Skip to main content

Region, Security, Regional Security: “Whose Middle East?” Revisited

  • Chapter
Regional Insecurity After the Arab Uprisings

Part of the book series: New Security Challenges Series ((NSECH))

Abstract

Critical security studies teaches its students that security is derivative of one’s philosophical stance (Booth, 1997, 2007; Walker, 1997), thereby rejecting the presumption that “threats” exist “out there” independent of our behaviour — including our attempts to know them (Burgess, 2011). To quote Ken Booth:

How one conceives of security is constructed out of the assumptions (however explicitly or inexplicitly articulated) that make up one’s theory of world politics (its units, structures, processes and so on). Security policy, from this perspective, is an epiphenomenon of political theory.

(Booth, 2007)

Different people, social groups and states have different ideas as to how they want to live, what they find threatening and whose security they want to pursue. When security is opened up to consider the insecurities of different referents, it becomes difficult to sustain the assumption that security is about states defending themselves against military threats that stem from outside their boundaries (Bilgin, 2002).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adib-Moghaddam, A. 2002. Global Intifadah? September 11th and the Struggle Within Islam. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 15: 203–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adib-Moghaddam, A. 2005. Islamic Utopian Romanticism and the Foreign Policy Culture of Iran. Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies 14: 265–292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adler, E. and Crawford, B. 2006. Normative Power: The European Practice of Region-Building and the Case of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership. In: The Convergence of Civilizations: Constructing a Euro-Mediterranean Region, ed. E. Adler, F. Bicchi, B. Crawford and R. A. D. Sorto. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 3–47.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Akgun, M. and Gundogar, S. S. C. 2013. Ortadoğu’da Türkiye Algısı 2013. Istanbul: TESEV.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayoob, M. 1995. The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Azar, E. E. and Moon, C.-I. (eds.). 1988. National Security in the Third World: The Management of Internal and External Threats. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnett, M. and Gause, R. G. I. 1998. Caravans in Opposite Directions: Society, State and the Development of a Community in the Gulf Cooperation Council. In: Security Communities, ed. E. Adler and M. N. Barnett. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 161–197.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Batuman, E. 2013. Occupy Gezi: Police Against the Protesters in Istanbul. The New Yorker, June Online http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/occupy-gezi-police-against-protesters-in-istanbul.

  • Benantar, A. 2006. NATO, Maghreb and Europe. Mediterranean Politics 11: 167–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bigo, D. 2001. The Möbius Ribbon of Internal and External Securit(ies). In: Identities Borders Orders: Rethinking International Relations Theory, ed. M. E. A. Albert. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 91–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bilgin, P. 2000. Inventing Middle East? The Making of Regions Through Security Discourses. In: The Middle East in Globalizing World, ed. K. Vikor. Oslo: Nordic Society for Middle Eastern Studies, 9–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bilgin, P. 2002. Beyond Statism in Security Studies? Human Agency and Security in the Middle East. Review of International Affairs 2: 100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bilgin, P. 2004a. Regional Security in the Middle East: A Critical Perspective. London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bilgin, P. 2004b. Whose Middle East? Geopolitical Inventions and Practices of Security. International Relations 18: 17–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bilgin, P. 2008. Thinking Past “Western” IR? Third World Quarterly 29: 5–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bilgin, P. 2012a. Security in the Arab World and Turkey: Differently Different. In: Thinking International Relations Differently, ed. A. Tickner and D. Blaney. London: Routledge, 27–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bilgin, P. 2012b. Turkey’s “Geopolitics Dogma”. In: Fixing Foreign Policy Identity: 1989 and the Uneven Revival of Geopolitical Thought in Europe, ed. S. Guzzini. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 151–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bilgin, P. forthcoming. Temporalizing Security: Securing the Citizen, Insecuring the Immigrant in the Mediterranean. In: Time, Temporality and Violence in International Relations: (De) Fatalizing the Present, Forging Radical Alternatives, ed. A. M. Agathangelou and K. D. Killian. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birke, S. 27 December 2013. How al-Qaeda Changed the Syrian War. NYR blog, http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2013/dec/27/how-al-qaeda-changed-syrian-war/, accessed 29 July 2014.

  • Booth, K. 1997. Security and Self: Reflections of a Fallen Realist. In: Critical Security Studies: Concepts and Cases, ed. K. Krause and M. C. Williams. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 83–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Booth, K. 2007. Theory of World Security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Booth, K. and Wheeler, N. 1992. Contending Philosophies About Security in Europe. In: Security and Strategy in the New Europe, ed. C. Mcinnes. London: Routledge, 3–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burgess, J. P. 2011. The Ethical Subject of Security: Geopolitical Reason and the Threat Against Europe. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davutoğlu, A. 2001. Stratejik Derinlik. İstanbul: Küre Yayınları.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dessouki, A. E. H. 1993. Dilemmas of Security and Development in the Arab World: Aspects of the Linkage. In: The Many Faces of National Security in the Arab World, ed. B. Korany, P. Noble and R. Brynen. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 67–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gause III, F. G. 2011. Why Middle East Studies Missed the Arab Spring: The Myth of Authoritarian Stability. Foreign Affairs 90: 81–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenwood, M. T. and Wæver, O. 2013. Copenhagen-Cairo on a Roundtrip: A Security Theory Meets the Revolution. Security Dialogue 44: 485–506.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grovogui, S. N. 2011. Looking Beyond Spring for the Season: An African Perspective on the World Order After the Arab Revolt. Globalizations 8: 567–572.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holm, U. 2004. The EU’s Security Policy Towards the Mediterranean: An (Im)possible Combination of Export of European Political Values and AntiTerror Measures? DIIS Working Papers, http://www.diis.dk/graphics/Events/2004/Middle_East/UllaHolm.pdf, accessed 10 June 2009.

