Abstract
Air pollution remains a leading environmental health challenge facing the world today. Besides, air pollution is also driving global warming and climate change. The purpose of this chapter was to evaluate the status of air quality monitoring and management in Zimbabwe through a bibliometric review. A search on an online database Scopus was conducted for the period 1990–2021 yielding a total of 25 air quality studies. Further analysis was performed within the VOS Viewer Software indicating that the majority of studies were done in the capital city of Harare. Furthermore, this chapter noted that presently there is no existing continuous air quality monitoring network in Zimbabwe that can facilitate evidence-based policy formulation. This therefore presents an opportunity for both the public and private sectors to invest in the field of air quality monitoring and management to enhance appropriate intervention strategies to assist in the fulfilment of Sustainable Development Goals number 3.9. Furthermore, to enhance better understanding on air quality information and education, there is a need to devise platforms which are easily accessible by community members. With the high cell phone penetration in Zimbabwe can take advantage of this digital platform to educate communities on both indoor and ambient air pollution. At the moment such an educational platform does not exist in Zimbabwe; therefore, the majority of community members are unaware of the sources of emissions and the human health and environmental impacts.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abel SJ, Haywood JM, Highwood EJ, Li J, Buseck PR (2003) Evolution of biomass burning aerosol properties from an agricultural fire in southern Africa. Geophys Res Lett 30(15):10–13. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017342
Agrawal G, Mohan D, Rahman H (2021) Ambient air pollution in selected small cities in India: observed trends and future challenges. IATSS Res 45(1):19–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iatssr.2021.03.004
Akinola MO, Lekonpane M, Dada EO (2017) Air quality management in Botswana. Clean Air J 27(1):43–47
Albayati N, Waisi B, Al-Furaiji M, Kadhom M, Alalwan H (2021) Effect of COVID-19 on air quality and pollution in different countries. J Transp Health 21(March):101061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2021.101061
Altieri, K. E & Keen S.L.2019.Public Health benefits of reducing exposure to ambient fine particulate matter in South Africa. Sci Total Environ (684) 610–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.355
Alvarez MC, Hourcade R, Lefebvere B, Pilot E (2020) A scoping review on air quality monitoring, policy and health in West African cities. Int J Environ Res Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17239151
Anenberg SC, Belova A, Brandt J, Medina S, Panday K, Roos J, Dingenen RV (2016) Survey of ambient air pollution health risk assessment tools. Risk Anal 36(9):1718–1736. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12540
Antonel J, Chowdhury Z (2014) Measuring ambient particulate matter in three cities in Cameroon Africa. Atmos Environ 95:344–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.06.053
Awokola BI, Okello G, Mortimer KJ, Jewel CP, Erhart A, Semple S (2020) Measuring air quality for advocacy in Africa (MA3): feasibility and practicality of longitudinal ambient PM2.5 measurement using low-cost sensors. Int J Environ Res Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1719743
Baral BD, Thapa K (2021) Effect of the COVID-19 lockdown on ambient air quality in major cities of Nepal. J Health Pollut 11(29):210211. https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-11.29.210211
Bauwens M, Compernolle S, Stavrakou T, Muller JF, van Gent J, Eskes H, Levelt PF, van der A R, Veefkind JP, Vlietinck J, Yu H, Zehner C (2020) Impact of coronavirus outbreak on NO2 pollution assessed using TROPOMI and OMI observations. Geophys Res Lett 47(11):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087978
Bond TC, Doherty SJ, Fahey DW, Forster PM, Berntsen T, DeAngelo BJ, Flanner MG, Ghan S, Kärcher B, Koch D, Kinne S, Kondo Y, Quinn PK, Sarofim MC, Schultz MG, Schulz M, Venkataraman C, Zhang H, Zhang S, Bellouin N, Guttikunda SK, Hopke PK, Jacobson MZ, Kaiser JW, Klimont Z, Lohmann U, Schwarz JP, Shindell D, Storelvmo TS, Warren G, Zender CS (2013) Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: a scientific assessment. J Geophys Res 118:5380–5552. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50171
Boys BL, Martin RV, van Donkelaar A, MacDonell RJ, Hsu NC, Cooper MJ, Yantosca RM, Lu Z, Streets DG, Zhang Q, Wang SW (2014) Fifteen-year global time series of satellite-derived fine particulate matter. Environ Sci Technol 48(19):11109–11118. https://doi.org/10.1021/es502113p
Brauer M, Amann M, Burnett RT, Cohen A, Dentener F, Ezzati M, Henderson SB, Kryzanowski M, Martin RV, Dingenen RV, van Donkelaar A, Thurston GD (2011) Exposure assessment for estimation of the global burden of disease attributable to outdoor air pollution. Environ Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1021/es2025752
Brauer M, Amann M, Burnett RT, Cohen A, Dentener F, Ezzati M, Henderson SB, Krzyzanowski M, Martin RV, Van Dingenen R, Van Donkelaar A (2012) Exposure assessment for estimation of the global burden of disease attributable to outdoor air pollution. Environ Sci Technol 46(2):652–660
Briones-Bitar J, Carrion-Mero P, Montalvan-Burbano N, Morante-Carballo F (2020) Rockfall research: bibliometric analysis and future trends. Geosci J 10:403. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10100403
Cersosimo A, Serio C, Masiello G (2020) Tropomi nitrogen dioxide tropospheric column data: regridding to 1km grid and assessment of their consistency with in-situ surface observations. Remote Sens 12(2212)
Chiloane KE, Beukes JP, van Zyl PG, Maritz P, Vakkari V, Josipovic M, Venter AD, Jaars K, Tiitta P, Kulmala M, Wiedensohler A, Liousse C, Mkhatshwa GV, Ramandh A, Laakso L (2017) Spatial, temporal and source contribution assessments of black carbon over the northern interior of South Africa. Atmos Chem Phys 17(10):6177–6196. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6177-2017
Das S, Harshvardhan H, Bian H, Chin M, Curci G, Protonotariou AP, Mielonen T, Zhang K, Wang H, Liu X (2017) Biomass burning aerosol transport and vertical distribution over the South African-Atlantic region. J Geophys Res 122(12):6391–6415. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD026421
Dong L, Chen B, Huang Y, Song Z, Yang T (2021) Analysis on the characteristics of air pollution in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. Atmos 12(2):1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12020205
Doumbia EHT, Liousse C, Galy-Lacaux C, Ndiaye SA, Diop B, Ouafo M, Assamoi EM, Gardrat E, Castera P, Rosset R, Akpo A, Sigha L (2012) Real time black carbon measurements in West and Central Africa urban sites. Atmos Environ 54(January 2019):529–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.02.005
Gautam D, Bolia NB (2020) Air pollution: impact and interventions. Air Qual Atmos Health 13(2):209–223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-019-00784-8
Georgoulias AK, van der A JR, Stammes P, Boersma KF, Eskes HJ (2019) Trends and trend reversal detection in 2 decades of tropospheric NO2 satellite observations. Atmos Chem Phys 19(9):6269–6294. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6269-2019
Grajales JF, Baquero-Bernal A (2014) Inference of surface concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in Colombia from tropospheric columns of the ozone measurement instrument (OMI). Atmosfera 27(2):193–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0187-6236(14)71110-5
Gwimbi P (2017) Monitoring sulphur dioxide emission trends and perceived health risks from PGM smelting at Selous metallurgical complex in Zimbabwe. Int J Equity Health 16(200)
Haywood LK, Wright CY (2019) Private sector contribution to SDG 3: health and Well-being – a South African case study. S Afr J Sci 115(9–10):2018–2020. https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2019/6452
He Q, Qin K, Cohen JB, Loyola D, Li D, Shi J, Xue Y (2019) Spatially and temporally coherent reconstruction of tropospheric NO2 over China combining OMI and GOME-2B measurements. Environ Res Lett 15(12). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abc7df
Health Effects Institute (2020) State of Global Air 2020. Special Report, Boston, MA Health Effects Institute
Hodnebrog O, Myhre G, Forster P, Sillmann J, Samset BH (2016) Local biomass burning is a dominant cause of the observed precipitation reduction in southern Africa. Nat Commun 7. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11236
Holanda BA, Pöhlker ML, Walter D, Saturno J, Sörgel M, Ditas J, Ditas F, Schulz C, Franco MA, Wang Q, Donth T, Artaxo P, Barbosa HMJ, Borrmann S, Braga R, Brito J, Cheng Y, Dollner M, Kaiser JW, Klimach T, Knote C, Krüger OO, Fütterer D, Lavrič JV, Ma N, Machado LAT, Ming J, Morais FG, Paulsen H, Sauer D, Schlager H, Schneider J, Su H, Weinzierl B, Walser A, Wendisch M, Ziereis H, Zöger M, Pöschl U, Andreae MO, Pöhlker C (2020) Influx of African biomass burning aerosol during the Amazonian dry season through layered transatlantic transport of black carbon-rich smoke. Atmos Chem Phys 20(August 2019):4757–4785
Hua J, Zhang Y, de Foy B, Mei X, Shang J, Zhang Y, Sulaymon ID, Dandan Z (2021) Improved PM2.5 concentration estimates from low-cost sensors using calibration models categorized by relative humidity. Aerosol Sci Technol 55(5):600–613. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2021.1873911
Iyer HS, DeVille NV, Stoddard O, Cole J, Myers SS, Li H, Elliott EG, Jimenez MP, James P, Golden CD (2021) Sustaining planetary health through systems thinking: public health’s critical role. SSM Popul Health 15(April):100844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100844
Jacobson MZ (2016) Strong radiative heating due to mixing state of black carbon in atmospheric aerosol mixing state of black carbon in atmospheric aerosols. Nature 409(January 2001):695–697
Joss MK, Eeftens M, Gintowt E, Kappeler R, Kunzili N (2017) Time to harmonise national ambient air quality standards. Int J Public Health 2017(62):453–462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-017-0952-y
Kang S, Zhang Y, Qian Y, Wang H (2020) A review of black carbon in snow and ice and its impact on the cryosphere. Earth Sci Rev 210(August):103346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103346
Kasim OF, Abshare MW, Mukuna TE, Wahab B (2018) Land use and ambient air quality in Bahir Dar and Hawassa, Ethiopia. Air Soil Water Res 11. https://doi.org/10.1177/1178622117752138
Kgabi NA (2012) Air quality policy and scientific research in Southern Africa. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment
Kim SW, Cho C, Rupakheti M (2021) Estimating contributions of black and brown carbon to solar absorption from aethalometer and AERONET measurements in the highly polluted Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Atmos Res 247(April 2020):105164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105164
Krotkov NA, Lamasal LN, Celarier EA, Swarttz WH, Marchenko SV, Buscsela EJ, Chan KI, Wenig M, Zara M (2017) The version 3 OMI NO2 standard product. Atmos Meas Tech 10(9):3133–3149. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-3133-2017
Kumari P, Toshniwal D (2020) Impact of lockdown on air quality over major cities across the globe during COVID-19 pandemic. Urban Clim 34(September). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2020.100719
Kuvarega AT, Taru P (2008) Ambient dust speciation and metal content variation in TSP, PM10, PM2.5, in urban atmospheric air of Harare (Zimbabwe). Environ Monit Assess 144:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0436-x
Lamsal L, Krotkov N, Vasilkov AP, Marchenko S, Qin W, Yang E, Fasncht Z, Joanna J, Choi S, Haffner DP, Swartz WH, Fisher B, Bucsela EJ (2020) OMI/Aura nitrogen dioxide standard product with improved surface and cloud treatments. Atmos Meas Tech Discuss (June):1–56. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2020-200
Landrigan PJ, Fuller R, Acosta NJR, Adeyi O, Arnold R, Basu N, Balde AB, Bertollini R, Bose-O’Reilly S, Boufford J, Breysse PN, Chile T, Mahidol C, Coll-Seck AM, Cropper ML, Fobil J, Fuster V, Greenstone M, Haines A, Hanrahan D (2018a) The lancet commission on pollution and health. Lancet 2018(391):462–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32345-0
Landrigan P, Fuller R, Haines A, Watts N, Mc Carthy G (2018b) Pollution prevention and climate change mitigation: measuring the health benefits of comprehensive interventions. Lancet Planet Health 2(12):e515–e516. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30226-2
Lelieveld J, Evans JS, Fnais M, Giannadaki D, Pozzer A (2015) The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale. Nature 525:367–371. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15371
Lerma ZO, Cardenas CR, Friedrich MM, Stremme W, Bezanilla A, Arellano EJ, Grutter M (2021) Evaluation of omi no2 vertical columns using max-doas observations over Mexico city. Remote Sens 13(4):1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040761
Lim SS et al (2016) Measuring the health-related sustainable development goals in 188 countries: a baseline analysis from the global burden of disease study 2015. Lancet 388(10053):1813–1850. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31467-2
Liu JY, Fujimori S, Takahashi K, Hasegawa T, Wu W, Geng Y, Takakura J, Masui T (2020) The importance of socioeconomic conditions in mitigating climate change impacts and achieving sustainable development goals. Environ Res Lett 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abcac4
Manisalidis I, Stavropoulou E, Stavropoulos A, Bezirtzoglo E (2020) Environmental and health impacts of air pollution: a review. Front Public Health 8(February):1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00014
Mapira J (2015) Air pollution in Zimbabwe: an environmental health challenge. J Soc Sci Res 1(9):1750–1758
Marchenko S, Krotkov NA, Lamsal LN, Celarier EA, Swartz WH, Bucsela EJ (2015) Revising the slant column density retrieval of nitrogen dioxide observed by the ozone monitoring instrument. J Geophys Res 120(11):5670–5692. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022913
Massagué J, Contreras J, Campos A, Alastuezy A, Querol X (2021) 2005–2018 trends in ozone peak concentrations and spatial contributions in the Guadalquivir Valley, southern Spain. Atmos Environ 254(March):118385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118385
Matandirotya NR (2021) Research trends in the field of ambient air quality monitoring and management in South Africa: a bibliometric review. Environ Chall. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2021.100263
Matandirotya NR, Burger RP (2021) Spatiotemporal variability of tropospheric NO2 over four megacities in Southern Africa: implications for transboundary regional air pollution. Environ Chall. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2021.100271
Mbow-Diokhane A (2019) Air quality in African cities. In: Mboup G, Oyelaran-Oyeyinka B (eds) Smart economy in smart African cities. Advances in 21st century human settlements. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3471-9_9
Middelburg JJ, Nieuwenhuize J, Van Breugel P (1999) Black carbon in marine sediments. Mar Chem 65(3–4):245–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(99)00005-5
Miller RM, McFarquhar GM, Rauber RM, O'Brien JR, Gupta S, Segal-Rozenhaimer M, Dobracki AN, Sedlacek AJ, Burton SP, Howell SG, Freitag SG, Dang C (2021) Observations of Supermicron-sized aerosols originating from biomass burning in South Central Africa. Atmos Chem Phys Disc, (May)
Mishra V (2003) Indoor air pollution from biomass combustion and acute respiratory illness in preschool age children in Zimbabwe. Int J Epidemiol 32(5):847–853. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyg240
Morgan WT, Allan JD, Bauguitte S, Darbyshire E, Flynn MJ, Lee J, Liu D, Johnson B, Haywood J, Longo KM, Artaxo PE, Coe H (2020) Transformation and ageing of biomass burning carbonaceous aerosol over tropical South America from aircraft in situ measurements during SAMBBA. Atmos Chem Phys 20(9):5309–5326. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-5309-2020
Mujuru M, McCrindle R, Zvinowanda C, Marce M (2012) Air quality monitoring in metropolitan Harare, Zimbabwe. Environ Anal Toxicol 2(3)
Oluleye A, Folorunsho A (2020) Black carbon pollution simulations: a RegCM4 model projection and assessment during the boreal winter and summer over West Africa region. Model Earth Syst Environ 0123456789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-00976-7
Otmani A, Benchrif A, Tahri M, Bounakhla M, Chakir EM, Bouch ME, Krombi M (2020) Impact of Covid-19 lockdown on PM10, SO2 and NO2 concentrations in Salé City (Morocco). Sci Total Environ 735(2):139541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139541
Pathakoti M et al (2020) An assessment of the impact of a nation-wide lockdown on air pollution – a remote sensing perspective over India. Atmos Chem Phys Discuss 0002(February):1–16. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-621
Pereira SN, Wagner F, Silva AM (2012) Long term black carbon measurements in the southwestern Iberia Peninsula. Atmos Environ 57:63–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.04.050
Pino-Cortés E, Diaz LA, Cubillos F, Cereceda-Balic F, Santander R, Fu JS, Carrasco S, Acosta J (2021) The black carbon dispersion in the southern hemisphere and its transport and fate to Antarctica, an Anthropocene evidence for climate change policies. Sci Total Environ 778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146242
Pradhan P, Costa L, Rybski D, Luccht W, Kropp JP (2017) A systematic study of sustainable development goal (SDG) interactions. Earth Future 5(11):1169–1179. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017EF000632
Qin K, Han X, Li D, Xu J, Xue Y, Loyola D, Zhou X, Zhang K, Ding L, Yuan L (2020) Satellite-based estimation of surface NO2 concentrations over east-Central China: A comparison of POMINO and OMNO2d data. Atmos Environ 224(2):117322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117322
Qu Z, Jacob DJ, Silvern RF, Shah V, Campbell PC, Valin LC, Murray LT (2021) US COVID-19 shutdown demonstrates importance of background NO2 in inferring NOx emissions from satellite NO2 observations. Geophys Res Lett 48(10):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL092783
Rafaj P, Kiesewettera G, Gülb T, Schöppa W, Cofalaa J, Klimonta Z, Purohita P, Heyesa C, Amanna M, Borken-Kleefelda J, Cozzi L (2018) Outlook for clean air in the context of sustainable development goals. Glob Environ Chang 53(August):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.08.008
Rushingabigwi G, Nsengiyumva P, Sibomana L, Twizere C, Kalisa W (2020) Analysis of the atmospheric dust in Africa: the breathable dust’s fine particulate matter PM2.5 in correlation with carbon monoxide. Atmos Environ 224(August 2019):117319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117319
Sahu LK, Kondo Y, Moteki N, Takegawa N, Zhao Y, Cubison MJ, Jimenez JL, Vay S, Diskin GS, Wisthaler A, Mikoviny T, Huey LG, Weinheimer AJ, Knapp DJ (2012) Emission characteristics of black carbon in anthropogenic and biomass burning plumes over California during ARCTAS-CARB 2008. J Geophys Res Atmos 117(16):1–20. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD017401
Seidman G (2017) Does SDG 3 have an adequate theory of change for improving health systems performance? J Glob Health 7(1):1–7. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.07.010302
Shaddick G, Thomas ML, Mudu P, Ruggeri G, Gumy S (2020) Half the world’s population are exposed to increasing air pollution. NPJ Clim Atmos Sci 3(1):1–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-020-0124-2
Shaddick G, Salter JM, Peuch VH, Ruggeri G, Thomas ML, Mudu P, Tarasova O, Baklanov A, Gumy SG (2021) Global air quality: an inter-disciplinary approach to exposure assessment for burden of disease analyses. Atmos 12(1):1–12
Shupler M, Hystad P, Birch A, Miller-Lionberg D, Jeronimo M, Arku RE, Chu YE, Mushtaha M, Heenan L, Rangarajan S, Seron P, Lanas F, Cazor F, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Camacho PA, Perez M, Yeates K, West N, Ncube T, Ncube B, Chifamba J, Rita Y, Khan A, Hu B, Liu X, Wei L, Tse LA, Mohan D, Kumar P, Gupta R, Mohan I, Jayachitra KG, Mony PK, Rammohan K, Nair S, Lakshmi PVM, Sagar V, Khawaja R, Iqbal R, Kazmi K, Yusuf S, Brauer M (2020) Household and personal air pollution exposure measurements from 120 communities in eight countries: results the PURE-AIR study. Lancet Planet Health 4(10):e451–e462. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30197-2
Statutory Instrument 72 of 2009 (2009) Environmental management (atmospheric pollution control regulations, 2009. Available at http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/zim181839.pdf
Sweileh WM, Al-Jabi SW, Sawalha AF, AbuTaha AS, Zyoud SH (2016) Bibliometric analysis of publication on campylobacter: (2000-2015). J Health Popul Nutr 35:39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-016-0076-7
Sweileh WM, Al-Jabi SW, Zyoud SH, Sawalha AF (2018) Outdoor air pollution and respiratory health. A bibliometric analysis of publications in peer-reviewed journals (1900-2017). Multidiscip Respir Med 2018:13–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40248-018-0128-5
Tummon F, Solomon F, Liousse C, Tadross M (2010) Simulation of the direct and semidirect aerosol effects on the southern Africa regional climate during the biomass burning season. J Geophys Res Atmos 115(19):1–20. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013738
Wakunuma K, Jiya T, Aliyu S (2020) Socio-ethical implications of using AI in accelerating SDG3 in least developed countries. J Respon Technol 4(October):100006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrt.2020.100006
Wang Q, Su M (2020) A preliminary assessment of the impact of COVID-19 on environment – a case study of China. Sci Total Environ 728:138915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138915
World Health Organization (2016) Ambient air pollution: a global assessment of exposure and burden of disease. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/250141
World Health Organisation (2018) Ambient (outdoor) air pollution. Available at https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health?
Yaacoub E, Kadri A, Mushtahan M, Abu-Dayya A (2013) Air quality monitoring and analysis in Qatar using a wireless sensor deployment. IEEE
Zhan C, Xie M, Liu J, Wang T, Xu M, Chen B, Li B, Zhuang B (2021) Surface ozone in the Yangtze River Delta, China: a synthesis of basic features, meteorological driving factors, and health impacts. J Geophys Res Atmos 126(6):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD033600
Zhao J, Liu J, Shan M, Liang S, Cui C, Chen L, Gao S, Mao J, Zhang H, Sun Y, Ma Z, Yu S (2021) Characteristics, potential regional sources and health risk of black carbon based on ground observation and MERRA-2 reanalysis data in a coastal city, China. Atmos Res 256(December 2020):105563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105563
Zheng Y, Jiang F, Feng S, Cei Z, Shen Y, Ying C, Wang X, Liu Q (2021) Long-range transport of ozone across the eastern China seas: a case study in coastal cities in southeastern China. Sci Total Environ 768:144520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144520
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the Nelson Mandela University, South Africa, the Centre for Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience at Kgotso Development Trust, University of Zimbabwe, and the Environmental Management Agency, Zimbabwe, for availing facilities and material resources to conduct the study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Matandirotya, N.R., Dangare, T., Matandirotya, E., Handizvihwe, G., Chikurira, A. (2024). State of Air Quality in Zimbabwe: A Link to SDG 3.9. In: Abubakar, I.R., da Silva, I., Pretorius, R., Tarabieh, K. (eds) SDGs in Africa and the Middle East Region. Implementing the UN Sustainable Development Goals – Regional Perspectives. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17465-0_92
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17465-0_92
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-17464-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-17465-0
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Earth and Environmental Sciences