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The Norwegian Experience: Trade Union Opposition and Local Activism, 1900–1939

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Trade Union Activism in the Nordic Countries since 1900

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in the History of Social Movements ((PSHSM))

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Abstract

At the outset of the twentieth century, a peculiar and interesting development of local trade union activism and an organised trade union opposition marked the Norwegian trade union movement. The Trade Union Opposition was unique in uniting the perspectives of syndicalism and radical, even revolutionary politics. It even managed to head a takeover of the Norwegian Labour Party and—for a few years—making it an instrument of revolutionary propaganda and planning. The Trade Union Opposition withered away in the beginning of the 1920s, and in the following years, there was an uneasy relationship between local trade union activism and the ambitions of the Communist Party. The article discusses the related development of trade union activism and organised trade union opposition, the structure and leadership, the aims and methods, achievements and paradoxes, and the relation to party politics, and it tries to give an assessment of the significance of trade union activism in early Norwegian labour history. Trade union activism certainly contributed to the willingness of dominant employers to concessions and cooperation. In this way, it may have been a factor in the emergence of a more stable industrial relationship—the so-called Norwegian model—from the 1930s.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    This chapter is based on Olstad, F. (2009) LOs historie, Vol. 1: 1899–1935: Med knyttet neve (Oslo: Pax), which deals with the history of the Norwegian trade union movement until 1935.

  2. 2.

    Kringen, O. (1905) Fagorganisationen: Dens teorier og principer (Kristiania: Det norske Arbeiderparti), p. 64. Cf. Olstad, LOs historie, p. 87.

  3. 3.

    The career and political standpoints of Martin Tranmæl until 1918 are analysed by Bjørgum, J. (1998) Martin Tranmæl og radikaliseringen av norsk arbeiderbevegelse 1906–1918 (Oslo: Scandinavian University Press). My interpretations in Olstad, LOs historie and here may differ somewhat from those of Bjørgum.

  4. 4.

    Some relevant works are Bjørgum, J. (1977) ‘Industrialisering og radikalisme: Replikk til William M. Lafferty’, Tidsskrift for arbeiderbevegelsens historie, 2, pp. 131–42; Bull, E. (1976) ‘Arbeiderbevegelsens stilling i de tre nordiske land 1914–1920’, Tidsskrift for arbeiderbevegelsens historie, 1, pp. 3–28 (originally published 1922); Fure, O.-B. (1976) ‘Synspunkter og historieteoretiske tendenser I forskningen om den norske arbeiderklasse og -bevegelse i den radikale fase 1918–1933’, Tidsskrift for arbeiderbevegelsens historie, 1, pp. 29–62; Fure, O.-B. (1983) Mellom reformisme og bolsjevisme: Norsk arbeiderbevegelse 1918–1920. Teori. Praksis (doctoral dissertation, University of Bergen); Lafferty, W. M. (1971) Economic Development and the Response of Labor in Scandinavia: A Multi-Level Analysis (Oslo: Universitetsforlaget); Lafferty, W. M. (1974) Industrialization, Community Structure and Socialism: An Ecological Analysis of Norway, 1875–1924 (Oslo: Universitetsforlaget); and Lafferty, W. M. (1977) ‘Industrialisering og radikalisme: En kort kommentar’, Tidsskrift for arbeiderbevegelsens historie, 1, pp. 199–208.

  5. 5.

    Olstad, LOs historie, p. 187. Cf. Bjørnson, Ø. (1990) Arbeiderbevegelsens historie i Norge, Vol. 2: På klassekampens grunn (1900–1920) (Oslo: Tiden), p. 48ff.

  6. 6.

    Cf. examples in Olstad, LOs historie, pp. 212–13.

  7. 7.

    Lønninger og levekår (1918), published by Statistisk sentralbyrå (Statistics Norway) (Olstad, LOs historie, p. 214).

  8. 8.

    The brochure Til handling! (1917), published by Norges socialdemokratiske ungdomsforbund (Olstad, LOs historie, pp. 260–62).

  9. 9.

    According to the minutes of the congress. The whole text is reproduced in Lorenz, E. (ed.) (1970) Norsk sosialisme En dokumentasjon (Oslo: Pax).

  10. 10.

    Solidaritet (radical newspaper), November 23, 1918 (Olstad, LOs historie, p. 263).

  11. 11.

    This interesting development is outside the scope of this article. See Olstad, LOs historie, pp. 273–284; and Olstad, F. (2018) ‘Spørsmålet om revolusjon i Norge og Skandinavia 1917–1921. En oppsummering og mulig ny begynnelse’, Arbeiderhistorie, pp. 127–141. Cf. Kan, A. (2005) Hemmabolsjevikarna: Den svenska socialdemokratin, ryska bolsjeviker och mensjeviker under världskriget och revolutionsåren 1914–1920 (Stockholm: Carlssons Bokförlag).

  12. 12.

    Olstad, F. (1990) Jern og Metall 100 år, Vol. 1: 1891–1940 (Oslo: Tiden), pp. 353–380; and Olstad, LOs historie, pp. 294–307. The ironworkers’ strike is described in detail in Bjørnhaug, I. (1975) Jernstreiken og arbeiderbevegelsen. En undersøkelse av jernstreiken 1923–24 og dens betydning for utviklinga av norsk arbeiderbevegelse (master’s thesis, University of Oslo). My interpretations are somewhat different from those of Bjørnhaug. On the history of The Norwegian Communist Party, see Lorenz, E. (1978) Norwegische Arbeiterbewegung und Kommunistische Internationale 1919–1930. Untersuchung zur Politik der Kommunistischen Internationale (Oslo: Pax); and Lorenz, E. (1983) Det er ingen sak å få partiet lite. NKP 1923–1931 (Oslo: Pax).

  13. 13.

    Lie, H (1980) Loftsrydding (Oslo: Tiden), p. 149.

  14. 14.

    Minutes of Mekaniske Verksteders Landsforening (The Federation of Norwegian Manufacturing Industries), December 17, 1923 (Olstad, LOs historie, p. 298).

  15. 15.

    McDermott, K. and Agnew, J. (1996) The Comintern: A History of International Communism from Lenin to Stalin (London: Macmillan), p. 81ff.

  16. 16.

    For a detalied analysis, see Johansen, P. O. (1977) Menstadkonflikten 1931 (Oslo: Tiden).

  17. 17.

    According to the internal statistics of The Norwegian Employers’ Confederation, the wages were 15–20% higher than in Sweden, 20–25% higher than in England and 40% higher than in Germany, while Danish workers were on the same level as Norwegian (Olstad, LOs historie, p. 334).

  18. 18.

    Olstad, F. (2006) Norsk Sjømannsforbunds historie, Vol. 1: Vår skjebne i vår hånd (Oslo: Pax), p. 213ff.

  19. 19.

    Arbeideren (communist newspaper) July 18, 1931 (Olstad, LOs historie, p. 339).

  20. 20.

    Idar Hamsås quoted from Den internasjonale transportarbeider (communist periodical), 1, 1930 (Olstad, Norsk Sjømannsforbunds historie, p. 221).

  21. 21.

    Nordahl, K. (1967) Minner og meninger (Oslo: Tiden), p. 177.

  22. 22.

    The chairman of The Employers’ Confederation, Lars Rasmussen, quoted from the minutes of the commitee of representatives, May 22, 1919 (Olstad, LOs historie, p. 245).

  23. 23.

    Finn Dahl quoted from the minutes of the executive committee, August 14, 1931 (Olstad; LOs historie, p. 336).

References

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  • Kringen, O. (1905) Fagorganisationen: Dens teorier og principer (Kristiania: Det norske Arbeiderparti).

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  • Lafferty, W. M. (1974) Industrialization, Community Structure and Socialism: An Ecological Analysis of Norway, 1875–1924 (Oslo: Universitetsforlaget).

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  • Lafferty, W. M. (1977) ‘Industrialisering og radikalisme: En kort kommentar’, Tidsskrift for arbeiderbevegelsens historie, 1, pp. 199–208.

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  • Lie, H. (1980) Loftsrydding (Oslo: Tiden).

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  • Lorenz, E. (ed.) (1970) Norsk sosialisme: En dokumentasjon (Oslo: Pax).

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  • Lorenz, E. (1978) Norwegische Arbeiterbewegung und Kommunistische Internationale 1919–1930: Untersuchung zur Politik der Kommunistischen Internationale (Oslo: Pax).

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  • Lorenz, E. (1983) Det er ingen sak å få partiet lite: NKP 1923–1931 (Oslo: Pax).

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  • McDermott, K. and Agnew, J. (1996) The Comintern: A History of International Communism from Lenin to Stalin (London: Macmillan).

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  • Nordahl, K. (1967) Minner og meninger (Oslo: Tiden).

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  • Olstad, F. (2006) Norsk Sjømannsforbunds historie, Vol. 1: Vår skjebne i vår hånd (Oslo: Pax).

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Olstad, F. (2023). The Norwegian Experience: Trade Union Opposition and Local Activism, 1900–1939. In: Jørgensen, J., Mikkelsen, F. (eds) Trade Union Activism in the Nordic Countries since 1900. Palgrave Studies in the History of Social Movements. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08987-9_3

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