  • Ibrahim, S. E. 1996. Future Visions of the Arab Middle East. Security Dialogue 27: 425.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Idris, M. A.-S. 2014. Qatari-crisis-in-context. Al-Ahram Weekly, 13 March 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jabri, V. 2013. The Postcolonial Subject: Claiming Politics/Governing Others in Late Modernity. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joenniemi, P. 2007. Towards a European Union of Post-Security? Cooperation and Conflict 42: 127–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kandil, A. 2011. An Attempt to Evaluate the Development of Arab Civil Society. In: The Changing Middle East: A New Look at Regional Dynamics, ed. B. Korany. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 85–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kepel, G. 2004a. Frontline, PBS documentary, http://www.pbs.org/wbgh/pages/frontline/shows/front/interviews/kepel.html, accessed April 10, 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kepel, G. 2004b. The War for Muslim Minds: Islam and the West. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korany, B. 1986. Strategic Studies and the Third World: A Critical Evaluation. International Social Science Journal XXXVIII: 547–562.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korany, B. 1994. National Security in the Arab World: The Persistence of Dualism. In: The Arab World Today, ed. D. Tschirgi. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 161–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korany, B. 2011. Looking at the Middle East Differently: An Alternative Conceptual Lens. In: The Changing Middle East: A New Look at Regional Dynamics, ed. B. Korany. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 7–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korany, B., Brynen, R. and Noble, P. 1993a. The Analysis of National Security in the Arab Context: Restating the State of Art. In: The Many Faces of National Security in the Arab World, ed. B. Korany, R. Brynen and P. Noble. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1–23.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Korany, B., Noble, P. and Brynen, R. (eds.). 1993b. The Many Faces of National Security in the Arab World. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandaville, P. G. 2007. The Heterarchic Umma: Reading Islamic Civilization from Within. In: Civilizational Identity: The Production and Reproduction of “civilizations” in International Relations, ed. M. Hall and P. T. Jackson. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 135–148.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Mernissi, F. 1992. Islam and Democracy: Fear of the Modern World. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mernissi, F. 2002. Islam and Democracy: Fear of the Modern World. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mernissi, F. 2003. Palace Fundamentalism and Liberal Democracy. In: The New Crusades: Constructing the Muslim Enemy, ed. E. Qureshi and M. A. Sells. New York: Columbia University Press, 51–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mernissi, F. 2004. The Satellite, the Prince, and Scheherazade: The Rise of Women as Communicators in Digital Islam. TBS, http://tbsjournal.arabmediasociety.com/Archives/Spring04/mernissi.htm.

  • Pirsalami, F. A. 2013. Third Worldism and Ahmedinejad’s Foreign Policy. Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs 4: 81–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prashad, V. 2008. The Darker Nations: A People’s History of the Third World. New York: New Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sageman, M. 2008. Leaderless Jihad: Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Said, E. 2003. Worldly Humanism v. the Empire-Builders. A CounterPunch Special Report: Orientalism 25 Years Later, www.counterpunch.org/2003/08/05/orientalism, Accessed 10 April 2014.

  • Snyder, T. 2014. Fascism, Russia, and Ukraine. New York Review of Books, March 20, 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, C. and Saravanamuttu, P. (eds.). 1989. The State and Instability in the South.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulrichsen, K. C. 2011. Qatar and the Arab Spring. OpenDemocracy, https://www.opendemocracy.net/kristian-coates-ulrichsen/qatar-and-arab-spring, accessed 29 July 2014.

  • Wæver, O. 1989. Conflicts of Vision: Visions of Conflict. In: European Polyphony: Perspectives Beyond East-West Confrontation, ed. Ole Wæver, Pierre Lemaitre and Elzbieta Tromer. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 283–325.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, R. B. J. 1997. The Subject of Security. In: Critical Security Studies: Concepts and Cases, ed. K. Krause and M. C. Williams. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 61–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolff, S. 2006. The Externalization of Justice and Home Affairs to the Southern Neighbours: The EU’s Dilemmas in the Fight Against Terrorism. EuroMesCo 2006 Annual Conference, Istanbul.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2015 Pinar Bilgin

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bilgin, P. (2015). Region, Security, Regional Security: “Whose Middle East?” Revisited. In: Monier, E. (eds) Regional Insecurity After the Arab Uprisings. New Security Challenges Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137503978_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics