Abstract
Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, a heterobasidiomycetous yeast that represents the teleomorphic state of Phaffia rhodozyma, is used as a natural source of several carotenoids, such as the xanthophyll astaxanthin. Here, we describe the culture procedure for the production of carotenoids in X. dendrorhous and a simple and rapid analytical method for the optimized extraction and HPLC determination of intracellular β-carotene, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, and zeaxanthin.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Britton G, Liaaen-Jensen S, Pfander H (1995) Carotenoids today and challenges for the future. In: Britton G, Liaaen-Jensen S, Pfander H (eds) Carotenoids. Birkhäuser, Basel, pp 13–26
Sandmann G, Misawa N (2002) Fungal carotenoids. In: Osiewacz HD (ed) The Mycota X industrial applications. Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 247–262
Sieiro C, Poza M, de Miguel T, Villa TG (2003) Genetic basis of microbial carotenogenesis. Int Microbiol 6:11–16
Fraser PD, BramLey PM (2004) The biosynthesis and nutritional uses of carotenoids. Prog Lipid Res 43:228–265
Britton G, Liaaen-Jensen S, Pfander H (2004) Carotenoids: handbook. Birkhauser, Boston
Bhosale P, Bernstein PS (2005) Microbial xanthophylls. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 68:445–455
Blomhoff R, Blomhoff HK (2006) Overview of retinoid metabolism and function. J Neurobiol 66:606–630
Domonkos I, Kis M, Gombos Z, Ughy B (2013) Carotenoids, versatile components of oxygenic photosynthesis. Prog Lipid Res 52:539–561
The global market for carotenoids (2011) http://www.bccresearch.com/market-research/food-and-beverage/carotenoids-global-market-report-fod025e.htmL. Accessed 11 Jan 2017
Del Campo JA, García-González M, Guerrero MG (2007) Outdoor cultivation of microalgae for carotenoid production: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 74:1163–1174
Mata-Gómez LC, Montañez JC, Méndez-Zavala A, Aguilar CN (2014) Biotechnological production of carotenoids by yeasts: an overview. Microb Cell Factories 13:12
Phaff HJ, Miller MW, Yoneyama M, Soneda M (1972) A comparative study of the yeast florae associated with trees on the Japanese Islands and on the west coast of North America. In: Terui G (ed) Fermentation technology today. Society of Fermentation Technology, Osaka, pp 759–774
Golubev WI (1995) Perfect state of Rhodomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma). Yeast 11:101–110
Global astaxanthin market—sources, technologies and applications, Report (2015) http://www.reportlinker.com/p02788641-summary/Global-Astaxanthin-Market-Sources-Technologies-and-Applications.htmL. Accessed 11 Jan 2017
Alvarez V, Rodríguez-Sáiz M, de la Fuente JL, Gudiña EJ, Godio RP, Martín JF et al (2006) The crtS gene of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous encodes a novel cytochrome-P450 hydroxylase involved in the conversion of beta-carotene into astaxanthin and other xanthophylls. Fungal Genet Biol 43:261–272
Ojima K, Breitenbach J, Visser H, Setoguchi Y, Tabata K, Hoshino T et al (2006) Cloning of the astaxanthin synthase gene from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma) and its assignment as a β-carotene 3-hydroxylase/4-ketolase. Mol Gen Genomics 275:148–158
Green AS, Fascetti AJ (2016) Meeting the vitamin A requirement: the efficacy and importance of β-carotene in animal species. ScientificWorldJournal 2016:7393620
Breithaupt DR (2008) Xanthophylls in poultry feeding. In: Britton G, Pfander H (eds) Carotenoids. Birkhäuser, Basel, pp 255–264
Zhang W, Zhang KY, Ding XM, Bai SP, Hernandez JM, Yao B et al (2011) Influence of canthaxanthin on broiler breeder reproduction, chick quality, and performance. Poult Sci 90:1516–1522
Bone RA, Landrum JT, Friedes LM, Gomez CM, Kilburn MD, Menendez E et al (1997) Distribution of lutein and zeaxanthin stereoisomers in the human retina. Exp Eye Res 64:211–218
Landrum JT, Bone RA (2001) Lutein, zeaxanthin, and the macular pigment. Arch Biochem Biophys 385:28–40
Lima VC, Rosen RB, Farah M (2016) Macular pigment in retinal health and disease. Int J Retina Vitreous 2:19
Higuera-Ciapara I, Felix-Valenzuela L, Goycoolea FM (2006) Astaxanthin: a review of its chemistry and applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 46:185–196
Wang X, Willen R, Wadstrom T (2000) Astaxanthin-rich algal meal and vitamin C inhibit Helicobacter pylori infection in BALB/cA mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44:2452–2457
Park JS, Chyun JH, Kim YK, Line LL, Chew BP (2010) Astaxanthin decreased oxidative stress and inflammation and enhanced immune response in humans. Nutr Metab 7:18
Yasui Y, Hosokawa M, Mikami N, Miyashita K, Tanaka T (2011) Dietary astaxanthin inhibits colitis and colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis in mice via modulation of the inflammatory cytokines. Chem Biol Interact 193:79–87
Fassett RG, Coombes JS (2012) Astaxanthin in cardiovascular health and disease. Molecules 17:2030–2048
Fassett RG, Coombes JS (2009) Astaxanthin, oxidative stress, inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Futur Cardiol (4):333–342
Lin W, Chien J, Chen B (2005) Determination of carotenoids in spear shrimp shells (Parapenaeopsis hardwickii) by liquid chromatography. J Agric Food Chem 53:5144–5149
Rodríguez Amaya DB (2001) A guide for carotenoids analysis in foods. ILSI Press, Washington, DC
Rodriguez-Amaya DB, Kimura M (2004) Harvest plus handbook for carotenoid analysis. ILSI Press, Washington, DC
García S, Pérez RM (2012) Aspectos analíticos sobre la determinación de compuestos carotenoides en microalgas mediante cromatografía de líquidos con detector de diodos. Informes técnicos Ciemat 1248
Sedmak JJ, Weerashinge DK, Jolly SO (1990) Extraction and quantitation of astaxanthin from Phaffia rhodozyma. Biotechnol Tech 4:107–112
An GH, Cho MH, Johnson EA (1999) Monocyclic carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma (Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous). J Biosci Bioeng 88:189–193
Biswas AK, Sahoo J, Chatli MK (2011) A simple UV-Vis spectrophotometric method for determination of β-carotene content in raw carrot, sweet potato and supplemented chicken meat nuggets. LWT Food Sci Technol 44:1809–1813
Miller KW, Yang CS (1985) An isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography methods for the simultaneous analysis of plasma retinol, alpha-tocopherol and various carotenoids. Anal Biochem 145:21–26
Chauveau-Duriot B, Doreau M, Nozière P, Graulet B (2010) Simultaneous quantification of carotenoids, retinol and tocopherols in forages, bovine plasma and milk: validation of a novel UPLC method. Anal Bioanal Chem 397:777–790
Ohmacht R, Toth G, Voigt G (1987) Separation of serum carotenoids and vitamin A on chromsil-amino and -cyano phases by a bi-directional gradient elution technique. J Chromatogr 395:609–612
Panfili G, Manzi P, Pizzoferrato L (1994) High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of tocopherols, carotenes, and retinol and its geometric isomers in Italian cheeses. Analyst 119:1161–1165
McGeachin RB, Bailey CA (1995) Determination of carotenoid pigments, retinol, and alpha-tocopherol in feeds, tissues, and blood serum by normal phase high performance liquid chromatography. Poult Sci 74:407–411
Gueguen S, Herbeth B, Siest G, Leroy P (2002) An isocratic liquid chromatographic method with diode-array detection for the simultaneous determination of m-tocopherol, retinol and five carotenoids in human serum. J Chromatogr Sci 40:69–76
Abd El-Baky HH, El Baz FK, El-Baroty GS (2007) Production of carotenoids from marine microalgae and evaluation as safe food colorant and lowering cholesterol agents. J Agric Sci 2:792–800
Guaratini T, Cardozo HM, Pinto E, Colepicolo P (2009) Comparison of diode array and electrochemical detection in the C30 reverse phase HPLC analysis of algae carotenoids. J Braz Chem Soc 20:1609–1616
García-Guerra A (2012) Estudio de la producción de astaxantina por Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. PhD Thesis, University of León, Spain
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
García-Estrada, C., Kosalková, K., Sánchez-Orejas, IC. (2018). Extraction and Analysis of Carotenes and Xanthophylls Produced by Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. In: Barreiro, C., Barredo, JL. (eds) Microbial Carotenoids. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1852. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8742-9_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8742-9_17
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-8741-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-8742-9
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols