_2019.pdf?lang=en. Accessed 10 Feb 2022.

  • Lyotard, Jean-François. 1983. Le différend. Paris: Ed. de minuit.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandela, Nelson. 2005. Trafalgar Square; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1NennMCLG7A. Accessed 12 Nov 2021.

  • Manetti, Gianozzo. 1452 (1975). De dignitate et excellentia hominis. ed. Elizabeth R. Leonard, Padua: In aedibus Antenoreis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manuel, Paul Christopher and Margaret Mott. 2004. Une Messe est Possible: The Imbroglio of the Catholic Church in Contemporary Latin Europe. CES Working Papers, No. 133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Margalit, Avishai. 1999. Politik der Würde. Über Achtung und Verachtung, Suhrkamp Taschenbuch Wissenschaft.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marx, Karl. 1847 (1976). Moralising Criticism and Critical Morality. A Contribution to German Cultural History. Contra Karl Heinzen. Deutsche-Brüsseler-Zeitung No. 86, p. 313; No. 92, 331, in: Karl Marx/Frederick Engels, Collected Works, volume 6: Marx and Engels 1845–1848, London: Lawrence&Wishart, 312–313, 324–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCrudden, Christopher. 2008. Human Dignity and Judicial Interpretation of Human Rights. The European Journal of International Law 19: 655–724.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mexico’s Constitution of 1917, Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos – Ordenamiento – Legislación (unam.mx). Accessed 02 Mar 2022.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer-Lübcke, Wilhelm. 2009. Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. 7. Auflage. Heidelberg: Carl Winters Universitätsbuchhandlung.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michaelis, Herbert and Ernst Schraepler ed. 1977. Ursachen und Folgen. vol. 26: Die staatliche Neuordnung Deutschlands. Die Berliner Blockade: - Die Errichtung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: - Das Grundgesetz der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: - Die Gründung der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik. Berlin: Dokumentation-Verlag Dr. Herbert Wendler & Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morsink, Johannes. 1999. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Origins, Drafting, and Intent. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mugumbate, Jaco, and Andrew Nyanguru. 2013. Exploring African Philosophy: The Value of Ubuntu in Social Work. African Journal of Social Work 3: 82–100. https://ro.uow.edu.au/sspapers/3266. Accessed 19 Oct 2021.

    Google Scholar 

  • Müßig, Ulrike. 2011. L’ouverture du mouvement constitutionnel après 1830: à la recherche d’un équilibre entre la souveraineté monarchique et la souveraineté populaire. Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis 79: 489–519.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2018. A New Order of the Ages. In Normativity and Precedence: Reconsidering Constitutional Formation II Decisive Constitutional Normativity. From Old Liberties to New Precedence, 1–97. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2019. Reason and Fairness, Constituting Justice in Europe, from Medieval Canon Law to ECHR. Leiden: Brill.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2021a. Republicanism and its ‘gentle wings’ (Ode to Joy), The Republican Dignity to be Governed, not Mastered as Founding Rational Legitimacy. Giornale di Storia Costituzionale/Journal of Constitutional History 41/I: 117–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2021b. The Kantian Legal Turn of Republicanism: ‘Rightfulness’ by a Categorical Right to Justification. Giornale di Storia Costituzionale/Journal of Constitutional History 41/II: 183–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nobel Prize Foundation. 1968 (2022). René Cassin. Biographical; https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1968/cassin/biographical/. Accessed 14 Feb 2022.

  • Nörr, Knut Wolfgang. 1992. Zur Frage des subjektiven Rechts in der mittelalterlichen Rechtswissenschaft. In Festschrift für Heinrich Lange zum 70. Geburtstag, ed. A.O. Dieter Medicus, 193–204. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Mahoney, Conor. 2018. The Dignity of the Individual in Irish Constitutional Law. In Human Dignity in Context, ed. Dieter Grimm, Alexandra Kemmerer, and Christoph Mullers, 469–497. Oxford: Hart.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Pannenberg, Wolfgang. 1991. Christliche Wurzeln des Gedankens der Menschenwürde. In Menschenrechte und kulturelle Identität, ed. Walter Kerber, 61–76. München: Kindt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pascal, Blaise. 1670 (posthum). Pensées de M. Pascal sur la religion et sur quelques autres sujets. La Haye 1743, Bavarian State Library, https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/details/bsb10399072. Accessed 21 Feb 2022.

  • Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni. 1990. De hominis dignitate – Über die Würde des Menschen. Hamburg: Felix Meiner Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Political Constitution of the Portuguese Republic. 1937. Lisbon: Secr. da propaganda nac.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pufendorf, Samuel. 1672 (1998). Gesammelte Werke, vol. 4, ed. by Frank Böhling, Berlin: Akademieverlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Renouvier, Charles Bernard. 2000. Manuel républicain de l’homme et du citoyen (1848) ed. Jean-Claude Richard/Maurice Agulhon/Laurent Fedi, Genève: Slatkine. This finding was inspired by McCrudden (2008).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rilinger, Rolf. 2007. Ordo und dignitas. In Beiträge zur römischen Verfassungs- und Sozialgeschichte, ed. Tassilo Schmitt and Aloys Winterling. Stuttgart: Steiner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodotà, Stefano. 2012. Il diritto di avere diritti. Roma-Bari: Laterza.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rombach, Heinrich. 1987. Strukturanthropologie. In Der menschliche Mensch. Freiburg/München: Alber.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothhaar, Markus. 2015. Die Menschenwürde als Prinzip des Rechts. Eine rechtsphilosophische Rekonstruktion. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rudd, Kevin. 2008. Apology to Australian Indigenious Peoples; https://www.aph.gov.au/Visit_Parliament/Art/Exhibitions/Custom_Media/Apology_to_Australias_Indigenous_Peoples. Accessed 11 Nov 2021.

  • Salutati, Coluccio. 1396–1399 (1985). De fato et fortuna I 3, ed. Concetta Bianca, Firenze: Olschki.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiller, Friedrich. 1787. Don Karlos, Infant von Spanien, Ein Dramatisches Gedicht. In Werkausgabe der Deutschen Schillergesellschaft (1955). Stuttgart: E. Schreiber Graphische Kunstanstalten, 253–412.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1797. Epigram Würde des Menschen. In Musen-Almanach für das Jahr 1797, ed. Friedrich Schiller. Tübingen: J. G. Cottaische Buchhandlung.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schopenhauer, Arthur. 1988. Über die Grundlage der Moral, Preisschrift über die Grundlage der Moral. Sämtliche Werke in fünf Bänden, ed. Lütgehaus, vol. III: Kleinere Schriften. Berlin: Suhrkamp, cit.: Prize Paper on the Basis of Morality.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulz, Lorenz. 2001. Normiertes Mißtrauen, Der Verdacht im Strafverfahren. Vittorio Klostermann: Frankfurt a.M.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seelmann, Kurt. 1997. Theologie und Jurisprudenz an der Schwelle zur Moderne. Die Geburt des neuzeitlichen Naturrechts in der iberischen Spätscholastik. Baden-Baden: Nomos.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, Tine. 2007. Himmlische Quellen und irdisches Recht. Campus: Frankfurt am Main.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Commission on Human Rights, Yearbook on Human Rights for 1947 (1949), 420–423.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Constitution of the Estonian Republic. 1924. Tallinn (Reval).

    Google Scholar 

  • The Constitution of the Republic of Croatia, 2. ed. 1998. Zagreb: Narodne Novine.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Constitution of the Republic of Poland. As adopted by the National Assembly on 2nd April 1997. Warsaw: Bureau of Research Chancellory of the Sejm. (cit. as Sejm-edition).

    Google Scholar 

  • The Constitution of the Slovak Republic. 1992. Bratislava: Press Agency of the Slovak Republic.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Cuban Declaration of Human Rights, E/HR/1, 12 February 1946, London, Original text: Spanish, “Draft declaration on human rights and letter of transmittal”, Cuban Legation, Great Britain, The Cuban Delegation to the General Assembly of the United Nations “Draft declaration on Human Rights” (document was issued 22 April 1946).

    Google Scholar 

  • The Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel., 4 May 1948.; URL: https://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/guide/pages/declaration%20of%20establishment%20of%20state%20of%20israel.aspx#:~:text=On%20May%2014%2C%201948%2C%20on,of%20the%20State%20of%20Israel. Accessed 28 Jan 2022.

  • Theophilus of Antioch, Apologie Ad Autolycum II. Buch, 18. German Translation by Leitl, Josef. 1913. In Bibliothek der Kirchenväter, 1. Serie, Vol. 14: Frühchristliche Apologeten und Märtyrerakten II, Kempten/München: Kösel.

    Google Scholar 

  • UK International Bill of Rights, UN, Yearbook on Human Rights for 1947 (1949), 482–508.

    Google Scholar 

  • UN Resolution 217 A (III) of 10.12.1948.; https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/ger.pdf. Accessed 28 Feb 2022.

  • United Nations Economic and Social Counci 1 May l1946. E/HR/6/ 1946; https://undocs.org/pdf?symbol=en/E/HR/6. Accessed 12 Nov 2021.

  • United Nations Economic and Social Council 28 January 1947. E/CN.4/SR.1; https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/626602?ln=en. Accessed 14 Jan 2022.

  • United Nations Economic and Social Council 1 July 1946. E/56/Rev.2; https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/634408?ln=en. Accessed 14 Feb 2022.

  • United Nations Economic and Social Council 10 June 1947, E/CN.4/AC.1/3/Add.3; https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/621108?ln=en. Accessed 14 Feb 2022.

  • United Nations Economic and Social Council 11 June 1947, E/CN.4/AC.1/3 Add. 1; https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/621106?ln=en. Accessed 14 Feb 2022.

  • United Nations Economic and Social Council 20 June 1947, E/CN.4/AC.1/W.2/Rev.2; https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/628788?ln=en. Accessed 14 Feb 2022.

  • United Nations Economic and Social Council 23 January 1947, E/CN.4/W.16; https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/701860?ln=en. Accessed 14 Feb 2022.

  • United Nations Economic and Social Council 4 June 1947, E/CN.4/AC.1/3; https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/621094?ln=en. Accessed 14 Feb 2022.

  • United Nations Economic and Social Council 9 June 1947, E/CN.4/AC.1/3/Add.2; https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/621107?ln=en. Accessed 14 Feb 2022.

  • US Proposals for a Human Rights Convention Nov 1947, E/CN.4/37; https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/561187?ln=en. Accessed 10 Feb 2022.

  • Valla, Lorenzo. 1461 (1987), Über den Freien Willen. De libero arbitrio. Lateinisch-deutsche Ausgabe, hrsg. übersetzt und eingeleitet von Eckhard Keßler, München: Wilhelm Fink.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Roon, Ger. 1967. Neuordnung im Widerstand. Der Kreisauer Kreis innerhalb der deutschen Widerstandsbewegung. München: Oldenburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verfassung der Republik Bulgarien. Verabschiedet von der Großen Volksversammlung am 12. Juli 1991. Sofia: Agentur Sofia Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallau, Philipp. 2010. Die Menschenwürde in der Grundrechtsordnung der Europäischen Union. Bonn: Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wetz, Franz Josef. 1998. Die Würde der Menschen ist antastbar: eine Provokation. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wigard, F., ed. 1848. Stenographischer Bericht über die Verhandlungen der deutschen constituirenden Nationalversammlung zu Frankfurt am Main. Vol. 1. Sauerländer: Frankfurt a.M.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wildfeuer, Armin. 2002. Menschenwürde – Leerformel oder unverzichtbarer Gedanke? In Person – Menschenwürde – Menschenrechte im Disput, ed. Nicht and Wildfeuer Münster, 19–116. LIT-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willoweit, Dietmar, and Ulrike Seif, eds. 2003. Europäische Verfassungsgeschichte. München: C.H. Beck.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wollstonecraft Mary. 2009. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. An authoritative Text Backgrounds and Contexts Criticism. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zur Politik deutscher Sozialisten – Politische Kundgebungen und programmatische Richtlinien der Union deutscher sozialistischer Organisationen in Grossbritannien, [probably 1945].

    Google Scholar 

Essential Reading

  • Becchi, Paolo, and Klaus Mathis, eds. 2021. Handbook of Human Dignity in Europe. Cham: Springer. Introduction and all Chapters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becchi, Paolo. 2013. Il principio dignità umana. Morcelliana: Brescia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cancik, Hubert. 2002. ‘Dignity of Man’ and ‘Persona’ in Stoic Anthropology: Some Remarks on Cicero, De Officiis I 105–107. In The Concept of Human Dignity in Human Rights Discourse, ed. Kretzmer David and Klein Eckart, 19–39. London/New York: Kluwert Law International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neumann, Ulfried. 1988. Die Tyrannei der Würde. Argumentationstheoretische Erwägungen zum Menschenwürdeprinzip. Archiv für Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie 84: 153–166.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ulrike Müßig .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Section Editor information

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Müßig, U. (2022). Human Dignity. In: Cremades, J., Hermida, C. (eds) Encyclopedia of Contemporary Constitutionalism. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31739-7_141-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31739-7_141-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-31739-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-31739-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Law and CriminologyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics