Abstract
This chapter looks at the potential explanatory power of archaeology as a paleoanthropological discipline. Through the study of artifacts, archaeology provides insight into human behavior. Five facets of archaeological knowledge can be drawn from the material remains of object-related activities (typological, technological, functional, contextual, and cognitive information), from which other behavioral aspects, like subsistence, settlement, social organization, cultural differences, and the cognitive background, can be derived. Archaeological analyzes face significant constraints, but by integrating results from other disciplines, the limits can be broadened. A brief outline of Paleolithic artifact history shows how this part of the behavior of Homo developed and how it is accessible by archaeological remains. Following the question “What could they do?” the basis of cultural behavior as a crucial aspect in human evolution is traced in its biological, historical-social, and individual dimensions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adams WY, Adams EW (2008) Archaeological typology and practical reality. A dialectical approach to artifact classification and sorting. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Adovasio JM, Soffer O, Hyland DC, Klíma B, Svoboda J (1998) Perishable technologies and the genesis of the Eastern Gravettian. Anthropologie 36(1–2):43–68
Ambrose S (2010) Coevolution of composite-tool technology, constructive memory, and language. Curr Anthrop 51:S135–S147
Andrefsky W Jr (1994) Raw-material availability and the organization of technology. Amer Antiq 59(1):21–34
Arribas A, Palmqvist P (2002) The first human dispersal to Europe: remarks on the archaeological and palaeoanthropological record from Orce (Guadix-Baza basin, southeastern Spain). Hum Evol 17(1–2):55–78
Arzarello M, Marcolini F, Pavia G, Pavia M, Petronio C, Petrucci M, Rook L, Sardella R (2007) Evidence of earliest human occurrence in Europe: the site of Pirro Nord (Southern Italy). Naturwissenschaften 94:107–112
Audouze F, Enloe JG (1997) High resolution archaeology at Verberie: limits and interpretation. World Archaeol 29(2):195–207
Baber C (2003) Cognition and tool use. Forms of engagement in human and animal use of tools. Taylor & Francis, London/New York
Balter M (2012) Did Neandertals truly bury their dead? Science 337:1443–1444
Bar-Yosef Mayer DE, Vandermeersch B, Bar-Yosef O (2009) Shells and ochre in Middle Palaeolithic Qafzeh Cave, Israel: indications for modern behaviour. J Hum Evol 56:307–314
Bar-Yosef O, Van Peer P (2009) The chaîne opératoire approach in Middle Paleolithic archaeology. Curr Anthropol 50(1):103–131
Beck BB (1980) Animal tool behavior. The use and manufacture of tools by animals. Garland STPM Press, New York/London
Belitzky S, Goren-Inbar N, Werker E (1991) A Middle Pleistocene wooden plank with man-made polish. J Hum Evol 20:349–353
Berna F, Goldberg P, Horwitz LK, Brink J, Holt S, Bamford M, Chazan M (2012) Microstratigraphic evidence of in situ fire in the Acheulean strata of Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape province, South Africa. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. Published online before print 2 Apr 2012. doi:10.1073/pnas.1117620109
Beyene Y, Katoh S, WoldeGabriel G, Hart WK, Uto K, Sudo M, Kondo M, Hyodo M, Renne PR, Suwa G, Asfaw B (2013) The characteristics and chronology of the earliest Acheulean at Konso, Ethiopia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110(5):1584–1591
Binford LR (1978) Nunamiut ethnoarchaeology. Academic, New York
Blackwell LR, D’Errico F (2001) Evidence of termite foraging by Swartkrans early hominids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98(4):1358–1363
Blumenschine RJ, Cavallo JA, Capaldo SD (1994) Competition for carcasses and early hominid behavioral ecology: a case study and conceptual framework. J Hum Evol 27:197–213
Brain CK, Shipman P (1993) The Swartkrans bone tools. In: Brain CK (ed) Swartkrans. A cave’s chronicle of early man, Transvaal Museum monograph no.8. Transvaal Museum, Pretoria, pp 195–215
Bridges PS (1995) Skeletal biology and behavior in ancient humans. Evol Anthropol 4(4):112–120
Brown KS, Marean CW, Herries AIR, Jacobs Z, Tribolo C, Braun D, Roberts DL, Meyer MC, Bernatchez J (2009) Fire as an engineering tool of early modern humans. Science 325:859–862
Bruner E (2010) Morphological differences in the parietal lobes within the human genus. Curr Anthropol 51(S1):S77–S88
Carbonell E, Bermúdez de Castro JM, Arsuaga JL, Diez JC, Rosas A, Cuenca-Bescós G, Sala R, Mosquera M, Rodríguez XP (1995) Lower Pleistocene hominids and artifacts from Atapuerca-TD6 (Spain). Science 269:826–830
Conard NJ (2003) Palaeolithic ivory sculptures from southwestern Germany and the origins of figurative art. Nature 426:830–832
Conard NJ (2009) A female figurine from the basal Aurignacian of Hohle Fels Cave in southwestern Germany. Nature 459:248–252
Conard NJ, Bolus M (2003) Radiocarbon dating the appearance of modern humans and timing of cultural innovations in Europe: new results and new challenges. J Hum Evol 44:331–371
Conard NJ, Malina M, Münzel SC (2009) New flutes document the earliest musical tradition in southwestern Germany. Nature 460:737–740
Craig OE, Saul H, Lucquin A, Nishida Y, Taché K, Clarke L, Thompson A, Altoft DT, Uchiyama J, Ajimoto M, Gibbs K, Isaksson S, Heron CP, Jordan P (2013) Earliest evidence for the use of pottery. Nature 496:351–354
Cross I (2001) Music, cognition, culture, and evolution. Ann N Y Acad Sci 930:28–42
d‘Errico F, Vanhaeren M, Barton N, Bouzouggar A, Mienis H, Richter D, Hublin J-J, McPherron SP, Lozouet P (2009) Additional evidence on the use of personal ornaments in the Middle Palaeolithic of North Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:16051–16056
d’Errico F, Julien M, Liolios D, VanHaren M, Baffier D (2003) Many awls in our argument: bone tool manufacture and use in the Châtelperronien and Aurignacian levels of the Grotte du Renne at Arcy-sur-Cure. In: Zilhão J, d’Errico F (eds) The chronology of the Aurignacian and of the transitional technocomplexes: dating, stratigraphies, cultural implications. Proceedings of Symposium 6.1 of the 14th Congress of the UISPP. Instituto Portugês de Arquelogia, Lisbon, pp 247–270
d’Errico F, Nowell A (2000) A new look at the Berekhat Ram figurine: implications for the origins of symbolism. Camb Archaeol J 10(1):123–167
David B, Geneste J-M, Petchey F, Delannoy J-J, Barker B, Eccleston M (2013) How old are Australia’s pictographs? A review of rock art dating. J Archaeol Sci 40(1):3–10
Davidson I (2013) Peopling the last new worlds: the first colonisation of Sahul and the Americas. Quat Int 285:1–29
de Heinzelin J, Clark JD, White T, Hart W, Renne P, WoldeGabriel G, Beyene Y, Vrba E (1999) Environment and behavior of 2.5-million-year-old Bouri hominids. Science 284:625–629
de Lumley H (ed) (1969) Une cabane acheuléenne dans la grotte du Lazaret. Mémoires de la Société Préhistorique Française, vol 7. CNRS, Paris
Delagnes A, Roche H (2005) Late Pliocene hominid knapping skills: the case of Lokalalei 2C, West Turkana, Kenya. J Hum Evol 48:435–472
Einwögerer T (2000) Die jungpaläolithische Station auf dem Wachtberg in Krems, NÖ. Mitteilungen der Prähistorischen Kommission 34, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien
Einwögerer T, Friesinger H, Händel M, Neugebauer-Maresch C, Simon U, Teschler-Nicola M (2006) Upper Palaeolithic infant burials. Nature 444:285
Enard W, Khaitovich P, Klose J, Zöllner S, Heissig F, Giavalisco P, Niesselt-Struwe K, Muchmore E, Varki A, Ravid R, Doxiadis GM, Bontrop RE, Pääbo S (2002) Intra- and interspecific variation in primate gene expression patterns. Science 296:340–343
Enquist M, Ghirlanda S, Jarrick A, Wachtmeister CA (2008) Why does human culture increase exponentially? Theor Popul Biol 74:46–55
Féblot-Augustins J (1999) Raw material transport patterns and settlement systems in the European Lower and Middle Palaeolithic: continuity, change and variability. In: Roebroeks W, Gamble C (eds) The Middle Palaeolithic occupation of Europe. University of Leiden, Leiden, pp 193–214
Ferraro JV, Plummer TW, Pobiner BL, Oliver JS, Bishop LC, Braun DR, Ditchfield PW, Seaman JW III, Binetti KM, Seaman JW Jr, Hertel F, Potts R (2013) Earliest archaeological evidence of persistent hominin carnivory. PLoS One 8(4):e62174
Ferring R, Oms O, Agustí J, Berna F, Nioradze M, Shelia T, Tappen M, Vekua A, Zhvania D, Lordkipanidze D (2011) Earliest human occupations at Dmanisi (Georgian Caucasus) dated to 1.85–1.78 Ma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:10432–10436
Fisher SE, Ridley M (2013) Culture, genes, and the human revolution. Science 340:929–930
Galibert F, Quignon P, Hitte C, Andre C (2011) Toward understanding dog evolutionary and domestication history. C R Biol 334:190–196
Garofoli D, Haidle MN (2013) Epistemological problems in cognitive archaeology: an anti-relativistic proposal towards methodological uniformity. J Anthropol Sci 91. doi:10.4436/JASS.91003
Goldberg P, Macphail RI (2006) Practical and theoretical geoarchaeology. Blackwell, Oxford
Goldman-Neuman T, Hovers E (2009) Methodological considerations in the study of Oldowan raw material selectivity: insights from A. L. 894 (Hadar, Ethiopia). In: Hovers E, Braun DJ (eds) Interdisciplinary approaches to the Oldowan. Springer, Heidelberg/New York, pp 71–84
González-Sainz C, Ruiz-Redondo A, Garate-Maidagan D, Iriarte-Avilés E (2013) Not only Chauvet: dating Aurignacian rock art in Altxerri B Cave (northern Spain). J Hum Evol 65:457–464
Goren-Inbar N, Alperson N, Kislev ME, Simchoni O, Melamed Y, Ben-Nun A, Werker E (2004) Evidence of hominin control of fire at Gesher Benot Ya’akov, Israel. Science 304:725–727
Gott B (2002) Fire-making in Tasmania: absence of evidence is not evidence of absence. Curr Anthropol 53:650–656
Hahn J (1993) Erkennen und Bestimmen von Stein- und Knochenartefakten. Einführung in die Artefaktmorphologie, 2nd edn. Archaeologica Venatoria, Tübingen
Haidle MN (2012) How to think tools? A comparison of cognitive aspects in tool behavior of animals and during human evolution. Cognitive perspectives in tool behaviour, vol 1. http://tobias-lib.uni-tuebingen.de/frontdoor.php?source_opus=6014
Haidle MN, Conard NJ (2011) The nature of culture – summary report on an interdisciplinary symposium held in Tübingen, Germany, 15–18 June 2011. Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Urgeschichte 20:65–78
Hardy B, Moncel M-H (2011) Neanderthal use of fish, mammals, birds, starchy plants and wood 125–250,000 years ago. PLoS One 6(8):e23768
Henshilwood C, d’Errico F, Marean CW, Milo RG, Yates R (2001) An early bone tool industry from the Middle Stone Age at Blombos Cave, South Africa: implications for the origins of modern human behaviour, symbolism and language. J Hum Evol 41:631–678
Henshilwood CS, d’Errico F, Watts I (2009) Engraved ochres from the Middle Stone Age levels at Blombos Cave, South Africa. J Hum Evol 57:27–47
Hohmann G, Fruth B (2003) Culture in bonobos? Between-species and within-species variation in behavior. Curr Anthropol 44(4):563–571
Hou Y, Potts R, Yuan B, Guo Z, Deino A, Wang W, Clark J, Xie G, Huang W (2000) Mid Pleistocene Acheulean-like stone technology of the Bose Basin, South China. Science 287:1622–1626
Hovers E, Belfer-Cohen A (2006) “Now you see it, now you don’t” – modern human behaviour in the Middle Palaeolithic. In: Hovers E, Kuhn S (eds) Transitions before the transition. Evolution and stability in the Middle Paleolithic and Middle Stone Age. Springer, Heidelberg/New York, pp 295–304
Hovers E, Belfer-Cohen A (2013) Insights into early mortuary practices of Homo. In: Tarlow S, Stutz LN (eds) Archaeology of death and burial. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 631–642
Jelinek J (1992) New upper palaeolithic burials from Dolní Věstonice. Eraul 56:207–228
Jones R (1995) Tasmanian archaeology: establishing the sequences. Annu Rev Anthropol 24:423–446
Kimura Y (1997) The MNK chert factory site: the chert-using strategy by early hominids at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Afr Stud Monogr 18(1):1–28
Kimura Y (1999) Tool-using strategies by early hominids at Bed II, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. J Hum Evol 37:807–831
Kitahara-Frisch J (1993) The origin of secondary tools. In: Berthelet A, Chavaillon J (eds) The use of tools by human and non-human primates, A Fyssen Foundation Symposium. Clarendon, Oxford, pp 239–246
Klíma B (1988) A triple burial from the Upper Paleolithic of Dolní Věstonice. J Hum Evol 16:831–835
Klíma B (1991) Die jungpaläolithischen Mammutjägersiedlungen Dolní Věstonice und Pavlov in Südmähren – ČSFR. Archäologie und Museum 23, Berichte aus der Arbeit des Amtes für Museen und Archäologie des Kantons Baselland, Liestal/Schweiz
Ledón-Rettig CC, Richards CL, Martin LB (2013) Epigenetics for behavioral ecologists. Behav Ecol 24(2):311–324
Lee S-H, Wolpoff MH (2003) The pattern of evolution in Pleistocene human brain size. Paleobiology 29(2):186–196
Leonard JA, Wyane RK, Wheeler J, Valadez R, Guillén S, Vilà C (2002) Ancient DNA evidence for Old World origin of New World dogs. Science 298:1613–1616
Lepre CJ, Roche H, Kent DV, Harmand S, Quinn RL, Brugal J-P, Texier P-J, Lenoble A, Feibel CS (2011) An earlier origin for the Acheulian. Nature 477:82–85
Liu L, Bestel S, Shi J, Song Y, Che X (2013) Paleolithic human exploitation of plant foods during the last glacial maximum in North China. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110(14):5380–5385
Lombard M (2011) Quartz-tipped arrows older than 60 ka: further use-trace evidence from Sibudu, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. J Archaeol Sci 38:1918–1930
Lombard M (2012) Thinking through the Middle Stone Age of sub-Saharan Africa. Quat Int 270:140–155
Lombard M, Haidle MN (2012) Thinking a bow-and-arrow: cognitive implications of Middle Stone Age bow and stone-tipped arrow technology. Camb Archaeol J 22(2):237–264
Lombard M, Parsons I (2011) What happened to the human mind after the Howiesons Poort? Antiquity 85:1–11
Lycett SJ, von Cramon Taubadel N (2008) Acheulean variability and hominin dispersals: a model-bound approach. J Archaeol Sci 35(3):553–562
Machado J, Hernández CM, Mallol C, Galván B (2013) Lithic production, site formation and Middle Palaeolithic palimpsest analysis: in search of human occupation episodes at Abric del Pastor Stratigraphic Unit IV (Alicante, Spain). J Archaeol Sci 40:2254–2273
Mackay A, Welz A (2008) Engraved ochre from a Middle Stone Age context at Klein Kliphuis in the Western Cape of South Africa. J Archaeol Sci 35:1521–1532.
