Abstract
Free space optical (FSO) communication is a promising alternative in terms of meeting high data rates, providing a secure, and reliable communication. However, optical beam is prone to environmental conditions which affects FSO communication performance severely. This chapter deals with the basic concepts of FSO communication, including the transmission of data through free space using modulated optical beam. The components of FSO communication systems such as transmitters and receivers, different modulation schemes, the impact of atmospheric conditions on optical beam propagation, and the mitigation techniques for reducing the channel distortion effects are explored.
Abbreviations
- α:
-
A positive value associated with the effective number of large-scale cells in the scattering process
- β:
-
Natural number indicating the level of fading
- βn:
-
Reflection coefficient
- η:
-
E-O conversion efficiency which is also known as quantum efficiency of the detector
- ηC:
-
Channel efficiency
- ηr:
-
Receiver efficiency
- ηT:
-
Total efficiency of the FSO system
- ηt:
-
Transmitter efficiency
- ηv:
-
Parameter dependent on the visibility range
- Γ:
-
FET channel noise factor
- γR:
-
Receiver responsivity
- κ:
-
Scalar wavenumber
- Λ:
-
Fresnel ratio of Gaussian beam at receiver
- Λo:
-
Ratio of link length to beam and wave number product.
- ℬr:
-
Reflection coefficients of IRS elements
- ℋ:
-
The total channel state
- ℳ:
-
Numbers of transmitters apertures in MIMO system
- \( {\mathcal{N}}_{\mathrm{\mathcal{I}}} \):
-
Numbers of IRS elements
- \( \mathcal{N} \):
-
Numbers of receiver apertures in MIMO system
- ωo:
-
Beam waist at distance z = 0
- ωz:
-
Beam waist at distance z
- ωeq:
-
Equivalent beam width
- \( \overline{\upgamma} \):
-
Average SNR
- \( \overline{\Theta} \):
-
Complementary parameter
- Φ:
-
Solid angle of the optical beam
- Φn(κ):
-
Power spectrum of the atmospheric turbulence which is known as “Kolmogorov power-law spectrum”
- ϕn:
-
Phase shift induced by first link
- ϕr:
-
Angle of arrival
- ϕt:
-
Divergence angles
- Φn_AO(κ):
-
Atmospheric turbulence power spectrum with adaptive optics correction
- ρ:
-
Transverse radius from the central axis of the optical beam
- ρo:
-
Coherence length
- \( {\sigma}_B^2 \):
-
Rytov variance of Gaussian beam
- σI:
-
Scintillation index
- \( {\sigma}_R^2 \):
-
Rytov variance of unbounded plane wave
- \( {\sigma}_{a_x}^2 \):
-
Variance of Gaussian distributed jitters in the horizontal directions
- \( {\sigma}_{a_y}^2 \):
-
Variance of Gaussian distributed jitters in the vertical directions
- \( {\sigma}_{\mathrm{Bi}}^2 \):
-
Scintillation indexes of Gaussian beam in weak turbulence regime and i ∈ {d, u} denotes either downlink or uplink
- \( {\sigma}_{\mathrm{Id}}^2 \):
-
Scintillation indexes of propagating spherical waves in weak turbulence regime for downlink
- \( {\sigma}_{\mathrm{Iu}}^2 \):
-
Scintillation indexes of propagating spherical waves in weak turbulence regime for uplink
- \( {\sigma}_{\ln\;X}^2 \):
-
Large-scale log-irradiance variances
- \( {\sigma}_{\ln\;Y}^2 \):
-
Small-scale log-irradiance variances
- \( {\sigma}_{\mathrm{Rd}}^2 \):
-
Scintillation indexes of propagating plane waves in weak turbulence regime for downlink
- \( {\sigma}_{\mathrm{Ru}}^2 \):
-
Scintillation indexes of propagating plane waves in weak turbulence regime for uplink
- \( {\sigma}_{\mathrm{th}}^2 \):
-
Thermal noise variance
- Θ:
-
Beam curvature parameter at receiver
- θ:
-
Polar angle
- Θo:
-
Beam curvature parameter at the transmitter
- θn:
-
Shift induced by the nth reflecting surface
- ε:
-
Indicates the detection technique, heterodyne and IM/DD detections
- φn:
-
Phase shift induced in second link
- ϖ:
-
Propagation parameter varying with the beam type
- ξ:
-
Normalized distance parameter
- ξm:
-
Optical modulation index
- ζ:
-
Zenith angle
- A:
-
Nominal value of turbulence structure constant at the ground level
- a:
-
Receiver aperture diameter
- A∘:
-
Collected power at the center of the optical beam
- ap:
-
Path loss index
- Acoll:
-
Collection area of the PD
- Ar:
-
Active area of the PD
- Bw:
-
System bandwidth
- ca(λ):
-
Attenuation coefficient that describes the interaction between the atmospheric particles and light.
