Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Genetic Analysis of Chloroplast Biogenesis, and Function and Mutant Collections

  • Protocol
  • First Online:
Plastids

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 1829))

Abstract

Since the time DNA was discovered as the code of life, genetic analysis has greatly advanced our understanding of the relation between genotype and phenotype and associated molecular mechanisms in various organisms including plants and algae. Forward genetics from phenotype to genotype has identified causal genes of interesting phenotypes induced by chemical, ionizing-radiation, or DNA insertional mutagenesis. Meanwhile, reverse genetics from genotype to phenotype has revealed physiological and molecular roles of known gene sequences. During the past dozen years, many molecular genetic tools have been developed to investigate gene functions quickly and efficiently. In this chapter, we introduce several approaches of forward and reverse genetics, including random chemical and DNA insertional mutagenesis, activation tagging, RNA interference, and gene overexpression and induction systems, with some examples of genetic studies of chloroplast biology mainly in Arabidopsis thaliana. We also briefly describe methods for chemical and DNA insertion mutagenesis and how to obtain sequence-tagged mutants from public collections. With greatly improved DNA sequencing and genome-editing technologies, model organisms as well as diverse species can be used for molecular biology. Genetic analysis can play an increasingly important role in elucidating chloroplast biogenesis and functions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Green BR (2011) Chloroplast genomes of photosynthetic eukaryotes. Plant J 66:34–44

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Jarvis P, López-Juez E (2013) Biogenesis and homeostasis of chloroplasts and other plastids. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 14:787–802

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Alonso JM, Ecker JR (2006) Moving forward in reverse: genetic technologies to enable genome-wide phenomic screens in Arabidopsis. Nat Rev Genet 7:524–536

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Niyogi KK, Björkman O, Grossman AR (1997) Chlamydomonas xanthophyll cycle mutants identified by video imaging of chlorophyll fluorescence quenching. Plant Cell 9:1369–1380

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Greene EA, Codomo CA, Taylor NE et al (2003) Spectrum of chemically induced mutations from a large-scale reverse-genetic screen in Arabidopsis. Genetics 164:731–740

    PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Thole JM, Strader LC (2015) Next-generation sequencing as a tool to quickly identify causative EMS-generated mutations. Plant Signal Behav 10:1–4

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Lightner J, Caspar T (1998) Seed mutagenesis of Arabidopsis. In: Martínez-Zapater JM, Salinas J (eds) Arabidopsis protocols. Humana Press, Totowa, pp 91–102

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  8. Zupan J, Muth TR, Draper O et al (2000) The transfer of DNA from Agrobacterium tumefaciens into plants: a feast of fundamental insights. Plant J 23:11–28

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Hellens R, Mullineaux P, Klee H (2000) A guide to Agrobacterium binary Ti vectors. Trends Plant Sci 5:446–451

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Clough SJ, Bent AF (1998) Floral dip: a simplified method for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 16:735–743

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Shimada TL, Shimada T, Hara-Nishimura I (2010) A rapid and non-destructive screenable marker, FAST, for identifying transformed seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 61:519–528

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Singer T, Burke E (2003) High-throughput TAIL-PCR as a tool to identify DNA flanking insertions. In: Grotewold E (ed) Plant functional genomics. Humana Press, Totowa, pp 241–272

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  13. Logemann E, Birkenbihl RP, Ulker B et al (2006) An improved method for preparing Agrobacterium cells that simplifies the Arabidopsis transformation protocol. Plant Methods 2:16

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Lee L-Y, Gelvin SB (2008) T-DNA binary vectors and systems. Plant Physiol 146:325–332

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Long D, Martin M, Sundberg E et al (1993) The maize transposable element system Ac/Ds as a mutagen in Arabidopsis: identification of an albino mutation induced by Ds insertion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90:10370–10374

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Aarts MGM, Corzaan P, Stiekema WJ et al (1995) A two-element enhancer-inhibitor transposon system in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Gen Genet 247:555–564

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Weigel D, Ahn JH, Blázquez MA et al (2000) Activation tagging in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 122:1003–1013

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Porra RJ, Thompson WA, Kriedemann PE (1989) Determination of accurate extinction coefficients and simultaneous equations for assaying chlorophylls a and b extracted with four different solvents: verification of the concentration of chlorophyll standards by atomic absorption spectrosco. Biochim Biophys Acta 975:384–394

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Lichtenthaler HK (1987) Chlorophylls and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. Methods Enzymol 148:350–382

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Zapata M, Rodríguez F, Garrido JL (2000) Separation of chlorophylls and carotenoids from marine phytoplankton: a new HPLC method using a reversed phase C8 column and pyridine-containing mobile phases. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 195:29–45

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Pontier D, Albrieux C, Joyard J et al (2007) Knock-out of the magnesium protoporphyrin IX methyltransferase gene in Arabidopsis. Effects on chloroplast development and on chloroplast-to-nucleus signaling. J Biol Chem 282:2297–2304

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Tottey S, Block MA, Allen M et al (2003) Arabidopsis CHL27, located in both envelope and thylakoid membranes, is required for the synthesis of protochlorophyllide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:16119–16124

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Schlicke H, Salinas A, Firtzlaff V et al (2014) Induced deactivation of genes encoding chlorophyll biosynthesis enzymes disentangles tetrapyrrole- mediated retrograde signaling. Mol Plant 7:1211–1227

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. von Wettstein D, Gough S, Kannangara CG (1995) Chlorophyll biosynthesis. Plant Cell 7:1039–1057

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Meskauskiene R, Nater M, Goslings D et al (2001) FLU: a negative regulator of chlorophyll biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:12826–12831

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Armstead I, Donnison I, Aubry S et al (2007) Cross-species identification of Mendel’s I locus. Science 315:73–73

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Jiang H, Li M, Liang N et al (2007) Molecular cloning and function analysis of the stay green gene in rice. Plant J 52:197–209

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Park S-Y, Yu J-W, Park J-S et al (2007) The senescence-induced staygreen protein regulates chlorophyll degradation. Plant Cell 19:1649–1664

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Ren G, An K, Liao Y et al (2007) Identification of a novel chloroplast protein AtNYE1 regulating chlorophyll degradation during leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 144:1429–1441

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Sato Y, Morita R, Nishimura M et al (2007) Mendel’s green cotyledon gene encodes a positive regulator of the chlorophyll-degrading pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:14169–14174

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Shimoda Y, Ito H, Tanaka A (2016) Arabidopsis STAY-GREEN, Mendel’s green cotyledon gene, encodes magnesium-dechelatase. Plant Cell 28:2147–2160

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Kusaba M, Ito H, Morita R et al (2007) Rice NON-YELLOW COLORING1 is involved in light-harvesting complex II and grana degradation during leaf senescence. Plant Cell 19:1362–1375

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Murchie EH, Lawson T (2013) Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis: a guide to good practice and understanding some new applications. J Exp Bot 64:3983–3998

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Baker NR (2008) Chlorophyll fluorescence: a probe of photosynthesis in vivo. Annu Rev Plant Biol 59:89–113

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Niyogi KK, Grossman AR, Björkman O (1998) Arabidopsis mutants define a central role for the xanthophyll cycle in the regulation of photosynthetic energy conversion. Plant Cell 10:1121–1134

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Li XP, Bjorkman O, Shih C et al (2000) A pigment-binding protein essential for regulation of photosynthetic light harvesting. Nature 403:391–395

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Shikanai T, Munekage Y, Shimizu K et al (1999) Identification and characterization of Arabidopsis mutants with reduced quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence. Plant Cell Physiol 40:1134–1142

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Munekage Y, Takeda S, Endo T et al (2001) Cytochrome b6f mutation specifically affects thermal dissipation of absorbed light energy in Arabidopsis. Plant J 28:351–359

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Munekage Y, Hojo M, Meurer J et al (2002) PGR5 is involved in cyclic electron flow around photosystem I and is essential for photoprotection in Arabidopsis. Cell 110:361–371

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Meurer J, Meierhoff K, Westhoff P (1996) Isolation of high-chlorophyll-fluorescence mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana and their characterisation by spectroscopy, immunoblotting and Northern hybridisation. Planta 49:385–396

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Kroll D, Meierhoff K, Bechtold N et al (2001) VIPP1, a nuclear gene of Arabidopsis thaliana essential for thylakoid membrane formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:4238–4242

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Varotto C, Pesaresi P, Meurer J et al (2000) Disruption of the Arabidopsis photosystem I gene psaE1 affects photosynthesis and impairs growth. Plant J 22:115–124

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Pyke KA, Leech RM (1991) Rapid image analysis screening procedure for identifying chloroplast number mutants in mesophyll cells of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Plant Physiol 96:1193–1195

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Pyke KA, Leech RM (1992) Chloroplast division and expansion is radically altered by nuclear mutations in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol 99:1005–1008

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Nott A, Jung H-S, Koussevitzky S et al (2006) Plastid-to-nucleus retrograde signaling. Annu Rev Plant Biol 57:739–759