Malafouris L (2010) Metaplasticity and the human becoming: principles of neuroarchaeology. J Anthropol Sci 88:49–72
Mania D (1983) Autochthone Lagerplatzstrukturen im altpaläolithischen Fundhorizont auf der Steinrinne bei Bilzingsleben. Ethnographisch-Archäologische Zeitschrift 24:296–303
Mania D, Mania U (1988) Deliberate engravings on bone artifacts of Homo erectus. Rock Art Res 5:91–109
Mania D, Mania U (1998) Geräte aus Holz von der altpaläolithischen Fundstelle bei Bilzingsleben. Praehistorica Thuringica 2:32–72
Maricic T, Günther V, Georgiev O, Gehre S, Ćurlin M, Schreiweis C, Naumann R, Burbano HA, Meyer M, Lalueza-Fox C, de la Rasilla M, Rosas A, Gajović S, Kelso J, Enard W, Schaffner W, Pääbo S (2013) A recent evolutionary change affects a regulatory element in the human FOXP2 gene. Mol Biol Evol 30(4):844–852
Mazza PPA, Martini F, Sala B, Magi M, Colombini MP, Giachi G, Landucci F, Lemorini C, Modugno F, Ribechini E (2006) A new Palaeolithic discovery: tar-hafted stone tools in a European Mid-Pleistocene bone-bearing bed. J Archaeol Sci 33:1310–1318
McCall GS (2012) Ethnoarchaeology and the organization of lithic technology. J Archaeol Res 20(2):157–203
McGrew WC (1992) Chimpanzee material culture. Implications for human evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
McHenry HM, Coffing K (2000) Australopithecus to Homo: transformations in body and mind. Annu Rev Anthropol 29:125–146
McPherron SP, Alemseged Z, Marean CW, Wynn JG, Reed D, Geraads D, Bobe R, Béarat HA (2010) Evidence for stone-tool-assisted consumption of animal tissues before 3.39 million years ago at Dikika, Ethiopia. Nature 446:857–860
Meignen L, Bar-Yosef O, Goldberg P, Weiner S (2000) Le feu au Paléolithque moyen: recherches sur les structures de combustion et le statut des foyers. L’exemple du Proche-Orient. Paléorient 26(2):9–22
Mercader J, Barton H, Gillespie J, Harris J, Kuhn S, Tyler R, Boesch C (2007) 4,300-Year-old chimpanzee sites and the origins of percussive stone technology. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:3043–3048
Movius HL (1949) The Lower Palaeolithic cultures of Southern and Eastern Asia. Trans Am Philos Soc NS 38(4):330–420
Münzel S, Seeberger F, Hein W (2002) The Geißenklösterle flute – discovery, experiments, reconstruction. In: Hickmann E, Kilmer AD, Eichmann R (eds) Studien zur Musikarchäologie III. Verlag Marie Leidorf, Rhaden/Westfalen, pp 107–118
Neugebauer-Maresch C (1989) Zum Neufund einer weiblichen Statuette bei den Rettungsgrabungen an der Aurignacien-Station Stratzing, Krems/Rehberg, Niederösterreich. Germania 67:551–559
Norton CJ, Bae K, Harris JWK, Lee H (2006) Middle Pleistocene handaxes from the Korean Peninsula. J Hum Evol 51:527–536
O’Connell JF, Allen J (2004) Dating the colonization of Sahul (Pleistocene Australia – New Guinea): a review of recent research. J Archaeol Sci 31:835–853
Oakley KP, Andrews P, Keeley LH, Clark JD (1977) A reappraisal of the Clacton spearpoint. Proc Prehist Soc 43:13–30
Paddayya K (1977) An Acheulian occupation site at Hunsgi, Peninsular India: a summary of the results of two seasons of excavation (1975–6). World Archaeol 8(3):342–355
Parés JM, Arnold L, Duval M, Demuro M, Pérez-González A, Bermúdez de Castro JM, Carbonell E, Arsuaga JL (2013) Reassessing the age of Atapuerca-TD6 (Spain): new paleomagnetic results. J Archaeol Sci 40:4586–4595
Parfitt SA, Barendregt RW, Breda M, Candy I, Collins MJ, Coope GR, Durbidge P, Field MH, Lee JR, Lister AM, Mutch R, Penkman KEH, Preece RC, Rose J, Stringer CB, Symmons R, Whittaker JE, Wymer JJ, Stuart AJ (2005) The earliest record of human activity in northern Europe. Nature 438:1008–1012
Parfitt SA, Ashton NM, Lewis SG, Abel RL, Coope GR, Field MH, Gale R, Hoare P, Larkin NR, Lewis MD, Karloukovski V, Maher BA, Peglar SM, Preece RC, Whittaker JE, Stringer CB (2010) Early Pleistocene human occupation at the edge of the boreal zone in northwest Europe. Nature 466:229–233
Pavlov P, Roebroeks W, Svendsen JI (2004) The Pleistocene colonization of northeastern Europe: a report on recent research. J Hum Evol 47(1):3–17
Pawlik AF, Thissen JP (2011) Hafted armatures and multi-component tool design at the Micoquian site of Inden-Altdorf, Germany. J Archaeol Sci 38:1699–1708
Pélégrin J, Karlin C, Bodu P (1988) “Chaînes opératoires”: un outil pour le préhistorien. In: Tixier J (ed) Technologie lithique. Notes et Monographies Techniques No. 25. CNRS, Paris, pp 55–62
Peresani M, Vanhaeren M, Quaggiotto E, Queffele A, d’Errico F (2013) An ochered fossil marine shell from the mousterian of fumane cave, Italy. PLoS One 8(7):e68572
Peretz I (2006) The nature of music from a biological perspective. Cognition 100:1–32
Petanjek Z, Kostović I (2012) Epigenetic regulation of fetal brain development and neurocognitive outcome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109(28):11062–11063
Pettitt PB, Bader NO (2000) Direct AMS radiocarbon dates for the Sungir mid Upper Palaeolithic burials. Antiquity 74:269–270
Pigeot N (1990) Technical and social actors. Flint knapping specialists and apprentices at Magdalenian Etiolles. Archaeol Rev Camb 9(1):126–141
Piperno DR, Weiss E, Holst I, Nadel D (2004) Processing of wild cereal grains in the Upper Palaeolithic revealed by starch grain analysis. Nature 430:670–673
Pitulko VV, Nikolsky PA, Girya EY, Basilyan AE, Tumskoy VE, Koulakov SA, Astakhov SN, Pavlova EY, Anisimov MA (2004) The Yana RHS site: humans in the Arctic before the last glacial maximum. Science 303:52–56
Ploux S (1989) Approche archéologique de la variabilité des comportements techniques individuels: l’exemple de quelques tailleurs magdaléniens de Pincevent. Université de Paris X, Paris
Plumet P (2006) L’homme préhistorique dans le Grand Nord. C R Palevol 5:329–342
Rendell L, Whitehead H (2001) Culture in whales and dolphins. Behav Brain Sci 24:309–382
Rieder H (2003) Der große Wurf der frühen Jäger: nachbau altsteinzeitlicher Speere. Biologie in unserer Zeit 33(3):156–160
Roberts MB, Parfitt SA (1999) Boxgrove. A Middle Pleistocene hominid site art Eartham Quarry, Boxgrove, West Sussex. English heritage archaeological report 17, London
Rogers EM (1995) Diffusion of innovations. Free Press, New York
Rots V (2013) Insights into early Middle Palaeolithic tool use and hafting in Western Europe. The functional analysis of level IIa of the early Middle Palaeolithic site of Biache-Saint-Vaast (France). J Archaeol Sci 40(1):497–506
Rots V, Van Peer P (2006) Early evidence of complexity in lithic economy: core-axe production, hafting and use at Late Middle Pleistocene site 8-B-11, Sai Island (Sudan). J Archaeol Sci 33:360–371
