Abstract
Epigenetic and genetic alterations contribute to cancer initiation and progression. Epigenetics refers to the study of heritable changes in gene expression without alterations in DNA sequences. Epigenetic changes are reversible and include key processes of DNA methylation, chromatin modifications, nucleosome positioning, and alterations in noncoding RNA profiles. Disruptions in epigenetic processes can lead to altered gene function and cellular neoplastic transformation. Epigenetic modifications precede genetic changes and usually occur at an early stage in neoplastic development. Recent technological advances offer a better understanding of the underlying epigenetic alterations during carcinogenesis and provide insight into the discovery of putative epigenetic biomarkers for detection, prognosis, risk assessment, and disease monitoring. In this chapter we provide information on various epigenetic mechanisms and their role in carcinogenesis, in particular, epigenetic modifications causing genetic changes and the potential clinical impact of epigenetic research in the future.
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Abbreviations
- 5adC:
-
5-Aza-2-deoxycytidine
- 8-OHdG:
-
8-Hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine
- APC:
-
Adenomatosis polyposis coli
- BRCA1:
-
Breast cancer1
- CDH1:
-
Cadherin-1
- ChIP:
-
Chromatin immunoprecipitation
- DAPK1:
-
Death-associated protein kinase
- DNA:
-
Deoxyribonucleic acid
- DNMT:
-
DNA methyltransferase
- DPP6:
-
Dipeptidyl-peptidase 6
- EZH2:
-
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2
- FHIT:
-
Fragile histidine triad protein
- GADD45:
-
Growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible protein GADD45 gamma
- GSTP1:
-
Glutathione S-transferase pi 1
- HATs:
-
Histone acetyltransferases
- HDAC:
-
Histone deacetylase
- HDMs:
-
Histone demethylases
- HIC1:
-
Hypermethylated in cancer-1
- HMTases:
-
Histone methyltransferases
- HOX:
-
Homeobox
- IGF:
-
Insulin-like growth factor
- JARID1C:
-
Jumonji/ARID domain-containing protein 1C
- JMDJ3:
-
Histone H3 lysine-27 demethylase
- KLF4:
-
Kruppel-like factor 4
- LINE:
-
Long interspread transposable element
- LOI:
-
Loss of imprinting
- MAGE :
-
Melanoma-associated gene
- MBD:
-
Methyl-CpG-binding domain
- MeCP:
-
Methyl-cytosine-binding protein
- methyl H3K4:
-
Histone H3 lysine 4 methylation
- methyl H3K9:
-
Histone H3 lysine 9 methylation
- MGMT:
-
O6-methylguanine–DNA methyltransferase
- miR:
-
microRNA
- MLH1:
-
Mismatch repair gene 1
- MYOD1:
-
Myogenic differentiation 1
- OCT4:
-
Octamer-binding transcription factor 4
- PTEN:
-
Phosphatase and tensin homolog
- PTENP1:
-
Phosphatase and tensin homolog pseudogene 1
- RAR:
-
Retinoic acid receptor
- RARB2:
-
Retinoic acid receptor b2
- RASSF1:
-
Ras association (RalGDS/AF-6) domain family member 1
- Rb:
-
Retinoblastoma
- RNA:
-
Ribonucleic acid
- SETD2:
-
SET domain containing 2
- SINE:
-
Short interspread transposable elements
- SIRT1:
-
Silent information regulator type1
- SOX2:
-
SRY (sex-determining region Y)-box 2
- TMPRSS2:
-
Transmembrane protease serine 2
- TMS1:
-
Target of methylation-induced silencing1
- TRD:
-
Transcription repression domain
- TSA:
-
Trichostatin A
- UBE2C:
-
Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme
- UTX:
-
Ubiquitously transcribed tetratricopeptide repeat X chromosome
- WRN:
-
Werner syndrome RecQ helikase like
- WWOX:
-
WW domain-containing oxidoreductase
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Acknowledgements
The reference from author’s laboratory listed in this review was supported by United States Public Health Service Grants RO1 CA115491, RO1 CA108512, and R21 CA109424. We apologize to those investigators whose original work could not be cited owing to the space limitations.
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Kanwal, R., Gupta, K., Gupta, S. (2015). Cancer Epigenetics: An Introduction. In: Verma, M. (eds) Cancer Epigenetics. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1238. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1804-1_1
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