Abstract
A dialoging and collaborative link is missing between research in institutions of higher learning and local communities that are supposed to be the immediate beneficiaries of such research results. The urban nexus of water, energy, and food (WEF) is one of such researches that is shelved and need not be ignored. For example, the global pandemic COVID-19 seriously disrupted the supply and demand and exacerbated the already deteriorating water, energy, and food services especially in developing countries, compromising the ability of countries to meet sustainable development goals. Sources of basic resources are under threat and adaptive responses are not always environmentally friendly. While climate change is considered the biggest disrupter of WEF resource availability, the COVID-19 pandemic is probably a significant setback where meeting WEF-related Sustainable Development Goals is concerned, especially in urban areas in developing countries where there is so much reliance on grid network resources. There is also limited awareness, capacity, and technical know-how of environmentally friendly mechanisms to cope with resource challenges at household level. This chapter highlights pre-existing WEF challenges, exacerbated by COVID-19 and proposes for engaged scholarship as one way to enhance community resilience to cope with disasters or find alternatives conducive for the environment. The study also recognizes that most WEF nexus research is documented in scientific journals and is shared at academic conferences, platforms that are outside the reach of local communities.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Achi C, Omoniyi A, Coker A (2021) Distribution of selected toxic elements in water phases of river Ogbere, Ibadan, Nigeria. J Environ Prot 12:429–437. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2021.127026
Adams E, Smiley S (2018) Urban-rural water access inequalities in Malawi: implications for monitoring the Sustainable Development Goals. Nat Res Forum 42. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12150
Adefeso I, Sonibare J, Akeredolu F, Rabiu A (2012) Environmental impact of portable power generator on indoor air quality. In: International conference on environment, energy and biotechnology (IPCBEE), 33. IACSIT Press, Singapore
Agamile P (2022) COVID-19 lockdown and exposure of households to food insecurity in Uganda: insights from a National High Frequency Phone Survey. Eur J Dev Res 2022. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41287-022-00510-8
Al-Saidi M, Hussein H (2021) The water-energy-food nexus and COVID-19: towards a systematization of impacts and responses. Sci Total Environ (779):146529. ISSN 0048-9697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146529. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721015977)
Anand S, Jagadeesh K, Adelina C, Koduganti J (2019) Urban food insecurity and its determinants: a baseline study of Bengaluru. Environ Urban 31(2):421–442. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247819861899
Aneni MO (2018) Waste to energy solution in antiquity and Ibadan. Ogirisi: A New J Afr Stud 14. https://doi.org/10.4314/og.v14i1.7
Bajracharya RM, Dahal N, Neupane KR, Singh V, Habeeb R (2019) Urban water security challenges in the nepal and Indian Himalaya in the context of climate change. Resour Environ 9(1):9–18. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.re.20190901.02
Banna MH, Sayeed A, Kundu S, Kagstrom A, Sultana MS, Begum MR, Khan MSI (2022) Factors associated with household food insecurity and dietary diversity among day laborers amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. BMC Nutr 8:25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-022-00517-8
Bera A, Das S, Pani A et al (2022) Assessment of household water consumption during COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional web-based study in India. Sustain Water Resour Manag 8:78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-022-00672-7
Bhatia S (2018) Sustainable smart universities for smart cities. J Econ Manage Trade 21(12):1–11. https://doi.org/10.9734/JEMT/2018/44521
Bidandi F, Ambe AN, Mukong CH (2021) Insights and current debates on community engagement in higher education institutions: perspectives on the University of the Western Cape. SAGE Open. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211011467
Biggs E, Bruce E, Boruff B, Duncan J, Horsley J, Pauli N, Mcneill K, Neef A, Van Ogtrop F, Curnow J, Haworth B, Duce S, Imanari Y (2015) Sustainable development and the water-energy-food nexus: a perspective on livelihoods. Environ Sci Pol 54:389–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2015.08.002
Bisu D, Kuhe A, Iortyer H (2016) Urban household cooking energy choice: an example of Bauchi Metropolis, Nigeria. Energy Sustain Soc 6(1):15
Blimpo MP, Cosgrove-Davies M (2019) Electricity access in sub-Saharan Africa uptake, reliability, and complementary factors for economic impact Africa development forum series 9. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank
Campos MAS, Carvalho SL, Melo SK, Gonçalves GBF, dos Santos JR, Barros RL, UTMA M, da Silva Lopes E, Reis RPA (2021) Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on water consumption behaviour. Water Supply:1. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.160
Campus Compact (2007) 2007 service statistics: highlights and trends of campus compact’s annual membership survey (2007). High Educ 156. https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/slcehighered/156
Chankseliani M, McCowan T (2021) Higher education and the Sustainable Development Goals. High Educ 81:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-020-00652-w
Chanza N (2018) Limits to climate change adaptation in Zimbabwe: insights, experiences and lessons. In: Leal Filho W, Nalau J (eds) Limits to climate change adaptation. Climate change management. Springer, Cham, pp 109–127
Chen J, Yu X, Qiu L, Deng M, Dong R (2018) Study on vulnerability and coordination of water-energy-food system in Northwest China. Sustainability 10:3712
Cheshmehzangi A (2020) COVID-19 and household energy implications: what are the main impacts on energy use? Heliyon 6(10):e05202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05202
Chigumira G, Dube C, Mudzonga E, Chiwunze G, and Matsika W (2019) Enhancing natural resource management in Zimbabwe: case studies of mineral exploitation; Forest Manage; Wild Life Management and solar energy. ISBN: 978-1-77906-835-4. Zimbabwe economic Policy and research unit, The African capacity building foundation
Chirisa I, Bandauko E (2015) African cities and the water-food-climate-energy nexus: an agenda for sustainability and resilience at a local level urban forum. Springer Science. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12132-015-9256-6
Chirisa I, Shingai T, Muzenda A (2014) Unexplored elasticity of planning and good governance in Harare, Zimbabwe. Int Rev Spatial Plan Sustain Develop 2(4):19–29
Chirisa I, Mavhima B, Nyevera T, Chigudu A, Makochekanwa A, Matai J, Masunda T, Chandaengerwa EK, Machingura F, Moyo CSH, Mhloyi M, Murwira A, Mhandara L, Katsande R, Muchena K, Manjeya E, Nyika T, Mundau L (2021) The impact and implications of COVID-19: reflections on the Zimbabwean society. Social Sci Human Open 4(1):100183. ISSN 2590-2911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100183. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590291121000796)
De la Poza E, Merello P, Barberá A, Celani A (2021) Universities’ reporting on SDGs: using the impact rankings to model and measure their contribution to sustainability. Sustainability 13:2038. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042038
Dianati K, Zimmermann N, Milner J, Muindi K, Ezeh A, Chege M, Mberu B, Kyobutungi C, Fletcher H, Wilkinson P, Davies M (2019) Household air pollution in Nairobi’s slums: a long-term policy evaluation using participatory system dynamics. Sci Total Environ 660:1108–1134. ISSN 0048-9697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.430. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718353269)
Ding YJ, Li CY, Wang X, Wang Y, Wang SX, Chang YP, Qin J, Wang SP, Zhao QD, Wang ZR (2021) An overview of climate change impacts on the society in China. Adv Climate Change Res 12(2):210–223. ISSN 1674-9278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2021.03.002
Doherty M, Klima K, Hellmann JJ (2016) Climate change in the urban environment: advancing, measuring and achieving resiliency. Envir Sci Pol 66:310–313. Elsevier
Dzawanda B, Matsa M, Nicolau M (2022) A catastrophic threat to the already vulnerable towards 2030: impact of COVID-19 lockdown on livelihood outcome of informal cross border traders in Gweru, Zimbabwe. Social Sci Human Open 6(1):100316. ISSN 2590-2911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2022.100316. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590291122000705)
Eakin H (2016) Adapting to risk and perpetuating poverty: household’s strategies for managing flood risk and water scarcity in Mexico City. Environ Sci Pol. Elsevier
East M, White RM (2016) Reflecting on the emergence of the UN sustainable development goals: a call for action in Scotland. Report for Scottish Government and COSLA
Ekene G, Oluoch-Suleh E (2015) Role of institutions of higher learning in enhancing sustainable development in Kenya. J Educ Pract 6(16):91–102
Elinwa UK, Ogbeba JE, Agboola OP (2020) Cleaner energy in Nigeria residential housing. Results Engineering 9:100103. ISSN 2590-1230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100103. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123020300098)
El-Jardali F, Ataya N, Fadlallah R (2018) Changing roles of universities in the era of SDGs: rising up to the global challenge through institutionalising partnerships with governments and communities. Health Res Pol Syst 16(1):38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-018-0318-9
Elrick-Barr PCEBL, Thomsen DC, Smith TF (2014) Towards a new conceptualization of household adaptive capacity to climate change: applying a risk governance lens. Ecol Soc 19(4):12. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-06745-190412
Endo A, Burnett K, Orencio P, Kumazawa T, Wada C, Ishii A, Tsurita I, Taniguchi M (2015) Methods of the water-energy-food nexus. Water 7:5806–5830. https://doi.org/10.3390/7105806
Etzkowitz H (2003) Innovation in innovation: the triple helix of university-industry-government relations Social Sci Inform Vol 42(3) 293–337 Sage
Fagbemi F (2021) COVID-19 and sustainable development goals (SDGs): an appraisal of the emanating effects in Nigeria. Res Global 3:100047. ISSN 2590-051X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2021.100047. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590051X21000125)
Family Health International (2005) Qualitative research methods: a data collector’s field guide qualitative research methods: a data collector’s field guide. ISBN: 0-939704-98-6
Farzana FD, Rahman AS, Sultana S, Raihan MJ, Haque MA, Waid JL, Choudhury N, Ahmed T (2017) Coping strategies related to food insecurity at the household level in Bangladesh. PLoS One 12(4):e0171411. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171411
Fenton A, Paavola J, Tallontire A (2017) The role of microfinance in household livelihood adaptation in Satkhira District. Southwest Bangladesh World Develop 92:192–202
Findler F, Schönherr N, Lozano R, Stacherl B (2019) Assessing the impacts of higher education institutions on sustainable development—an analysis of tools and indicators. Sustainability 11(1):59. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11010059
Foster S (2020) Global policy overview of groundwater in urban development—a tale of 10 cities! Water 12:456. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12020456
Giatti LL, Urbinatti AM, Monteiro de Carvalho C, Bedran-Martins AM, Penha de Oliveira Santos I, Honda SO, Fracalanza AP, Jacobi PR (2019) Nexus of exclusion and challenges for sustainability and health in an urban periphery in Brazil, vol 35. Cadernos de saude publica. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00007918
Giwa SO, Nwaokocha CN, Samuel DO (2019) Off-grid gasoline-powered generators: pollutants’ footprints and health risk assessment in Nigeria. Energy Sources, Part A: Recov Utilization Environ Effects. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2019.1671555
Gondhalekar D, Ramsauer T (2017) Nexus City: operationalizing the urban water- energy-food nexus for climate change adaptation in Munich, Germany. Urban Climate 19:28–40
Gondo R, Kolawole OD (2022) Household water access and COVID-19 in Karoi town. Zimbabwe Sci African 16:e01145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01145
Granero de Melo T, Lacerra de Souza B, Scopinho E (2020) Peri-urban territories and WEF nexus: the challenges of Brazilian agrarian reform areas for social justice. J Integr Environ Sci 17:45–67
Hake JF, Schlöra H, Schürmanna K, Venghaus S (2016) Ethics, sustainability and the water, energy, food nexus approach – a new integrated assessment of urban systems science direct CUE2015-applied energy symposium and summit 2015: low carbon cities and urban energy systems. Energy Procedia 88:236–242
Hibbett E, Rushforth RR, Roberts E, Ryan SM, Pfeiffer K, Bloom NE, Ruddell BL (2020) Citizen-led community innovation for food energy water nexus resilience. Front Environ Sci 8:571614. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2020.571614
Hoffman AJ (2021) The engaged scholar expanding the impact of academic research in today’s. World Stanford University Press
Kansiime MK, Tambo JA, Mugambi I, Bundi M, Kara A, Owuor C (2021) COVID-19 implications on household income and food security in Kenya and Uganda: findings from a rapid assessment. World Dev 137:105199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105199. Epub 2020 Sep 18. PMID: 32982018; PMCID: PMC7500897
Kinyata GS, Abiodun NL (2020) The impact of community participation on projects’ success in Africa: a bottom up approach. Int J Res Sociol Anthropol (IJRSA) 6(3):1–8. ISSN 2454-8677. www.arcjournals.org. https://doi.org/10.20431/2454-8677.0603001
Kisige A, Neema-Abooki P (2017) Financial resource mobilization projects and their relationship. PM World J VI(IX) September 2017 to Academic Staff Commitment in Uganda Martyrs University www.pmworldjournal.net
Leal Filho W, Brandli L, Becker D, Skanavis C, Kounani A, Sardi C, Papaioannidou D, Paço A, Azeiteiro U, de Sousa L, Raath S, Pretorius R, Shiel C, Vargas V, Trencher G, Marans R (2018a) Sustainable development policies as indicators and pre-conditions for sustainability efforts at universities: fact or fiction? Int J Sustain High Educ 19(1):85–113
Leal Filho W, Raath S, Lazzarini B, Vargas VR, de Souza L, Anholon R, Quelhas OLG, Haddad R, Klavins M, Orlovic LV (2018b) The role of transformation in learning and education for sustainability. J Clean Prod. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.017
Leal Filho W, Shiel C, Paço A, Mifsud M, Ávila LV, Brandli LL, Molthan-Hill P, Pace P, Azeiteiro UM, Vargas VR, Caeiro S (2019) Sustainable Development Goals and sustainability teaching at universities: falling behind or getting ahead of the pack? J Clean Prod. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.309
Liddle ES, Mager SM, Nel E (2013) Water quality awareness and barriers to safe water provisioning in informal communities: a case study from Ndola, Zambia. In: Rogerson CM, Szymańska D (eds) Bulletin of geography, Socio-economic series, vol 26, pp 167–181. https://doi.org/10.2478/bog-2014-0052
Makonese T (2016) Renewable energy in Zimbabwe. International conference on the domestic use of energy, Cape Town. https://doi.org/10.1109/DUE.2016.7466703
Makonese T, Ifegbesan AP, Rampedi IT (2017) Household cooking fuel use patterns and determinants across Southern Africa: evidence from the demographic and health survey data. Energy Environ 29(1):29–48
Mashelkar RA (2001) Intellectual property rights and the third world. Curr Sci 81(8):955–965. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24106520
Matsungo TM, Chopera P (2020) Effect of the COVID-19-induced lockdown on nutrition, health and lifestyle patterns among adults in Zimbabwe. BMJ Nutr Prevent Health 2020(3):e000124. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000124
Mawonde A, Togo M (2019) Implementation of SDGs at the University of South Africa. Int J Sustain High Educ 20:932–950
Mazzucato M (2018) Mission oriented innovation policy: challenges and opportunities. Ind Corp Chang 27(5):803–815
McIsaac JLD, Riley BL (2020) Engaged scholarship and public policy decision-making: a scoping review. Health Res Policy Sys 18:96. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-020-00613-w
Megbowon E, Mukarumbwa P, Ojo S, Olalekan OS (2018) Household cooking energy situation in Nigeria: insight from Nigeria Malaria Indicator Survey 2015. Int J Energy Econ Policy 8(6):284–291
Mguni P, van Vliet Bas JM, Spaargarena G, Nakiryab D, Osuretc J, Isunjuc JB, Ssekamattec T, Mugambe R (2020) What could go wrong with cooking? Exploring vulnerability at the water, energy, and food Nexus in Kampala through a social practices’ lens. Glob Environ Chang 63:102086
Mhlanga D, Tankiso M (2021) COVID-19, and sustainable development goals: a comparative analysis of Zimbabwe and South Africa. African Renaissance 18:247–269. https://doi.org/10.31920/2516-5305/2021/18n1a12
Milojević M, Nowodziński P, Terzić I, Danshina S (2021) Households’ energy autonomy: risks or benefits for a state? Energies 14:2026. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14072026
Mpandeli S, Naidoo D, Mabhaudhi T, Nhemachena C, Nhamo L, Liphadzi S, Hlahla S, Modi AT (2018) Climate change adaptation through the water-energy-food nexus in Southern Africa. Int J Environ Res Public Health 15:2306. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102306
Mulaudzi SK, Bull S, Makhado RA (2021) Potential of households’ solar PV consumption in South Africa. African J Sci Technol Innov Develop. https://doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2021.1894728
Neary J, Osborne M (2018) University engagement in achieving sustainable development goals: a synthesis of case studies from the SUEUAA. Aust J Adult Learn (58):3. School of Education, University of Glasgow
Njoroge P, Ambole A, Githira D, Outa G (2020) Steering energy transitions through landscape governance: case of Mathare informal settlement, Nairobi, Kenya. Land 9(6):206. MDPI AG. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3390/land9060206
Nop S, Thornton A (2019) Urban resilience building in modern development: a case of Phnom Penh City. Cambodia Ecol Soc 24:2. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26796949
Nyerere J, Mfune O, Fuh D, Sulemana E, Mutisya E, Yiran G, Fadairo O, Ameyaw J, Odingo A (2015) The role of higher education in building a sustainable African society. African J Sustain Develop 4(3):2315–6317
Parikh P, Diep L, Gupte J, Lakhanpaul M (2020) COVID-19 challenges and WASH in informal settlements: integrated action supported by the sustainable development goals. Cities (London, England) 107:102871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102871
Parsad C, Mittal S, Krishnankutty R (2020) A study on the factors affecting household solar adoption in Kerala, India. Int J Product Perform Manag 69(8):1695–1720. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-11-2019-0544
Price EAC, White RM, Mori K, Longhurst J, Baughan P, Hayles CS, Gough G, Preist C (2021) Supporting the role of universities in leading individual and societal transformation through education for sustainable development. Case Study Discover Sustain 2:49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-021-00058-3
Rahut DB, Mottaleb KA, Ali A, Aryal J (2018) The use and determinants of solar energy by Sub-Saharan African households. Int J Sustain Energy 37(8):718–735. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786451.2017.1323897
Rasul G, Sharma B (2016) The nexus approach to water–energy–food security: an option for adaptation to climate change. Clim Pol 16(6):682–702. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2015.1029865
Rojas C, Simon F, Muñiz I, Quintana M, Irarrazaval F, Stamm C, Santos B (2022) Trends in household energy-related GHG emissions during COVID-19 in four Chilean cities. Carbon Manage 13(1):1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2022.2036243
Romero-Lankao P, McPhearson T, Davidson DJ (2017) The food-energy-water nexus and urban complexity. Nat Clim Chang 7:233–235. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3260
Romero-Lankao P, Bruns A, Wiegleb V (2018) From risk to WEF security in the city: the influence of interdependent infrastructural systems. Environ Sci Pol 90:213–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.01.004
Selm KR, Hess GR, Peterson MN, Beck SM, McHale MR (2018) Developing an instrument to measure autonomous adaptive capacity to climate change among urban households. Front Ecol Evol 6:13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.00013
Sempewo JI, Mushomi J, Tumutungire MD, Ekyalimpa R, Kisaakye P (2021) The impact of COVID-19 on households’ water use in Uganda. Water Supply 21(6). https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.044
Shah O (2016) Water, energy & food nexus: from model to policy framework, towards the realization of SDGs-Case Study of Pakistan. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.21334.04162
Shupler M, Mwitari J, Gohole A, Anderson de Cuevas R, Puzzolo E, Čukić I, Nix E, Pope D (2021) COVID-19 impacts on household energy & food security in a Kenyan informal settlement: The need for integrated approaches to the SDGs. Renewable Sustain Energy Rev 144:111018. ISSN 1364-0321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111018. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032121003087)
Simpson GB, Jewitt GPW (2019) The development of the water-energy-food nexus as a framework for achieving resource security: a review. Front Environ Sci 7:8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2019.00008
Snyder H (2019) Literature review as a research methodology: an overview and guidelines. J Bus Res (104):333–339. ISSN 0148-2963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0148296319304564)
Steg L (2008) Promoting household energy conservation. Energy Policy 36:4449–4453. www.elsevier.com/locate/enpol
Surahman U, Hartono D, Setyowati E, Jurizat A (2022) Indonesia during COVID-19 pandemic. Energ Buildings 15:111956
Tacoli C (2019) The urbanization of food insecurity and malnutrition. Environ Urban 31(2):371–374
Tawodzera G, Riley L, Crush J (2016) The return of food: poverty and urban food security in Zimbabwe after the crisis. AFSUN Food Security Series 2016(22)
Terrapon-Pfaff J, Ortiz W, Dienst C, Gröne MC (2018) Energising the WEF nexus to enhance sustainable development at local level. J Environ Manag 223:409–416
Tindan PO, Singh JA, Tracy CS, Upshur REG, Daar AS, Singer PA et al (2007) Grand challenges in global health: community engagement in research in developing countries. PLoS Med 4(9):e273. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0040273
Togo M, Gandidzanwa CP (2021) The role of Education 5.0 in accelerating the implementation of SDGs and challenges encountered at the University of Zimbabwe. Int J Sustain Higher Edu. ISSN: 1467-6370
Toole S, Klocker N, Head L (2016) Re-thinking climate change adaptation and capacities at the household scale. Climatic Change: An Interdiscip Int J Devoted Description Causes Implications Clim Change 135(2):203–209
Udmale P, Pal I, Szabo S, Pramanik M, Large A (2020) Global food security in the context of COVID-19: a scenario-based exploratory analysis. Prog Disaster Sci 7:100120. ISSN 2590-0617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2020.100120. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590061720300570)
Wade AA, Grant A, Karasaki S, Smoak R, Cwiertny D, Wilcox AC, Yung L, Sleeper K, Anandhi A (2020) Developing leaders to tackle wicked problems at the nexus of food, energy, and water systems. Elem Sci Anth 8:11. https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.407
Walters S, Openjuru G (2014) Knowledge, engagement and higher education in Africa higher education in the world 5. This chapter is devoted to Sub-Saharan Africa following the UNESCO regional classification. IV.2
Wang Q, Huang R (2021) The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on sustainable development goals – a survey. Environ Res 202:111637. ISSN 0013-9351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111637. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935121009312)
Yomo M, Mourad KA, Gnazou MDT (2019) Examining water security in the challenging environment in Togo, West Africa. Water 11:231. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11020231. www.mdpi.com/journal/water
Yonemitsu A, Njenga M, Iiyama M, Shusuke M (2014) Household fuel consumption based on multiple fuel use strategies: a case study in Kibera slums. APCBEE Procedia 10:331–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcbee.2014.10.062
Youtie J, Shapira P (2008) Building an innovation hub: a case study of the transformation of university roles in regional technological and economic development. Res Policy 37:1188–1204
Yuan M, Lin H, Wu H, Yu M, Tu J, Lü Y (2021) Community engagement in public health: a bibliometric mapping of global research. Arch Public Health 79:6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-021-00525-3
Zografos C, Anguelovski I, Grigorova M (2016) When exposure to climate change is not enough: exploring heatwave adaptive capacity of a multi-ethnic, low-income urban community in Australia. Urban Clim 17:248–265
Zvobgo L, Do P (2020) COVID-19 and the call for ‘Safe Hands’: challenges facing the under-resourced municipalities that lack potable water access – a case study of Chitungwiza municipality, Zimbabwe. Water Res X(9):100074. ISSN 2589-9147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100074. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589914720300347)
Acknowledgments
Prof M Togo would like to acknowledge Unisa for the research development leave which enabled this research to be undertaken and the writing of this article to be possible.
Disclaimer
The views, opinions, findings, conclusions and recommendations expressed in this chapter are strictly those of the authors, and do not reflect the official position of Unisa.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Gandidzanwa, C.P., Togo, M. (2024). Impact of COVID-19 on Water, Energy, and Food Resources and the Role of Engaged Research in Implementation of SDGs. In: Abubakar, I.R., da Silva, I., Pretorius, R., Tarabieh, K. (eds) SDGs in Africa and the Middle East Region. Implementing the UN Sustainable Development Goals – Regional Perspectives. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17465-0_94
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17465-0_94
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-17464-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-17465-0
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Earth and Environmental Sciences