Abstract
Huge quantity and a wide spectrum of agriculture wastes are generated as a result of various agriculture operations. These wastes include crop residues, manures from farms and poultry houses, fertilizers, and pesticides that either run off or infiltrate to pollute water and soil. There are mainly three main processes of biomass conversion technology, i.e., biochemical, thermochemical, and physicochemical, that convert biomass-based waste for further resource recovery. Biochar is a black carbonaceous product prepared by thermochemical conversion of biomass-based waste including crop residues and animal manures. It is a multi-functional product with distinct structural, physicochemical, and biological properties which are function of parent feedstock and pyrolysis conditions. Different types of biochar have been successfully investigated for their role in agronomic benefits as well as for environmental remediation. Biochar has multi-dimensional properties such as porous structure, large surface area, aromatic structure, presence of functional groups (mainly C=O containing groups that further enhance adsorption properties), and mineral components which facilitate broad-spectrum application of biochar. Some of the applications of biochar include soil carbon sequestration, soil amendment, and pollutant removal from aqueous and soil medium. The present chapter focuses on different biomass conversion technologies, use of biochar as an adsorbent, its mechanism for wastewater remediation and highlights the ongoing state-of-the-art research and development.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adams P, Bridgwater T, Lea-Langton A, Ross A, Watson I (2018) Biomass conversion technologies. In: Thornley P, Adams P (eds) Greenhouse gases balances of bioenergy systems. Academic, London, pp 107–139
Ahmad M, Rajapaksha AU, Lim JE, Zhang M, Bolan N, Mohan D, Vithanage M, Lee SS, Ok YS (2014) Biochar as a sorbent for contaminant management in soil and water: a review. Chemosphere 99:19–33
Bird MI, Wurster CM, de Paula SPH, Bass AM, de Nys R (2011) Algal biochar production and properties. Bioresour Technol 102:1886–1891
Bridgwater AV (2012) Review of fast pyrolysis of biomass and product upgrading. Biomass Bioenergy 38:68–94
Cao X, Harris W (2010) Properties of dairy-manure-derived biochar pertinent to its potential use in remediation. Bioresour Technol 101:5222–5228
Cao X, Zhong L, Peng X, Sun S, Li S, Liu S, Sun R (2014) Comparative study of the pyrolysis of lignocellulose and its major components: characterization and overall distribution of their biochars and volatiles. Bioresour Technol 155:21–27
Chen L, Chen XL, Zhou CH, Yang HM, Ji SF, Tong DS, Zhong ZK, Yu WH, Chu MQ (2017) Environmental-friendly montmorillonite-biochar composites: facile production and tunable adsorption-release of ammonium and phosphate. J Clean Prod 156:648–659
Cole AJ, Paul NA, de Nys R, Roberts DA (2017) Good for sewage treatment and good for agriculture: algal based compost and biochar. J Environ Manag 200:105–113
Gollakota ARK, Reddy M, Subramanyam MD, Kishore N (2016) A review on the upgradation techniques of pyrolysis oil. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 58:1543–1568
Hadjittofi L, Prodromou M, Pashalidis I (2014) Activated biochar derived from cactus fibres – preparation, characterization and application on Cu(II) removal from aqueous solutions. Bioresour Technol 159:460–464
Haefele SM, Konboon Y, Wongboon W, Amarante S, Maarifat AA, Pfeiffer EM et al (2011) Effects and fate of biochar from rice residues in rice-based systems. Field Crop Res 121: 430–440
Huynh CV, Kong S (2013) Performance characteristics of a pilot-scale biomass gasifier using oxygen-enriched air and steam. Fuel 103:987–996
Inyang M, Gao B, Yao Y, Xue Y, Zimmerman AR, Pullammanappallil P, Cao X (2012) Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution by biochars derived from anaerobically digested biomass. Bioresour Technol 110:50–56
Inyang MI, Gao B, Yao Y, Xue YW, Zimmerman A, Mosa A, Pullammanappallil P, Ok YS, Cao XD (2016) A review of biochar as a low-cost adsorbent for aqueous heavy metal removal. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 46:406–433
Ismadji S, Tong DS, Soetaredjo FE, Ayucitra A, Yu WH, Zhou CH (2015) Bentonite-hydrochar composite for removal of ammonium from Koi fish tank. Appl Clay Sci 114:467–475
Jahirul MI, Rasul MG, Chowdhury AA, Ashwath N (2012) Biofuels production through biomass pyrolysis – a technological review. Energies 5:4952–5001
Jain AK, Tao Z, Yang X, Conor G (2006) Estimates of global biomass burning emissions for reactive greenhouse gases (CO, NMHCs, and NOx) and CO2. J Geophys Res 111:1–12
Kim WK, Shim T, Kim YS, Hyun S, Ryu C, Park YK, Jung J (2013) Characterization of cadmium removal from aqueous solution by biochar produced from a giant Miscanthus at different pyrolytic temperatures. Bioresour Technol 138:266–270
Kołodyńska D, Krukowska J, Thomas P (2017) Comparison of sorption and desorption studies of heavy metal ions from biochar and commercial active carbon. Chem Eng J 307:353–363
Kumar S, Masto R, Ram L, Sarkar P, George J, Selvi V (2013) Biochar preparation from Parthenium hysterophorus and its potential use in soil application. Ecol Eng 55:67–72
Lal R (2008) Crop residues as soil amendments and feedstock for bioethanol production. Waste Manage 28:747–758
Larson ED (2006) A review of life-cycle analysis studies on liquid biofuel systems for the transport sector. Energy Sustain Dev 10:109–126
Li M, Liu Q, Guo L, Zhang Y, Lou Z, Wang Y, Qian G (2013) Cu(II) removal from aqueous solution by Spartina alterniflora derived biochar. Bioresour Technol 141:83–88
Lu H, Zhang W, Yang Y, Huang X, Wanga S, Qiu R (2012) Relative distribution of Pb2+ sorption mechanisms by sludge-derived biochar. Water Res 46:854–862
Lyu H, Gao B, He F, Zimmerman AR, Ding C, Tang J, Crittenden JC (2018) Experimental and modeling investigations of ball-milled biochar for the removal of aqueous methylene blue. Chem Eng J 335:110–119
Mahdi Z, El Hanandeh A, Yu Q (2016) Influence of pyrolysis conditions on surface characteristics and methylene blue adsorption of biochar derived from date seed biomass. Waste Biomass Valoriz 8:2061–2073
Masto RE, Kumar S, Rout TK, Sarkar P, George J, Ram LC (2013) Biochar from water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) and its impact on soil biological activity. Catena 111:64–67
McKendry P (2002) Energy production from biomass (Part 1): overview of biomass. Bioresour Technol 83:37–46
McKendry P (2002) Energy production from biomass (Part 2): conversion technologies. Bioresour Technol 83:47–54
Mohan D, Kumar S, Srivastava A (2014) Fluoride removal from ground water using magnetic and nonmagnetic corn stover biochars. Ecol Eng 73:798–808
Mohan D, Sarswat A, Ok YS, Pittman CU Jr (2014) Organic and inorganic contaminants removal from water with biochar, a renewable, low cost and sustainable adsorbent – a critical review. Bioresour Technol 160:191–202
Mussatto SI, Fernandes M, Milagres AMF, Roberto IC (2008) Effect of hemicellulose and lignin on enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose from brewer’s spent grain. Enzyme Microb Technol 43:124–129
Nartey OD, Zhao BW (2014) Biochar preparation, characterization, and adsorptive capacity and its effect on bioavailability of contaminants: an overview. Adv Mater Sci Eng. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/715398
Nowakowski DJ, Jones JM (2008) Uncatalysed and potassium-catalysed pyrolysis of the cell-wall constituents of biomass and their model compounds. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 83:12–25
Pang S (2019) Advances in thermochemical conversion of woody biomass to energy, fuels and chemicals. Biotechnol Adv 37:589–597
Qian KZ, Kumar A, Zhang HL, Bellmer D, Huhnke R (2015) Recent advances in utilization of biochar. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 42:1055–1064
Ramanathan V, Carmichael G (2008) Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon. Nat Geosci 1:221–227
Ramola S, Srivastava RK, Vasudevan P (2013) Effect of biochar application in combination with domestic wastewater on biomass yield of bioenergy plantations. Int J Energy Sect Manage 7:355–363
Ramola S, Mishra T, Rana G, Srivastava RK (2014) Characterization and pollutant removal efficiency of biochar derived from bagasse, bamboo and Tyre. Environ Monit Assess 186: 9023–9039
Ramola S, Belwal T, Li CJ, Wang YY, Lu HH, Yang SM, Zhou CH (2020) Improved lead removal from aqueous solution using novel porous bentonite – and calcite-biochar composite. Sci Total Environ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136171
