Abstract
There is a range of diseases of the brain that are associated with rapidly developing inflammation. These conditions are called encephalitis, and can be caused by infections, or autoimmune disorders when the subject’s immune system reacts against host proteins. The most common form of autoimmune encephalitis is associated with antibodies against the NR1 subunit of the N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor (anti-NMDAR-encephalitis). Antibody detection is important for diagnosis, and can be performed only with techniques that preserve the full tertiary structure (conformation) of the antigen. Here, we describe the methods commonly used to detect NMDAR-antibodies with immunohistochemistry on rat brain slices and on live HEK cells transfected with components of the NMDAR.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Traynelis SF, Wollmuth LP, McBain CJ, Menniti FS, Vance KM, Ogden KK, Hansen KB, Yuan H, Myers SJ, Dingledine R (2010) Glutamate receptor ion channels: structure, regulation, and function. Pharmacol Rev 62(3):405–496. doi:10.1124/pr.109.002451
Dalmau J, Gleichman AJ, Hughes EG, Rossi JE, Peng X, Lai M, Dessain SK, Rosenfeld MR, Balice-Gordon R, Lynch DR (2008) Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies. Lancet Neurol 7(12):1091–1098. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70224-2
Irani SR, Bera K, Waters P, Zuliani L, Maxwell S, Zandi MS, Friese MA, Galea I, Kullmann DM, Beeson D, Lang B, Bien CG, Vincent A (2010) N-methyl-d-aspartate antibody encephalitis: temporal progression of clinical and paraclinical observations in a predominantly non-paraneoplastic disorder of both sexes. Brain 133(6):1655–1667. doi:10.1093/brain/awq113
Graus F, Dalmau J (2012) Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. Curr Opin Neurol 25(6):795–801. doi:10.1097/WCO.0b013e328359da15
Gresa-Arribas N, Titulaer MJ, Torrents A, Aguilar E, McCracken L, Leypoldt F, Gleichman AJ, Balice-Gordon R, Rosenfeld MR, Lynch D, Graus F, Dalmau J (2014) Antibody titres at diagnosis and during follow-up of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: a retrospective study. Lancet Neurol 13(2):167–177
Disclosures
Angela Vincent, Patrick Waters and the University of Oxford hold patents for antibody tests (MuSK, LGI1, CASPR2). AV and PW receive a proportion of royalties.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Gastaldi, M., Waters, P., Vincent, A. (2017). Detection of NMDARs Antibodies in Encephalitis. In: Burnashev, N., Szepetowski, P. (eds) NMDA Receptors. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1677. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7321-7_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7321-7_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-7320-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-7321-7
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols