Abstract
The largest global epidemic in the twenty-first century is obesity, since more than 700 million adults had obesity in 2015. Obesity is a consequence of an energy intake greater than energy expenditure. But under this apparently obvious sentence, there is a huge factor network involved in maintaining a balance between human eating episodes and energy requirements. Evidently, nutrition is a basic human need, and therefore, there is a narrow physiological control of hunger and satiety mainly performed by neuronal and hormonal factors. The problem is that, in addition to these internal factors, there is a large extent of external (social, psychological, educational) factors that may determine food intake. Unfortunately, these factors often outweigh internal factors, leading to overweight and obesity. Therefore, to carry out preventative and treatment options, it is necessary a great knowledge about appetite regulation in humans. Through this chapter, it is intended to present a framework that serves as a starting point for all those interested in the study of appetite regulation in humans.
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Abbreviations
- AEA:
-
Anandamide
- AgRP:
-
Agouti-related peptide
- ARC:
-
Arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus
- ASL:
-
Arterial spin labelling
- ATP:
-
Adenosine triphosphate
- BOLD:
-
Blood oxygen level-dependent signal
- CART:
-
Cocaine and amphetamine related transcript
- CB1:
-
Cannabinoid receptor 1
- CCK:
-
Cholecystokinin
- CNS:
-
Central nervous system
- CRH:
-
Corticotropin releasing hormone
- CT:
-
Computed tomography
- EEG:
-
Electroencephalography
- FFA:
-
Free fatty acids
- fMRI:
-
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
- GLP1:
-
Glucagon-like peptide 1
- LFPQ:
-
Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire
- MC3:
-
Melanocortin receptor 3
- MC4:
-
Melanocortin receptor 4
- MCH:
-
Melanin concentrating hormone
- MEG:
-
Magnetoencephalography
- NE:
-
Norepinephrine
- NEFA:
-
Non-esterified fatty acids
- NPY:
-
Neuropeptide Y
- OEA:
-
Oleoylethanolamide
- OXA:
-
Orexin A
- OXB:
-
Orexin B
- PEA:
-
Palmitoylethanolamide
- PET:
-
Positron Emission Tomography
- POMC:
-
Proopiomelanocortin
- PP:
-
Pancreatic polypeptide
- PYY:
-
Peptide YY
- rCBF:
-
Regional cerebral blood flow
- SPECT:
-
Single positron emission computed tomography
- T3:
-
Triiodothyronine
- T4:
-
Thyroxine
- VAS:
-
Visual analogic scales
- α-MSH:
-
α-melanocyte stimulating hormone
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Hernández Morante, J.J., Martínez, C.M. (2022). Central and Peripheral Biomarkers for the Study of Appetite Regulation in Humans. In: Patel, V.B., Preedy, V.R. (eds) Biomarkers in Nutrition . Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81304-8_40-1
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