Roberts DA, Paul NA, Cole AJ, de Nys R (2015) From waste water treatment to land management: conversion of biomass to biochar for soil amelioration and the fortification of crops with essential trace elements. J Environ Manag 157:60–68
Roberts DA, Cole AJ, Paul NA, de Nys R (2015) Algal biochar enhances the revegetation of stockpiled mine soils with native grass. J Environ Manag 161:173–180
Singh R, Babu JN, Kumar R, Srivastava P, Singh P, Raghubanshi AS (2015) Multifaceted application of crop residue biochar as a tool for sustainable agriculture: an ecological perspective. Ecol Eng 77:324–347
Tan XF, Liu YG, Zeng GM, Wang X, Hu XJ, Gu YL, Yang ZZ (2015) Application of biochar for the removal of pollutants from aqueous solutions. Chemosphere 125:70–85
Uzun BB, Apaydin-Varol E, Ateş F, Özbay N, Pütün AE (2010) Synthetic fuel production from tea waste: characterisation of bio-oil and bio-char. Fuel 89:176–184
Wang P, Zhan S, Yu H, Xue X, Hong N (2010) The effects of temperature and catalysts on the pyrolysis of industrial wastes (herb residue). Bioresour Technol 101:3236–3241
Wang YY, Ji HY, Lu HH, Liu YX, Yang RQ, He LL, Yang SM (2018) Simultaneous removal of Sb(III) and Cd(II) in water by adsorption onto a MnFe2O4–biochar nanocomposite. RSC Adv 8:3264
Whitman TL, Lehmann J (2011) Systematic under- and overestimation of GHG reductions in renewable biomass systems. A letter. Clim Change 104:415–422
Xie T, Reddy KR, Wang C, Yargicoglu E, Spokas K (2015) Characteristics and applications of biochar for environmental remediation: a review. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 45:939–969
Yao Y, Gao B, Inyang M, Zimmerman AR, Cao X, Pullammanappallil P, Yang L (2011) Biochar derived from anaerobically digested sugar beet tailings: characterization and phosphate removal potential. Bioresour Technol 102:6273–6278
Yao Y, Gao B, Chen J, Zhang M, Inyang M, Li Y, Alva A, Yang L (2013) Engineered carbon (biochar) prepared by direct pyrolysis of Mg-accumulated tomato tissues: characterization and phosphate removal potential. Bioresour Technol 138:8–13
Yavari S, Malakahmad A, Sapari NB, Yavari S (2017) Sorption properties optimization of agricultural wastes-derived biochars using response surface methodology. Process Saf Environ Prot 109:509–519
Zhang M, Gao B, Yao Y, Xue Y, Inyang M (2012) Synthesis of porous MgO-biochar nanocomposites for removal of phosphate and nitrate from aqueous solutions. Chem Eng J 210:26–32
Zhang L, Liu R, Yin R, Mei Y (2013) Upgrading of bio-oil from biomass fast pyrolysis in China: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 24:66–72
Zhang M, Gao B, Varnoosfaderani S, Hebard A, Yao Y, Inyang M (2013) Preparation and characterization of a novel magnetic biochar for arsenic removal. Bioresour Technol 130:457–462
Zhang M, Ahmad M, Al-Wabel MI, Vithanage M, Rajapaksha AU, Kim HS, Lee SS, Ok YS (2015) Adsorptive removal of trichloroethylene in water by crop residue biochars pyrolyzed at contrasting temperatures: continuous fixed-bed experiments. J Chem. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/647072
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Ramola, S., Belwal, T., Srivastava, R.K. (2020). Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass Waste-Based Biochar for Environment Remediation. In: Kharissova, O., Martínez, L., Kharisov, B. (eds) Handbook of Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites for Energy and Environmental Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11155-7_122-2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11155-7_122-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-11155-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-11155-7
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Chemistry and Mat. ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Chemistry, Materials and Physics
Publish with us
Chapter history
-
Latest
Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass Waste-Based Biochar for Environment Remediation- Published:
- 08 August 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11155-7_122-2
-
Original
Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass Waste-Based Biochar for Environment Remediation- Published:
- 24 June 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11155-7_122-1