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Susek RE, Ausubel FM, Chory J (1993) Signal transduction mutants of Arabidopsis uncouple nuclear CAB and RBCS gene expression from chloroplast development. Cell 74:787–799

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Mochizuki N, Brusslan J, Larkin R et al (2001) Arabidopsis genomes uncoupled 5 (GUN5) mutant reveals the involvement of Mg-chelatase H subunit in plastid-to-nucleus signal transduction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:2053–2058

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Koussevitzky S, Nott A, Mockler TC et al (2007) Signals from chloroplasts converge to regulate nuclear gene expression. Science 316:715–719

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Larkin RM, Alonso JM, Ecker JR et al (2003) GUN4, a regulator of chlorophyll synthesis and intracellular signaling. Science 299:902–906

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Woodson JD, Perez-Ruiz JM, Chory J (2011) Heme synthesis by plastid ferrochelatase I regulates nuclear gene expression in plants. Curr Biol 21:897–903

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Millar AJ, Carre IA, Strayer CA et al (1995) Circadian clock mutants in Arabidopsis identified by luciferase imaging. Science 267:1161–1164

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Alabadi D, Oyama T, Yanovsky MJ et al (2001) Reciprocal regulation between TOC1 and LHY/CCA1 within the Arabidopsis circadian clock. Science 293:880–883

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. López-Juez E, Jarvis RP, Takeuchi A et al (1998) New Arabidopsis cue mutants suggest a close connection between plastid- and phytochrome regulation of nuclear gene expression. Plant Physiol 118:803–815

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Li H, Culligan K, Dixon RA et al (1995) CUE1: a mesophyll cell-specific positive regulator of light-controlled gene expression in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 7:1599–1610

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Wagner D, Przybyla D, op den Camp R et al (2004) The genetic basis of singlet oxygen–induced stress responses of Arabidopsis thaliana. Science 306:1183–1186

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Li Z, Ahn TK, Avenson TJ et al (2009) Lutein accumulation in the absence of zeaxanthin restores nonphotochemical quenching in the Arabidopsis thaliana npq1 mutant. Plant Cell 21:1798–1812

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Dörmann P, Hoffmann-Benning S, Balbo I et al (1995) Isolation and characterization of an Arabidopsis mutant deficient in the thylakoid lipid digalactosyl diacylglycerol. Plant Cell 7:1801–1810

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Dörmann P, Balbo I, Benning C (1999) Arabidopsis galactolipid biosynthesis and lipid trafficking mediated by DGD1. Science 284:2181–2184

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Xu C, Fan J, Riekhof W et al (2003) A permease-like protein involved in ER to thylakoid lipid transfer in Arabidopsis. EMBO J 22:2370–2379

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Awai K, Xu C, Tamot B et al (2006) A phosphatidic acid-binding protein of the chloroplast inner envelope membrane involved in lipid trafficking. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:10817–10822

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Jarvis P (2008) Targeting of nucleus-encoded proteins to chloroplasts in plants. New Phytol 179:257–285

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Jarvis P, Chen LJ, Li H et al (1998) An Arabidopsis mutant defective in the plastid general protein import apparatus. Science 282:100–103

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Ling Q, Huang W, Baldwin A et al (2012) Chloroplast biogenesis is regulated by direct action of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Science 338:655–659

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Chow KS, Singh DP, Walker AR et al (1998) Two different genes encode ferrochelatase in Arabidopsis: mapping, expression and subcellular targeting of the precursor proteins. Plant J 15:531–541

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Woodson JD, Joens MS, Sinson AB et al (2015) Ubiquitin facilitates a quality-control pathway that removes damaged chloroplasts. Science 350:450–454

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Li J, Chory J (1998) Preparation of DNA from Arabidopsis. In: Martínez-Zapater JM, Salinas J (eds) Arabidopsis protocols. Humana Press, Totowa, pp 55–60

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  67. Borges F, Martienssen RA (2015) The expanding world of small RNAs in plants. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 16:727–741

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Schwab R, Ossowski S, Riester M et al (2006) Highly specific gene silencing by artificial microRNAs in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 18:1121–1133

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Odell JT, Nagy F, Chua N-H (1985) Identification of DNA sequences required for activity of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. Nature 313:810–812

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Waters MT, Wang P, Korkaric M et al (2009) GLK transcription factors coordinate expression of the photosynthetic apparatus in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 21:1109–1128

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Kobayashi K, Baba S, Obayashi T et al (2012) Regulation of root greening by light and auxin/cytokinin signaling in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 24:1081–1095

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Kobayashi K, Sasaki D, Noguchi K et al (2013) Photosynthesis of root chloroplasts developed in Arabidopsis lines overexpressing GOLDEN2-LIKE transcription factors. Plant Cell Physiol 54:1365–1377

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Waters MT, Moylan EC, Langdale JA (2008) GLK transcription factors regulate chloroplast development in a cell-autonomous manner. Plant J 56:432–444

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Craft J, Samalova M, Baroux C et al (2005) New pOp/LhG4 vectors for stringent glucocorticoid-dependent transgene expression in Arabidopsis. Plant J 41:899–918

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Zuo J, Niu QW, Chua NH (2000) An estrogen receptor-based transactivator XVE mediates highly inducible gene expression in transgenic plants. Plant J 24:265–273

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Kobayashi K, Kondo M, Fukuda H et al (2007) Galactolipid synthesis in chloroplast inner envelope is essential for proper thylakoid biogenesis, photosynthesis, and embryogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:17216–17221

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Fujii S, Kobayashi K, Nakamura Y et al (2014) Inducible knockdown of MONOGALACTOSYLDIACYLGLYCEROL SYNTHASE1 reveals roles of galactolipids in organelle differentiation in Arabidopsis cotyledons. Plant Physiol 166:1436–1449

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Fujii S, Kobayashi K, Nagata N et al (2017) Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol facilitates synthesis of photoactive protochlorophyllide in etioplasts. Plant Physiol 174:2183–2198

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Lu R, Martin-Hernandez AM, Peart JR et al (2003) Virus-induced gene silencing in plants. Methods 30:296–303

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Hey D, Rothbart M, Herbst J et al (2017) LIL3, a light-harvesting complex protein, links terpenoid and tetrapyrrole biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol 174:1037–1050

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. Belhaj K, Chaparro-Garcia A, Kamoun S et al (2015) Editing plant genomes with CRISPR/Cas9. Curr Opin Biotechnol 32:76–84

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Jinkerson RE, Jonikas MC (2015) Molecular techniques to interrogate and edit the Chlamydomonas nuclear genome. Plant J 82:393–412

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Tsutsui H, Higashiyama T (2017) pKAMA-ITACHI vectors for highly efficient CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockout in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Physiol 58:46–56

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Kim Y, Schumaker KS, Zhu J-K (2006) EMS mutagenesis of Arabidopsis. In: Salinas J, Sanchez-Serrano JJ (eds) Arabidopsis protocols. Humana Press, Totowa, pp 101–104

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  85. Hirono Y, Rédei GP (1963) Multiple allelic control of chlorophyll b level in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature 197:1324–1325

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Martínez-Zapater JM (1993) Genetic analysis of variegated mutants in Arabidopsis. J Hered 84:138–140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Motohashi R, Nagata N, Ito T et al (2001) An essential role of a TatC homologue of a ΔpH- dependent protein transporter in thylakoid membrane formation during chloroplast development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:10499–10504

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  88. Albrecht-Borth V, Kauss D, Fan D et al (2013) A novel proteinase, SNOWY COTYLEDON4, is required for photosynthetic acclimation to higher light intensities in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 163:732–745

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  89. Jarvis P, Dörmann P, Peto CA et al (2000) Galactolipid deficiency and abnormal chloroplast development in the Arabidopsis MGD synthase 1 mutant. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97:8175–8179

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. Fitter DW, Martin DJ, Copley MJ et al (2002) GLK gene pairs regulate chloroplast development in diverse plant species. Plant J 31:713–727

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Huang Y-S, Li H-M (2009) Arabidopsis CHLI2 can substitute for CHLI1. Plant Physiol 150:636–645

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  92. Shin J, Kim K, Kang H et al (2009) Phytochromes promote seedling light responses by inhibiting four negatively-acting phytochrome-interacting factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:7660–7665

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    Sho Fujii, Hajime Wada & Koichi Kobayashi

  2. Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan

    Koichi Kobayashi

Authors
  1. Sho Fujii
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hajime Wada
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Koichi Kobayashi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Koichi Kobayashi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, CEA Grenoble, Institut National Recherche Agronomique, UMR5168, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France

    Eric Maréchal

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature

About this protocol

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this protocol

Fujii, S., Wada, H., Kobayashi, K. (2018). Genetic Analysis of Chloroplast Biogenesis, and Function and Mutant Collections. In: Maréchal, E. (eds) Plastids. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1829. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8654-5_23

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8654-5_23

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-8653-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-8654-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation