Kenya’s Security Sector: Reform in a Changing Strategic Environment

Abstract

Since independence in 1963, defense of Kenya’s sovereignty against territorial threats remains the primary national security goal, alongside deterrence against possible military threats (and to an extent subversion). As such, Kenya’s national security sector can be understood within the traditional security theory of realism. Morgenthau and Thompson (1993) contend that all states are interested in self-preservation. They act in pursuit of self-interest defined in terms of power. As will be demonstrated in this chapter, Kenya has constructed its security apparatus to ward off internal and external threats and built itself on the principles of self-determination, regime security, and territorial integrity, all components outlined by the theory of realism. However, the security architecture has evolved to protect freedoms and liberties and promote democratic governance and development. Theoretically, the new security norms can be understood in the context of human security and social constructivist theories. The contemporary balance between traditional national security and human security is a function of security sector reform and constitutional reform from 2003 to 2010 (when a new constitution was promulgated). However, it is important to further understand the strategic and security environments defining the nature of Kenya’s security architecture.