- Cn:
-
Structure constant for refractive index
- Cpd:
-
Fixed capacitance of PD per unit area
- D:
-
Characteristic linear dimension
- Dn:
-
Structure-function of refractive index fluctuations for statistically homogeneous and isotropic turbulence
- Eb:
-
Bit energy
- Es:
-
Symbol energy
- Fo:
-
Phase front radius of curvature
- Fl(κ, ϖa, θ):
-
Filter function and it is given by Zernike polynomials for circular aperture
- FOV:
-
Filed of view
- gm:
-
FET transconductance
- gn:
-
Gain of the second link from IRS element to receiver having length of L2
- Gr:
-
Receiver gain
- Gt:
-
Transmitter gain
- Gν:
-
Open-loop voltage gain
- H:
-
Altitude of aerial platform
- h:
-
Altitude parameter
- ho:
-
Height of ground station
- ha:
-
Channel gain due to atmospheric turbulence
- hi:
-
Atmospheric turbulence aperture averaging scale height
- hn:
-
The gain of the first link between source and IRS elements
- hp:
-
Channel gain due to pointing error
- hl:
-
Path loss due to atmospheric attenuation
- ht:
-
Channel gain
- i(t):
-
Instantaneous input current
- I:
-
Optical intensity
- I1:
-
Noise bandwidth factors
- I2:
-
Noise bandwidth factors
- Iavg:
-
Optical average intensity
- Ibg:
-
Photo-current due to undesired collected photons from background irradiance
- Ip−p:
-
Peak-to-peak intensity
- Is:
-
Photo-current due to collected photons from data signal
- Jn(.):
-
Bessel function of first kind
- k :
-
Wavenumber
- Kk:
-
Boltzman constant
- L:
-
Propagation distance between transmitter and receiver
- L1:
-
Length of the first IRS element
- Lo:
-
Large eddies or outer scale
- lo:
-
Small eddies or inner scale
- Lc:
-
Path loss attenuation of the optical intensity when propagates from transmitter to receiver
- lv:
-
Visibility range
- \( {L}_{P_r} \):
-
Receiver pointing error loss
- m(t):
-
Electrical modulating signal
- M:
-
Refers to levels of pulse modulation, order of M-ary bandpass modulation and order of OFDM
- m:
-
Azimuthal frequency
- Mavg:
-
Reciprocal average duty cycle of DPIM
- N:
-
Number of Zernike-modes removed
- n:
-
The radial degree
- No:
-
Single-sided noise spectral density
- no:
-
Additive white Gaussian noise
- na:
-
Average number of collected photons at PD
- np:
-
Number of collected photons at PD
- Po:
-
Total power of the optical beam
- Pr:
-
Received power
- Pt:
-
Power emitted by the laser at the transmitter
- q:
-
Electron charge
- R:
-
Separation distance between two observation points
- r:
-
Misalignment deviation between the centers of incident beam footprint and the detector aperture
- Rb:
-
Bit rate
- Rn:
-
Reynolds number
- rt:
-
Transverse position of the observation point
- Req:
-
Equivalent circuit resistor
- Tk:
-
Absolute temperature
- u:
-
Flow velocity
- v:
-
Kinematic viscosity
- w:
-
Wind speed
- x:
-
Transmitted optical signal
- y:
-
Received signal
- z:
-
Distance parameter
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Al-Sallami, F., Rajbhandari, S., Ata, Y. (2024). FSO Basics. In: Kawanishi, T. (eds) Handbook of Radio and Optical Networks Convergence. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4999-5_54-1
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