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Antimicrobial Usage in Animal Production Systems

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook on Antimicrobial Resistance

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Abstract

Antimicrobial usage (AMU) in human and veterinary medicine is the single-most important factor for the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a global public health threat. Although AMR development is a natural process, misuse or overuse of antimicrobials can speed up the process. Surveillance of AMU in animal and agricultural system is the basis for understanding and combating AMR, as nonhuman AMU leads to the development of resistant bacteria in the case of drugs used by humans. Among various indications, mastitis is one of the most common reasons for AMU in dairy animals. However, the pattern of AMU and their influencing factors varies among the countries, species, breeds, production systems, drugs, and other factors. Therefore, it is very important to understand the influencing factors for better implementation of policies to regulate AMU animal production systems. Several methods have been explored in animal production systems for the collection of AMU data. However, the lack of harmonized quantification methods is the major limiting factor encountered at present. Under the changing livestock production conditions from small holder, less intensive to highly intensive farming systems, identification of critical factors, and suitable metrics are important to make an evidence-based policy decision for regulation of antimicrobial usage. Several countries have taken measures to reduce AMU in food animal production system. The European Union has done it through regulations on veterinary medicines and medicated feed. Reduction and replacement of antimicrobials, along with redefined animal husbandry practices through preventive approaches, are important measures to reduce AMU in animal production systems.

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Abbreviations

AGPs:

Antimicrobial growth promoters

AMR:

Antimicrobial resistance

AMU:

Antimicrobial use

ATI:

Antimicrobial treatment incidence

BIS:

Bureau of Indian Standards

CAC:

Codex Alimentarius Commission

CCC:

Cow calculated courses

CDC:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

CDDEP:

Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics and Policy

CIPARS:

Canadian Integrated Programme for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance

DAHDF:

Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries

DANMAP:

Danish Integrated Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Research Programme

DCDvet:

Defined course dose for animals

DCGI:

Drug Controller General of India

DDDvet:

Define daily dose for animals

EFSA:

European Food Safety Authority

EMA:

European Medicines Agency

ESVAC:

European Surveillance of Veterinary Antimicrobial Consumption

EU:

European Union

FDA:

Food and Drug Administration

FINRESVET:

The Finnish Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Consumption of Antimicrobial Agents

FSSAI:

Food Safety and Standards Authority of India

GERMVET:

German National Antibiotic Resistance Monitoring

ICAR:

Indian Council of Agricultural Research

ICMR:

Indian Council of Medical Research

IPC:

Infection prevention control

ITAVARM:

Italian Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring

JVARM:

The Japanese Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System

MoHFW:

Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

MRL:

Maximum residue limit

NARMS:

National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System

NethMapMARAN:

Monitoring of Antimicrobial Resistance and Antibiotic Usage in Animals in the Netherlands

NMDRD:

National Milk Drug Residue Data Base

NORMVET:

Norwegian Surveillance System for Antimicrobial Drug Resistance

NSAIDs:

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

OIE:

Office International des Epizooties

ONERBA:

National Observatory of the Epidemiology of Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics

PCU:

Population corrected unit

RESAPATH:

French surveillance network for antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic bacteria of animal origin

SVARM:

Swedish Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring

USDA:

United States Department of Agriculture

VARSS:

Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance and Sales Surveillance

VAV:

Spanish Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Southern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru, 560030, Karnataka, India

    Ayyasamy Manimaran & Arumugam Kumaresan

  2. ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bengaluru, 560030, Karnataka, India

    Veerasamy Sejian

Authors
  1. Ayyasamy Manimaran
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  2. Arumugam Kumaresan
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  3. Veerasamy Sejian
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Correspondence to Ayyasamy Manimaran .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Tech, Kerala, India

    Mukteswar Prasad Mothadaka

  2. ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Tech, Kerala, India

    Murugadas Vaiyapuri

  3. Visakhapatnam Research Centre, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Tech, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

    Madhusudana Rao Badireddy

  4. ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Tech, Kerala, India

    Chandragiri Nagarajrao Ravishankar

  5. World Health Organization Regional Offic, New Delhi, India

    Rajesh Bhatia

  6. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India

    Joykrushna Jena

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Manimaran, A., Kumaresan, A., Sejian, V. (2023). Antimicrobial Usage in Animal Production Systems. In: Mothadaka, M.P., Vaiyapuri, M., Rao Badireddy, M., Nagarajrao Ravishankar, C., Bhatia, R., Jena, J. (eds) Handbook on Antimicrobial Resistance. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9723-4_14-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9723-4_14-1

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  • Print ISBN: 978-981-16-9723-4

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