Rots V, Williamson BS (2004) Microwear and residue analyzes in perspective: the contribution of ethnoarchaeological evidence. J Archaeol Sci 31:1287–1299
Sandgathe DM, Dibble HL, Goldberg P, McPherron SP, Turq A, Niven L, Hodgkin J (2011) Timing of the appearance of habitual fire use. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:E298
Sandgathe DM, Dibble HL, Goldberg P, McPherron SP (2012) The Roc de Marsal Neandertal child: a reassessment of its status as a deliberate burial. J Hum Evol 61(3):243–253
Schiffer MB (2013) Contributions of ethnoarchaeology. In: The archaeology of science. Manuals in archaeological method, theory and technique. Vol. 9. Springer: Heidelberg/New York, pp 53–63
Schlanger N (1994) Mindful technology: unleashing the chaîne opératoire for an archaeology of mind. In: Renfrew C, Zubrow EBW (eds) The ancient mind. Elements of cognitive archaeology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 143–151
Schwartz GT (2012) Growth, development, and life history throughout the evolution of Homo. Curr Anthropol 53(S6):S395–S408
Semaw S, Rogers MJ, Quade J, Renne PR, Butler RF, Dominguez-Rodrigo M, Stout D, Hart WS, Pickering T, Simpson SW (2003) 2.6-Million-year-old stone tools and associated bones from OGS-6 and OGS-7, Gona, Afar, Ethiopia. J Hum Evol 45:169–177
Slimak L, Svendsen JI, Mangerud J, Plisson H, Heggen HP, Brugère A, Pavlov PY (2011) Late Mousterian persistence near the Arctic Circle. Science 332:841–845
Soffer O (2004) Recovering perishable technologies through use wear on tools: preliminary evidence for Upper Paleolithic weaving and net making. Curr Anthropol 45(3):407–413
Speth JD (2004) News flash: negative evidence convicts Neanderthals of gross mental incompetence. World Archaeol 36(4):519–526
Speth JD, Meignen L, Bar-Yosef O, Goldberg P (2012) Spatial organization of Middle Paleolithic occupation X in Kebara Cave (Israel): Concentrations of animal bones. Quat Int 247:85–102
Stapert D (2007) Youngsters knapping flint near the campfire: an alternative view of site K at Maastricht-Belvédère (the Netherlands). Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 37:19–35
Stevens NE, Harro DR, Hicklin A (2010) Practical quantitative lithic use-wear analysis using multiple classifiers. J Archaeol Sci 37(10):2671–2678
Stiles D (1991) Early hominid behaviour and culture tradition: raw material studies in Bed II, Olduvai Gorge. Afr Archaeol Rev 9:1–19
Stout D, Quade J, Semaw S, Rogers MJ, Levin NE (2005) Raw material selectivity of the earliest stone toolmakers at Gona, Afar, Ethiopia. J Hum Evol 48:365–380
Stout D, Toth N, Schick K, Chaminade T (2008) Neural correlates of Early Stone Age toolmaking: technology, language and cognition in human evolution. Philos Trans R Soc B 363:1939–1949
Street M, Jöris O, Turner E (2012) Magdalenian settlement in the German Rhineland – An update. Quat Int 272–273:231–250
Susman RL (1991) Who made the Oldowan tools? Fossil evidence for tool behavior in Plio-Pleistocene hominids. J Anthropol Res 47:129–151
Takashi T (2012) MIS3 edge-ground axes and the arrival of the first Homo sapiens in the Japanese archipelago. Quat Int 248:70–78
Texier P-J, Porraz G, Parkington J, Rigaud J-P, Poggenpoel C, Tribolo C (2013) The context, form and significance of the MSA engraved ostrich eggshell collection from Diepkloof Rock Shelter, Western Cape, South Africa. J Archaeol Sci 40(9):3412–3431
Thieme H (1997) Lower Paleolithic hunting spears from Germany. Nature 385:807–810
Thomas G (2013) Experimental archaeology. Routledge, Oxford
Tomasello M (1999) The cultural origins of human cognition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, London
Toth N (1985) The Oldowan reassessed: a close look at early Stone Age artefacts. J Archaeol Sci 12:101–120
Valladas H, Clottes J, Geneste J-M, Garcia MA, Arnold M, Cachier H, Tisnérat-Laborde N (2001) Evolution of prehistoric cave art. Nature 413:479
Van Schaik CP, Ancrenaz M, Borgen G, Galdikas B, Knott CD, Singleton I, Suzuki A, Utami SS, Merill M (2003) Orangutan cultures and the evolution of material culture. Science 299:102–105
VanDerwarker A, Peres TM (eds) (2010) Integrating zooarchaeology and paleoethnobotany. A consideration of issues, methods, and cases. Springer, Heidelberg/New York
Vanhaeren M, d’Errico F, Stringer C, James SL, Todd JA, Mienis HK (2006) Middle Paleolithic shell beads in Israel and Algeria. Science 312:1785–1788
Vanhaeren M, d’Errico F, van Niekerk KL, Henshilwood CS, Erasmus RM (2013) Thinking strings: additional evidence for personal ornament use in the Middle Stone Age at Blombos Cave, South Africa. J Hum Evol 64(6):500–517
Villa P, d’Errico F (2001) Bone and ivory points in the Lower and Middle Paleolithic of Europe. J Hum Evol 41:69–112
Wadley L, Sievers C, Bamford M, Goldberg P, Berna F, Miller C (2011) Middle Stone Age bedding construction and settlement patterns at Sibudu, South Africa. Science 334:1388–1391
Weiner S, Xu Q, Goldberg P, Liu J, Bar-Yosef O (1998) Evidence for the use of fire at Zhoukoudian, China. Science 281:251–253
White MJ (2000) The Clactonian question: on the interpretation of core-and-flake assemblages in the British Lower Paleolithic. J World Prehist 14(1):1–63
Whiten A, Goodall J, McGrew WC, Nishida T, Reynolds V, Sugiyama Y, Tutin CEG, Wrangham RW, Boesch C (1999) Cultures in chimpanzees. Nature 399:682–685
Wilkins J, Schoville BJ, Brown KS, Chazan M (2012) Evidence for early hafted hunting technology. Science 338:942–946
Woollett K, Maguire EA (2011) Acquiring “the knowledge” of London’s layout drives structural brain changes. Curr Biol 21:2109–2114
Wu X, Zhang C, Goldberg P, Cohen D, Pan Y, Arpin I, Bar-Yosef O (2012) Early Pottery at 20,000 Years Ago in Xianrendong Cave, China. Science 336: 1696–1700
Wynn T, Coolidge FL (eds) (2010) Working memory: beyond language and symbolism. Curr Anthropol;51/S1:S1–S199
Zilhão J, Angelucci DE, Badal-García E, d’Errico F, Daniel F, Dayet L, Douka K, Higham TFG, Martínez-Sánchez MJ, Montes-Bernárdez R, Murcia-Mascarós S, Pérez-Sirvent C, Roldán-García C, Vanhaeren M, Villaverde V, Wood R, Zapata J (2010) Symbolic use of marine shells and mineral pigments by Iberian Neandertals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:1023–1028
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this entry
Cite this entry
Haidle, M.N. (2013). Archaeology. In: Henke, W., Tattersall, I. (eds) Handbook of Paleoanthropology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27800-6_8-3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27800-6_8-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-27800-6
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Biomedicine and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences