Abstract
This chapter presents space and security programs in the five largest European countries and indicates their main priorities and trends. Recent policy developments in European countries, this have influenced national and institutional space security programs. The current chapter addresses different types of space activities and programs in the fields of Earth observation (EO), Intelligence-Surveillance-Reconnaissance (ISR), Satellite communication (SATCOM), positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT), and Space Situational Awareness (SSA). The countries presented are France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom (UK).
Similar content being viewed by others
References
AdV Website, Surveying authorities of the States of the Federal Republic of Germany, SAPOS – the German satellite positioning service. http://www.adv-online.de/Products/SAPOS/
AIN (2018) Online, Airbus Zephyr Pseudo-satellite gets new funding, 19 January 2018. https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2018-01-19/airbus-zephyr-pseudo-satellite-gets-new-funding
Air Force Technology Website, Military communications satellite systems, SATCOMBw Military Communications Satellite System. https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/satcombw-military-communications-satellite-system/
Airbus (2016) Airbus Defense & Space and Telespazio selected to provide satellite-based maritime surveillance service for the French Navy, 2 June 2016. https://www.airbus.com/newsroom/news/en/2016/06/airbus-defence-and-space-and-telespazio-france-selected-to-provide-satellite-based-maritime-surveillance-service-for-the-french-navy.html
Airbus (2018) Network for the Sky – Secure networked airborne communications, July 2018. https://www.nfts.airbus.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/A4_Brochure_V5_Final.pdf
Airbus (2020) Pléiades Neo well on track for launch mid-2020, 24 February 2020. https://www.airbus.com/newsroom/press-releases/en/2020/02/pleiades-neo-well-on-track-for-launch-mid2020.html
Arianespace (2017a) Italian Space Agency and Italian Ministry of Defense choose Arianespace to launch COSMO-SkyMed Second-Generation (CSG) satellites manufactured by Thales Alenia Space on the occasion of the 34th French-Italian summit, 27 September 2017. https://www.arianespace.com/press-release/italian-space-agency-and-italian-ministry-of-defense-choose-arianespace-to-launch-cosmo-skymed-second-generation-csg-satellites-manufactured-by-thales-alenia-space-on-the-occasion-of-the-34th-french/
Arianespace (2017b) OHB Italia, on behalf of the Italian Space Agency, and Arianespace sign contract to launch PRISMA Italian satellite, 19 June 2017. https://www.arianespace.com/press-release/ohb-italia-on-behalf-of-the-italian-space-agency-and-arianespace-sign-contract-to-launch-prisma-italian-satellite/
ASI (2016) Strategic Vision Document 2016–2025. https://www.researchitaly.it/en/projects/space-strategic-vision-2016-2025-document-published-by-asi/
Aviation Today (2017) QinetiQ, Rockwell Collins to develop new GNSS receivers, 26 May 2017. https://www.aviationtoday.com/2017/05/26/qinetiq-rockwell-collins-develop-new-gnss-receivers/
BBC (2018) UK ups the ante on Galileo sat-nav project, 14 May 2018. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-44116085
BBK (2017) Federal Office for Civil Protection and Disaster Assistance, services for modern civil protection, September 2017. https://www.bbk.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/BBK/EN/Services_for_modern_civil_protection.pdf?__blob=publicationFile
BIGF (2012) British Isles continuous GNSS Facility Folder, 2012
Bird & Bird (2016) Satellite bulletin – February 2016: significant increase in French spending on military space programs, 26 February 2016. https://www.twobirds.com/en/search?r=595be8b8-fac8-4244-a958-e39a6ef5dc14&s=51897736-c9a6-4562-a8ba-f54b70a0532d&nt=IndustryNews
Bloomberg (2019) OHB SE: satellite-based radar reconnaissance for Germany – OHB awarded additional contract for SARah project, 7 August 2019. https://www.bloomberg.com/press-releases/2019-08-07/dgap-news-ohb-se-satellite-based-radar-reconnaissance-for-germany-ohb-awarded-additional-contract-for-sarah-project
Castagnetti C., Casula G., Capra A., Bianchi M. G., Dubbini M. (2010), Adjustment andtransformation strategies of ItalPoS Permanent GNSS Network, Bulletin of Geodesy and Geomatics, vol. LXIX n. 2-3, p. 299-317, ISSN 0006-6710
CDTI (2008) Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology, Spanish Earth Observation Programme, Presentation, 17 November 2008. https://www.cdti.es/recursos/doc/Programas/Aeronautica_espacio_retornos_industriales/Agencia_Espacial_Europea/1245_251125112008103422.pdf
CDTI (2011) Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology, Spanish-Norwegian Space Industry Event, Presentation, May 2011. https://www.cdti.es/recursos/doc/Programas/Aeronautica_espacio_retornos_industriales/Espacio/25260_1011101120111405.pdf
CDTI (2017) Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology, Architecture of the Spanish Surveillance and Tracking System, ESA 7th European conference on space debris, 18–21 April 2017. https://conference.sdo.esoc.esa.int/sites/default/files/Final%20programme%207th%20European%20Conference%20on%20Space%20Debris.pdf
CNES (2018) Appel a Idees Externe R&T Systemes Orbitaux, 26 June 2018. https://rt-theses.cnes.fr/sites/default/files/users/2018-10946_APPEL%20A%20IDEES%20EXTERNE%20RT_2019-VF.pdf
Defense Aerospace (2004) Thales Appointed Prime Contractor for EUR 1.3 Billion Syracuse III Ground Segment Contract, 2 December 2004. http://www.defense-aerospace.com/article-view/release/49797/thales,-alcatel-share-syracuse-iii-contract-(dec.-3).html
Defence in Depth (2018) Better the devil you know? Galileo, Brexit, and British Defence Space Strategy, 23 May 2018. https://defenceindepth.co/2018/05/23/better-the-devil-you-know-galileo-brexit-and-british-defence-space-strategy/
Defense News (2017) Airbus scores British military satellite deal without competition, 31 July 2017. https://www.defensenews.com/space/2017/07/31/airbus-scores-uk-militarys-satellite-deal-without-competition/
Defense News (2018a) Macron signs French military budget into law. Here’s what the armed forces are getting, 16 July 2018. https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2018/07/16/macron-signs-french-military-budget-into-law-heres-what-the-armed-forces-are-getting/
Defense News (2018b) Foreign governments are approaching French satellites in orbit, says space commander, 26 January 2018. https://www.defensenews.com/space/2018/01/26/foreign-governments-are-approaching-french-satellites-in-orbit-says-space-commander/
Defense News (2018c) France tests radar to detect and track ballistic missiles, satellites, 23 March 2018. https://www.defensenews.com/intel-geoint/sensors/2018/03/23/france-tests-radar-to-detect-and-track-ballistic-missiles-satellites/
Defense Aerospace (2017) Italian Space Agency and Italian Ministry of Defense Choose Arianespace to Launch COSMO-SkyMed Second-Generation (CSG) Satellites, 27 September 2017. https://www.arianespace.com/press-release/italian-space-agency-and-italian-ministry-of-defense-choose-arianespace-to-launch-cosmo-skymed-second-generation-csg-satellites-manufactured-by-thales-alenia-space-on-the-occasion-of-the-34th-french/
DGA (2015) Direction générale de l’armement, Communication Satellites for European Defence and Security: French Perspectives, Presentation by P.-E. Schoumacher, 25 November 2015, Betzdorf, Luxembourg. http://www.eu2015lu.eu/en/agenda/2015/11/25-seminaire-SatCom/index.html
DGA (2019a) Direction générale de l’armement, Notification de la deuxième étape du projet ARTEMIS de big data du ministère des Armées, 6 June 2019. https://www.defense.gouv.fr/dga/actualite/notification-de-la-deuxieme-etape-du-projet-artemis-de-big-data-du-ministere-des-armees
DGA (2019b) Direction générale de l’armement, Syracuse IV, le ministère des armées commande la réalisation du segment sol, 17 June 2019. https://www.defense.gouv.fr/english/dga/actualite-dga/2019/syracuse-iv-le-ministere-des-armees-commande-la-realisation-du-segment-sol
DLR (2016) New 3D world map – TanDEM-X global elevation model completed, 4 October 2016. https://www.dlr.de/content/en/articles/news/2016/20161004_new-3d-world-map-tandem-x-global-elevation-model-completed_19509.html
DLR (2017a) FireBIRD monitors forest fires in California, 19 December 2017. https://www.dlr.de/content/en/articles/news/2017/20171219_firebird-monitors-forest-fires-in-california_25507.html
DLR (2017b) Optical satellite downlinks at DLR – OSIRIS, Presentation, 12 July 2017. https://artes.esa.int/sites/default/files/AM%2003_20170712_Fuchs_OpticalSatelliteDownlinksatDLR_final.pdf
DLR (2018) Earth observation for humanity – German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD) at the DLR Earth Observation Center (EOC), Presentation, 6 March 2018
DLR (2019) GESTRA space radar passes its first test, 29 November 2019. https://www.dlr.de/content/en/articles/news/2019/04/20191129_latest-radar-technology.html
DLR, Tandem-L – A Satellite Mission for Monitoring Dynamic Processes on the Earth’s Surface. https://www.dlr.de/content/en/downloads/publications/brochures/tandem-l-brochure_1663.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=11
DLR Website, Institute of Communications and Navigation, GNSS Software Receiver. https://www.dlr.de/kn/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-2066/3255_read-9556/; GNSS HW-Simulator. https://www.dlr.de/kn/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-2066/3255_read-9429/
EARSC (2015) ASI and ISA strengthen the cooperation in the Earth Observation Field, 20 October 2015. http://earsc.org/news/asi-and-isa-strengthen-the-cooperation-in-the-earth-observation-field
Earth Observation (EO) Portal Website, Sharing Earth Observation Resources, Satellite Missions, SAR-Lupe Mission. https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/s/sar-lupe. Terra Mission. https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/t/terra
ESA (2014) SEOSAT/INGENIO, A Spanish High-Spatial-Resolution Optical Mission, Presentation, 2014
Euroconsult (2019) Government space programs – benchmarks, profiles & forecasts to 2028, July 2019
European Parliament (2006) Europe’s space policies and their relevance to ESDP, June 2006. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/26583/06_06_Space_Policy.pdf
European Parliament (2015) Space, sovereignty and European security – building European capabilities in an advanced institutional framework, 2014, 39. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/etudes/join/2014/433750/EXPO-SEDE_ET(2014)433750_EN.pdf
Fraunhofer (2018) Traveling into space – safely, quickly and cost-effectively, Press Release, 10 April 2018. https://www.fraunhofer.de/en/press/research-news/2018/april/traveling-into-space-safely-quickly-and-cost-effectively.html
Fraunhofer Institute (2018) Space observation with radar to secure Germany's space infrastructure, Press Release, 23 March 2018. https://www.fhr.fraunhofer.de/en/press-media/press-releases/2018/space-observation-with-radar-to-secure-germanys-space-infrastructure.html
French Joint Space Command (2016) SSA: first priority of French military space policy 2025, Presentation, Brigadier General Jean-Daniel TESTÉ, Commander, Joint Space Command, Tokyo, March 2016. http://www.jsforum.or.jp/stableuse/2016/pdf/15.%20Teste.pdf
French Ministry of the Armed Forces (2012) Détecter un tir de missile balistique le plus tôt possible, 26 March 2012. https://www.defense.gouv.fr/actualites/dossiers/l-espace-au-profit-des-operations-militaires/les-fonctionsspatiales-au-service-des-operations/detecter-un-tir-de-missile-balistique-le-plus-tot-possible
French National Assembly (2016) Commission de la défense nationale et des forces armées, 17 May 2016, Compte rendu n° 48. http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/14/cr-cdef/15-16/c1516048.asp
French Republic (2018a) PLF 2018 – Extrait du Bleu Budgétaire de la mission: Recherche et Enseignement Supérieur – Programme 191: Recherche Duale (civile et militaire), 2 October 2018. https://www.performance-publique.budget.gouv.fr/sites/performance_publique/files/farandole/ressources/2019/pap/pdf/DBGPGMPGM191.pdf
French Republic (2018b) President of the French Republic, Bill on Military Planning 2019/2025, 19 January 2018. https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2018/07/16/macron-signs-french-military-budget-into-law-heres-what-the-armed-forces-are-getting/
French Senate (2018) Projet de loi de finances pour 2018: Défense: Équipement des forces. https://www.senat.fr/rap/a17-110-8/a17-110-8_mono.html
FRS (2015) Fondation pour la Recherche Stratégique, The European Space Surveillance and Tracking service at the crossroad, October 2015. https://www.frstrategie.org/en/publications/defense-et-industries/european-space-surveillance-and-tracking-service-crossraoad-2015
GPS World (2017) German Defense chooses Rockwell Collins NavHub system for GNSS, 14 September 2017. https://www.gpsworld.com/german-defense-chooses-rockwell-collins-navhub-system-for-gnss/
GSA (2017) Galileo Public Regulated Service ready for action, 4 April 2017. https://www.gsa.europa.eu/newsroom/news/galileo-public-regulated-service-ready-action
HISDESAT (2016) Spatial Resources in Ports of the Future, Presentation, April 2016. https://www.aeit.es/sites/default/files/migrate/content/downloads/sebastiancatolfi.pdf
IAI (2003) Istituto Affari Internazionali, Space and Security Policy in Europe, November 2003, ESA Study. https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Corporate_news/Space_and_security_policy_in_Europe
IAI (2018) Istituto Affari Internazionali Boosting Defence Cooperation in Europe: an analysis of key military capabilities, June 2018. https://www.iai.it/en/pubblicazioni/boosting-defence-cooperation-europe
IDS (2014) Spain Defence & Security Industry. https://www.infodefensa.com/servicios/publicaciones/spain-defence-security-industry-2014.html
International Institute for Strategic Studies (2017) France and Germany: drivers of European defence-industrial cooperation, 18 December 2017. https://www.iiss.org/blogs/military-balance/2017/12/european-defence
Janes.com (2017) OPTSAT-3000 gives Italy key space intelligence capability, 7 August 2017. https://www.leonardocompany.com/en/press-release-detail/-/detail/optsat-3000-satellite-launch-earth-observation
La Tribune (2017) Observation spatiale: quand Allemagne se joue de la France, 8 December 2017, https://www.latribune.fr/entreprises-finance/industrie/aeronautique-defense/observation-spatiale-quand-l-allemagne-se-joue-de-la-france-760854.html
Le Figaro (2018) Florence Parly veut développer des capacités militaires spatiales, 21 June 2018. https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2018/06/21/97001-20180621FILWWW00047-florence-parly-veut-developper-des-capacites-militaires-spatiales.php
Leonardo (2015) Being protected from space RAT/31DL. https://www.leonardocompany.com/en/news-and-stories-detail/-/detail/proteggersi-spazio-protected-from-space
Leonardo (2017) OPTSAT-3000 Earth observation satellite for Italy's Ministry of Defence is ready to be launched, 31 July 2017. https://www.leonardocompany.com/en/press-release-detail/-/detail/optsat-3000-satellite-launch-earth-observation
Loizzo R (2016) The Prisma Hyperspectral Mission, living planet symposium 2016, 9–13 May 2016, Prague. http://www.prisma-i.it/images/Articoli/2016_Loizzo-et-al.pdf
NATO (2019) Defence Expenditure of NATO Countries (2013–2019) Press Release, PR/CP (2019)123, November 2019. https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/pdf_2019_11/20191129_pr-2019-123-en.pdf
NGA (2015) NGA, Germany’s Bundeswehr Geoinformation Centre sign geospatial data sharing agreement, 18 December 2015. https://www.nga.mil/MediaRoom/News/Pages/NGA,-Germany%E2%80%99s-Bundeswehr-Geoinformation-Centre-sign-geospatial-data-sharing-agreement-.aspx
OHB (2008) OHB subsidiary Kayser-Threde awarded contract for implementing the national earth observation mission EnMAP by the German Aerospace Center, 11 November 2008. https://www.dgap.de/dgap/News/corporate/ohb-technology-ohb-subsidiary-kayserthrede-awarded-enmap-contract/?newsID=369111
OHB (2013) OHB System AG awarded contract for the development and integration of the SARah radar satellite reconnaissance system for the German federal armed forces, 2 July 2013. https://www.ohb-system.de/press-releases-details/ohb-system-ag-awarded-contract-for-the-development-and-integration-of-the-sarah-radar-satellite-reconnaissance-system-for-the-ge.html
OHB Website, Current Programs, Security, SAR-Lupe. https://www.ohb-system.de/sar-lupe-english.html; Current Programs, Communication, Heinrich Hertz. https://www.ohb-system.de/heinrich-hertz-english.html
ONERA (2016) GRAVES: vers une surveillance spatiale française plus performante, Press Release, 12 December 2016. https://www.onera.fr/en/node/95
PowerElectronics (2019) Solar-powered “Pseudo-satellite” aircraft logs first flight of 26 days, 10 January 2019. https://www.powerelectronics.com/markets/automotive/article/21864274/solarpowered-pseudosatellite-aircraft-logs-first-flight-of-26-days
RAF (2012) Royal Air Force, the view from above – RAF ISTAR, 14 November 2012
RTL INFO (2018) Les principales mesures de la loi de programmation militaire 2019–2025, 8 February 2018. https://www.rtl.be/info/monde/france/les-principales-mesures-de-la-loi-de-programmation-militaire-2019-2025-994090.aspx
Sagath D, Papadimitriou A, Adriaensen M, Giannopapa C (2018) Space strategy and governance of ESA small member states. Acta Astronaut 142:112–120
Satellite Observation (2016) A new German Space Policy? 28 December 2016. https://satelliteobservation.net/2016/12/28/a-new-german-space-policy/
Schrogl K-U, Hays PL, Robinson J, Moura D, Giannopapa C (eds) (2015) Handbook of space security – policies, applications and programs. Springer, New York
Shephard (2016) Media, Airbus DS awarded COMSATBw contract, 10 March 2016. https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/digital-battlespace/airbus-ds-keep-operating-comsatbw-satellites/
Space News (2017a) How close are high-altitude platforms to competing with satellites? 26 October 2017. https://spacenews.com/how-close-are-high-altitude-platforms-to-competing-with-satellites/
Space News (2017b) U.K. military seeks to ride wave if commercial space innovation, 7 November 2017. https://spacenews.com/u-k-military-seeks-to-ride-wave-of-commercial-space-innovation/
Space News (2018a) Morocco satellite launch could accelerate Spanish space efforts, 5 January 2018. https://spacenews.com/morocco-satellite-launch-could-accelerate-spanish-space-efforts/
Space News (2018b) EUTELSAT completes 302 million EUR HISPASAT divestiture, 19 April 2018. https://spacenews.com/eutelsat-completes-302-million-euro-hispasat-divestiture/
Space News (2019a) Airbus to build four imaging satellites for French space agency, mulls 20-plus constellation, 12 July 2019. https://spacenews.com/airbus-to-build-four-imaging-satellites-for-french-space-agency-mulls-20-plus-constellation/
Space News (2019b) Airbus inks two-satellite deal with Spain’s satellite operator Hisdesat, 6 May 2019. https://spacenews.com/airbus-inks-two-satellite-deal-with-spains-satellite-operator-hisdesat/
SpaceWatch global (2019) Spain’s SEOSAT/Ingenio Earth Observation Satellite Built by Airbus Ready for Pre-Launch Testing, June 2019. https://spacewatch.global/2019/06/spains-seosat-ingenio-earth-observation-satellite-built-by-airbus-ready-for-pre-launch-testing/
SpaceX (2013) OHB signs contract for Germany’s next-gen radar satellites, 2 July 2013. https://spacenews.com/36091ohb-signs-contract-for-germanys-next-gen-radar-satellites/
SpaceX (2018) PAZ Mission, 22 February 2018. https://www.spacex.com/news/2018/02/22/paz-mission
Spanish Ministry of Defence (2015a) Ministerio de Defensa, DGAM, Plan Director de Sistemas Espaciales, July 2015. https://www.defensa.gob.es/Galerias/dgamdocs/plan-director-sistemas-espaciales.pdf
Spanish Ministry of Defence (2015b) Presentation on SECOMSAT – Spanish approach – present and future satcom for defence purposes, 25 November 2015. http://www.eu2015lu.eu/en/agenda/2015/11/25-seminaire-SatCom/7_Roberto-PELAEZ-HERRERO.pdf
SPIE (2017) Digital Library, SEOSAT/INGENIO: a Spanish high-spatial-resolution optical mission, 17 November 2017. https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/10563/105632M/SEOSATINGENIO-a-Spanish-high-spatial-resolution-optical-mission/10.1117/12.2304151.full?SSO=1
Spiegel (2015) Spiegel Online, USA drängen auf Daten-Deal mit der Bundeswehr, 3 November 2015. https://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/bundeswehr-usa-draengen-auf-daten-deal-a-1060912.html
SSTL (2017) SSTL announces NovaSAR-S data deal with Australia’s CSIRO, 26 September 2017. https://www.sstl.co.uk/media-hub/latest-news/2017/sstl-announces-novasar-s-data-deal-with-australia-
Telespazio (2017) Telespazio and TAS, Space Situation Awareness & Space Surveillance Tracking, 25 May 2017, Presentation. http://www.cesmamil.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/9-_-Matarazzo-Brancati-_-Thales-Telespazio.pdf
Telespazio (2019) The first COSMO-SkyMed Second Generation satellite has been launched successfully, 18 December 2019. https://www.telespazio.com/en/news-and-stories-detail/-/detail/171219-the-first-second-generation-cosmo-skymed-satellite-has-been-launched-successfully
Telespazio (2020a) Exploring the SICRAL programme. https://www.telespazio.com/en/news-and-stories-detail/-/detail/171219-the-first-second-generation-cosmo-skymed-satellite-has-been-launched-successfully
Telespazio (2020b) The first COSMO-SkyMed Second Generation satellite has been launched successfully, 18 December 2019. https://www.telespazio.com/en/news-and-stories-detail/-/detail/sicral-telespazio
Thales (2018) French Defence Procurement Agency Selects Thales and Sopra Steria to compete for Artemis an innovation partnership for the Armed Forces Ministry’s Big Data Platform, Press Release, 11 April 2018. https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/worldwide/security/press-release/french-defence-procurement-agency-selects-thales-and-sopra-steria
The Diplomat (2017) Spain adheres to EU’s common framework of defence and security, 11 November 2017. https://thediplomatinspain.com/en/spain-adheres-to-eus-common-framework-of-defense-and-security/
The Times (2018) UK will launch satellite system to rival EU’s Galileo, 2 May 2018. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/uk-will-launch-satellite-system-to-rival-eu-s-galileo-8l27sl8fc
Tofanie G (2008) Status of the Sardinia Radio Telescope project, proceedings of the international society for optical engineering, January 2008
UK Government (2017) DSTL Scientists tackle growing problem of space junk, press release, 24 July 2017. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/dstl-scientists-tackle-growing-problem-of-space-junk
UK Government (2018) Satellite-derived time and position: Blackett review – Review exploring our dependency on global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), 30 January 2018. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/satellite-derived-time-and-position-blackett-review
UK Ministry of Defence (2012) The Defence Equipment Plan 2012. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-defence-equipment-plan-2012
UK Ministry of Defence (2017) Joint Doctrine Publication 0-30 (JDP 0-30) – UK Air and Space Power, second edition, December 2017. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/668710/doctrine_uk_air_space_power_jdp_0_30.pdf
UK Ministry of Defence (2018) The Defence Equipment Plan 2017, 31 January 2018. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-defence-equipment-plan-2017
UKSA (2013) UKSA, Strategy for Earth Observation from Space 2013–16, October 2013. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/350655/EO_Strategy_-_Finalv2.pdf
UNCOPUOS (2017) General presentation of French activities and views for the long-term sustainability of outer space, in relation with the implementation of the first set of guidelines (A/71/20, Annex), A/AC.105/C.1/2017/CRP.26, 3 February 2017. https://www.unoosa.org/res/oosadoc/data/documents/2017/aac_105c_12017crp/aac_105c_12017crp_26_0_html/AC105_C1_2017_CRP26E.pdf/
Disclaimer
The contents of this chapter and any contributions to the handbook reflect personal opinions and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Space Agency (ESA).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Antoni, N., Giannopapa, C., Adriaensen, M. (2020). Space and Security Programs in the Largest European Countries. In: Handbook of Space Security. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22786-9_147-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22786-9_147-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-22786-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-22786-9
eBook Packages: Springer Reference EngineeringReference Module Computer Science and Engineering