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Human Herpesviruses: Herpes Simplex Virus Types 1 and 2

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Viral Infections of Humans

Abstract

Human herpes viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) are closely related, double stranded DNA viruses of the alpha herpes virus family. Like the other six herpes viruses that infect humans, they cause incurable, chronic infections. Viral transmission occurs through contact of mucocutaneous surfaces with virus-containing oral or genital secretions from an infected person. Most oral HSV infections are due to HSV-1 while both viruses commonly cause genital infections. After transfer of the virus to an uninfected host, a process called primary infection, HSV-1 and HSV-2 establish a viral reservoir in either the trigeminal ganglia for oral infections or the sacral ganglia for genital infections. Viral shedding, which can be either asymptomatic or accompanied by mucocutaneous vesicular lesions, occurs when virus emerges from the ganglionic reservoir and transits down sensory nerves to replicate at the site of primary infection. Screening for HSV infection is done via serologic testing, which detects the presence of HSV-1 or HSV-2 antibodies in the blood. Molecular studies, including PCR, can be used to detect virus on mucocutaneous surfaces or in lesions during asymptomatic and symptomatic shedding, respectively. Worldwide approximately 3.7 billion people are infected with HSV-1 and 417 million with HSV-2 with the highest incidence seen in resource-limited settings. Nucleoside analogs are used to suppress or treat viral activity in infected persons. Curative therapies for and vaccines to prevent and treat HSV infection are active areas of research, but are not yet clinically available.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Amanda M. Casto & Christine Johnston

  2. Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA

    Lawrence R. Stanberry

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  1. Amanda M. Casto
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  2. Christine Johnston
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  3. Lawrence R. Stanberry
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Correspondence to Christine Johnston .

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  1. School of Public Health, Yale University, Washington, DC, USA

    Richard A. Kaslow

  2. Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

    Lawrence R. Stanberry

  3. Cters for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonoti, Fort Collins, CO, USA

    Ann M. Powers

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  1. Departmant of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA

    Lawrence R. Stanberry

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Casto, A.M., Johnston, C., Stanberry, L.R. (2022). Human Herpesviruses: Herpes Simplex Virus Types 1 and 2. In: Kaslow, R.A., Stanberry, L.R., Powers, A.M. (eds) Viral Infections of Humans. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9544-8_36-1

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