Filial Piety Scale and Traditional Chinese Values

Abstract

As a cornerstone in Confucianism, filial piety is the basic ethic governing intergenerational and, by extension, superior-subordinate relationships in Chinese societies. A literature review of filial attitudes and behavior reveals three areas in which clarification is needed: (a) intergenerational differences within families indicative of cultural change; (b) the strength of attitude-behavior relations across specific filial demands; and (c) determinants of filial piety and traditional behavior. Additionally, research on how filial piety relates to other traditional Chinese values is lacking. The Filial Piety Scale and Traditional Chinese Values have been developed and demonstrated satisfactory reliability and validity. Traditional filial piety appears on the decline and may no longer commands absolute observance as it did in the past. Subsequent developments are discussed around the following thematic foci: the impact of filial piety on various domains of life; relations between filial piety and other traditional Chinese values; and the value of within-family studies in charting changes in cultural values. The Filial Piety Scale and Traditional Chinese Values included in the appendices have been employed by researchers working in diverse academic disciplines and geographical locations.

Appendices

Appendix A: Filial Piety Scale

Adapted from:

Ho, D. Y. F. (1994). Filial piety, authoritarian moralism, and cognitive conservatism in Chinese societies. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 120, 347–365.

『孝』 量表

這裏有些關於孝道的問題，希望知道你對它們的意見如何。這些問題無所謂『對』 與 『不對』 的，所以按著自己個人的意見作答。 請勿漏答任何一題。

請你每題只選下列一個意見:

• 非常贊同

• 贊同

• 有點贊同(贊同程度高於不贊同)

• 有點不贊同

• 不贊同

• 非常不贊同

項目		非常 贊同	贊同	有點贊同	有點不贊同	不贊同	非常不贊同
1	對父母不合理的責罵，子女可以提出抗議。	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞
2	「父仇不共戴天。」	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞
3	如果有理由的話，可委托養老院供養年老的父母。	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞
4	為了盡孝，任何犧牲都是值得的。	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞
5	父母在生時，子女不該遠遊。	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞
6	子女選擇結婚對象，不必聽從 「父母之命」。	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞
7	子女不應做危險的事，主要是免父母擔憂。	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞
8	做父母的，不應干涉子女選擇職業的自由。	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞
9	子女要報答父母的大恩大德，好像蒼天那樣無窮無盡。	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞
10	「養兒防老」 不應再是生兒育女的主要目的。	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞
11	無論父母為人如何，子女都一定要尊敬他們。	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞
12	父親過身後，子女要依著他生前立身處世的宗旨和態度做人。	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞
13	如果妻子和母親發生爭執，做丈夫的應該勸導妻子聽從母親。	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞
14	父母死後，子女不一定要完成他們未完成的事情。	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞
15	「揚名聲，顯父母」 不應是努力求上進最主要的原因。	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞
16	按時按候拜祭祖先，是子女的先決責任。	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞
17	傳宗接代，並不是結婚的主要目的。	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞
18	子女有事不一定要請教父母，可自作主張。	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞
19	子女不一定要敬重父母所敬愛的人。	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞
20	雖然父母在生，子女成年後自己用勞力賺的錢，都是屬于自己的。	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞
21	「罪莫大于不孝。」	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞
22	做子女的，無論如何都要服從父母。	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞

1. 備註: 負項目為1, 3, 6, 8, 10, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20 (不應讓受訪者知道)

Filial Piety Scale (English)

Adapted from:

Ho, D. Y. F. (1994). Filial piety, authoritarian moralism, and cognitive conservatism in Chinese societies. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 120, 347–365.

The following items are concerned with filial piety. We would like to know what your opinions are on these items. There are no “right” or “wrong” answers. So, respond according to your own personal opinions. Please do not skip any item.

For each item, select only one of the following alternatives:

• Strongly agree

• Agree

• Mildly agree (agreement stronger than disagreement)

• Mildly disagree

• Disagree

• Strongly disagree

• 1. Sons and daughters may protest against being unreasonably scolded by their parents.

• 2. There is no place under the sun for both oneself and the enemy of one’s father.

• 3. If there is a reason for doing so, one may rely on an old people’s home to provide for one’s aged parents.

• 4. Any sacrifice is worthwhile for the sake of filial piety.

• 5. Sons and daughters should not go to faraway places while their parents are still living.

• 6. In choosing a spouse, sons and daughters need not follow “the parents’ command.”

• 7. The main reason for sons and daughters not to do dangerous things is avoid getting their parents worried.

• 8. Parents should not interfere with their children’s freedom to choose a vocation.

• 9. The great debt that you have to repay your parents is as boundless as the sky.

• 10. “Rearing sons to provide for oneself in one’s old age” should no longer be the main purpose of raising children.

• 11. No matter how their parents conduct themselves, sons and daughters must respect them.

• 12. After the father has passed away, sons and daughters must conduct themselves according to the principles and attitudes he followed while he was still living.

• 13. If there is a quarrel between one’s wife and one’s mother, the husband should advise his wife to listen to his mother.

• 14. After their parents have passed away, sons and daughters do not necessarily have to finish the business left unfinished by their parents.

• 15. “Spreading one’s fame to glorify one’s parents” should not be the most important reason for getting ahead.

• 16. To worship their ancestors regularly on the proper occasions is the primary duty of sons and daughters.

• 17. To continue the family line is not the primary purpose of marriage.

• 18. Sons and daughters do not necessarily have to seek parental advice and may make their own decisions.

• 19. Sons and daughters do not necessarily have to respect the people respected and loved by their parents.

• 20. After children have grown up, all the money they earn through their own labor belongs to themselves, even though their parents are still living.

• 21. “There is no crime worse than being unfilial.”

• 22. As a son or daughter, one must obey one’s parents no matter what.

Notes

Items are scored on a seven-point scale ranging from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 7 (Strongly Agree), with 4 omitted. Negative items are scored in the reverse direction. After reverse scoring, the total score is obtained by adding the scores of all 22 items. The higher the score, the stronger the attitude toward Confucian filial piety.

Scoring for positive items

• 1 = Strongly disagree

• 2 = Disagree

• 3 = Mildly disagree

• 4 = Omitted

• 5 = Mildly agree

• 6 = Agree

• 7 = Strongly agree

Reverse for negative (N) items (negatively worded items should not be made known to the respondents). There are 11 negative items: 1, 3, 6, 8, 10, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, and 20.

Appendix B: Traditional Chinese Values

Adapted from:

Ho, D. Y. F., Xie, W., Liang, X., & Zeng, L. (2012). Filial piety and traditional Chinese values: A study of high and mass cultures. PsyCh Journal, 1, 40–55.

中國傳統價值觀

编号:_______

性别:_______

年龄:_______

我们希望通过这份问卷知道你对下列每项有关信念或价值的题目有何意见。 不同的人对这些价值或意见或会有不同的看法。 因此，没有所谓 「正确」 或「不正确」的，请按你自己的个人意见作答。 谢谢您的合作

以下题目均为单选，在回答每题时，请您在您认为最合适的答案的标号上打“✓”。

□非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

(“有点赞同”的赞同程度高于不赞同)

****************请勿漏答任何一题***************

• 1. 就是正人君子，也不必要排除一切邪念。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 2. 当有什么事争持不下时，应该请辈份最高的人来主持公道。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 3. 子女不一定要敬重父母所敬爱的人。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 4. 青年男女在某些场合(如联欢会、郊游)，随便谈笑，大叫大唱，坐立无定，并非是放荡的表现。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 5. 正派的女子，不可穿着暴露性的服装。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 6. 一个人的举止，若老是要循规蹈矩的话，便是过份的拘束了。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 7. 世风日下，就是因为人们已经离弃了圣贤的遗训。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 8. 按时按候拜祭祖先，是子女的先决责任。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 9. 无论怎样贫穷，做人也要知足。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 10. 跟异性打情骂俏，并非一定是轻浮的表现。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 11. 圣贤遗教，不应视为永恒不变的真理。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 12. 对女子而言，贞节比她的生命更为重要。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 13. 绝对的奉公守法，有时不但不需要，而且会增长专政的危机。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 14. 最值得我们效法的，是古人的榜样。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 15. 中国的礼教，对人伦关系，是过分的约束了。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 16. 一个人没有理由需要毕生只效忠同一主人。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 17. “食不言，寝不语”，是不必要的约束。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 18. 不忠于丈夫的妻子，应受刑罚。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 19. 儒家孔孟的学说，不足以解救当今国家社会的难题。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 20. 要得到功名富贵，有读书机会，便应埋头苦干，努力用功。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 21. 父亲过世后，子女要依着他生前立身处世的宗旨和态度做人。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 22. 长辈的话，做晚辈的要句句听从。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 23. 如果妻子和母亲发生争执，做丈夫的应该劝导妻子听从母亲。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 24. 上级/长辈无权干涉下级/晚辈的私事。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 25. 除了父母、丈夫/妻子、和兄弟姊妺外，切勿进入异性的睡房。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 26. 和男性一样，女性也有权得到性欲的满足。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 27. 国家首领的话，便是最高指示。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 28. 子女选择结婚对象，不必听从「父母之命」。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 29. 移情别恋是最没有良心的。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 30. 丈夫死后，妻子大可再婚。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 31. 在强暴势力的压迫之下，与其听天由命，不如反抗。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 32. 人生恶劣的遭遇，乃天命使然，若要挣扎，亦是无补于事的。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 33. 对待儿童应与对成人一样的守信。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 34. 好男不当兵。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 35. 把女性当为无知、次等的弱者，是一种偏见。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 36. 俗语有谓:「欺生不欺熟。」我们最好只与熟人交易。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 37. 遇到有财有势的人，无论谁是谁非，都要避免与他们争斗。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 38. 女性未尝不可参与政治。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 39. 在一个机构里，凭人事关系来处理求职升迁等事，无异公私不分，应彻底铲除。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 40. 儿童自幼便应该养成独立自主的精神。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 41. 在政府机构里，为了获得一些方便，给官员们一点钱，不算是什么坏事。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 42. 以「劳力」为生，并不比「劳心」的低一等。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 43. 肥水不流别人田。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 44. 小孩子做错事，长辈教训他们时，仍然不要伤害他们的自尊心。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 45. 与自己毫无亲戚故旧关系的人，大可不必关照。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 46. 当了官而没有发财，真可说是不晓把握机会。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 47. 亲人犯了法，理应加以维护。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 48. 做戏子并不是低贱的职业。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 49. 需要时擅自挪用公物是无伤大雅的。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 50. 国家政事有政府来处理，普通公民不必操心。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 51. 只理会与自己有切身关系的事情，不是应有的态度。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 52. 女孩子长大后终会外嫁，所以生男总比生女划算。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 53. 小孩子发问时，成人当满足他们的好奇心，解答他们的问题。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 54. 到政府机关去办手续，得到官员的服务是公民的权利，而不是求情。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 55. 男性的地位高于女性，是理所当然的。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 56. 见到什么不公平的事情，为了避免麻烦，惹祸上身，还是“少管闲事”为佳。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 57. 长辈有错，坦白向晚辈承认未尝不可。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 58. 享用社会权利的先后，不能因个人地位高低而异。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 59. 和男性一样，女性当注意学识的增进。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

• 60. 大富大贵的人应可免除对国家义务(如服役等)的优待。

  • □非常赞同 □赞同 □有点赞同 □有点不赞同 □不赞同 □非常不赞同

Traditional Chinese Values (English)

Adapted from:

Ho, D. Y. F., Xie, W., Liang, X., & Zeng, L. (2012). Filial piety and traditional Chinese values: A study of high and mass cultures. PsyCh Journal, 1, 40–55.

The following items concern people’s beliefs and values. Different people have different opinions on these items. We would like to know what your opinion is on each item. There are no “right” or “wrong” answers. So respond according to your own personal opinion. Please do not skip any item.

For each item, circle one and only one of the following alternatives:

• Strongly disagree

• Disagree

• Mildly disagree

• Mildly agree (agreement stronger than disagreement)

• Agree

• Strongly agree

• 1. Even for the upright man of virtue, there is no necessity to get rid of all impure thoughts. (SCC, N)

• 2. When a dispute cannot be settled, the person with the highest generational rank should be asked to arbitrate. (AR)

• 3. Sons and daughters do not necessarily have to respect the people respected and loved by their parents. (FP, N)

• 4. In some situations (e.g., parties and picnics), it is not being dissolute for young men and women to talk and laugh freely, yell and sing loudly, and not sit still. (SCC, N)

• 5. Proper women may not wear clothes that expose too much of their body. (WM)

• 6. It would be overly constrictive for a person to always follow rules and conform to convention. (SCC, N)

• 7. Morals are declining day by day because people have abandoned the teachings of sages. (TC)

• 8. To worship their ancestors regularly on the proper occasions is the primary duty of sons and daughters. (FP)

• 9. No matter how poor, one must still be contented. (PCA)

• 10. Flirting with the opposite sex is not necessarily a manifestation of shallowness. (SCC, N)

• 11. The teachings of sages should not be regarded as everlasting, unchanging truth. (TC, N)

• 12. To women, virginity is more important than life. (WM)

• 13. To be absolutely law abiding is sometimes not only unnecessary but also liable to increase the danger of dictatorship. (SCC, N)

• 14. What is most worthy of our emulation are examples set by the ancients. (TC)

• 15. Chinese propriety is overly constrictive for interpersonal relationships. (SCC, N)

• 16. There is no reason why one must remain loyal to only one master throughout one’s lifetime. (PO, N)

• 17. “To refrain from talking while eating or sleeping” is an unnecessary restriction. (SCC, N)

• 18. Criminal punishment ought to be administered to unfaithful wives. (WM)

• 19. Confucianism cannot be relied upon to solve the present difficulties of our country and society. (TC, N)

• 20. In order to gain wealth and fame, one should study mightily hard when there is a chance. (MP)

• 21. After the father has passed away, sons and daughters must conduct themselves according to the principles and attitudes he followed while he was still living. (FP)

• 22. As members of a younger generation, people should listen to every word of their elders. (AR)

• 23. If there is a quarrel between one’s wife and one’s mother, the husband should advise his wife to listen to his mother. (FP)

• 24. Superiors and elders have no right to interfere with the private affairs of their subordinates or members of a younger generation. (AR, N)

• 25. One must not enter the bedroom of the opposite sex, other than that of one’s parents, spouse, or siblings. (SCC)

• 26. Just like men do, women have the right to sexual satisfaction. (WM, N)

• 27. The word of a country’s leader is the highest directive. (PO)

• 28. In choosing a spouse, sons and daughters need not follow “the parents’ command.” (FP, N)

• 29. It is most unconscionable to transfer one’s love for one person toward another. (MP)

• 30. After the husband has passed away, the wife may remarry. (WM, N)

• 31. Under tyrannical oppression, it would be better to resist than to leave it to fate. (PO, N)

• 32. The misfortune that befalls a person is a matter of fate; it would be futile to struggle against it. (FS)

• 33. One should keep one’s promise to children in the way that one would to adults. (CT, N)

• 34. Respectable men do not become soldiers. (SD)

• 35. To regard women as ignorant, inferior weaklings is a kind of prejudice. (WS, N)

• 36. It is commonly said: “The stranger, not the acquainted, is mistreated.” It would be best for us to deal only with those we know well. (FC)

• 37. When we meet wealthy and powerful people, we must avoid fighting with them no matter who is right or wrong. (SD)

• 38. There is no reason why women cannot participate in politics. (WS, N)

• 39. Dealing with matters such as hiring, promotion, and transferring personnel in an organization on the basis of personal relationships is no different from failing to separate public and private interests, and should be thoroughly eradicated. (PPO, N)

• 40. From their early years, children should cultivate a spirit of independence and self-mastery. (CT, N)

• 41. Giving money to officials in a government organization for the sake of expediency is not to be regarded as a bad thing. (PPO)

• 42. Earning a living through manual labor is not inferior to doing so through mental labor. (SD, N)

• 43. Let not fertile water flow into someone else’s field. (FC)

• 44. When reprimanding children for doing wrong, the older generation must, nevertheless, avoid hurting their self-respect. (CT, N)

• 45. It is quite all right not to care for people who are neither old acquaintances nor relatives. (FC)

• 46. It can be said that an official who fails to get rich really does not know how to seize an opportunity. (PPO)

• 47. It is reasonable to protect one’s kinsmen who have violated the law. (PPO)

• 48. To be an actor is not a mean occupation. (SD, N)

• 49. There is nothing serious in taking public property without permission for one’s own use, when the need arises. (PPO)

• 50. The government is there to manage the affairs of the state, with which ordinary citizens do not have to concern themselves. (PO)

• 51. It is an improper attitude to be concerned only with matters directly related to oneself. (PPO, N)

• 52. Girls will be married off sooner or later after growing up; hence, it is more advantageous to have sons than daughters. (WS)

• 53. When children have something to ask, adults should answer their questions in order to satisfy their curiosity. (CT, N)

• 54. Going to a government organization to get something done and obtaining the service of officials is the right of citizens and not asking for favors. (PO, N)

• 55. It is natural and reasonable for men to have higher status than women. (WS)

• 56. When we come across something unjust, it is still better to “mind one’s own business” so as to avoid trouble and misfortune befalling upon us. (PCA)

• 57. There is no reason why elders cannot admit their mistakes frankly to the younger generation. (AR, N)

• 58. The enjoyment of social rights cannot be prioritized, depending on whether one has high or low status. (SD, N)

• 59. Like men, women ought to pay attention to advancing their knowledge. (WS, N)

• 60. Very wealthy and high-class people should have the privilege of not being required to fulfill their obligations to the state (e.g., conscription). (SD)

Notes

The Ideal Values Scale comprises items 1–30; the Folk Values Scale comprises items 31–60. Each scale has 15 negative (N) items. FP = Filial Piety, SCC = Social Control and Conformity, AR = Authority Relations, TC = Traditionalism-Culturocentrism, WM = Women’s Morality, MP = Model Person, PCA = Passivity and Conflict Avoidance, FC = Familism-Clanism, PO = Political Orientation, CT = Child Training, SD = Status Distinctions, FS = Fatalism-Superstition, PPO = Public-Private Orientation, and WS = Women’s Status.

Which items are negatively worded items should not be made known to respondents; neither should the abbreviated names of scales (e.g., PF, SCC).

Items are scored on a seven-point scale ranging from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 7 (Strongly Agree), with 4 omitted:

• 1 = Strongly disagree

• 2 = Disagree

• 3 = Mildly disagree

• 4 = Omitted

• 5 = Mildly agree

• 6 = Agree

• 7 = Strongly agree

Negative items are scored in the reverse direction. After reverse scoring, the total score for Traditional Chinese Values is obtained by adding the scores of all 60 items; the total score for the Ideal Values Scale is the sum of the first 30 items (1–30); and the total score for the Folk Values Scale is the sum of the last 30 items (31–60). The higher the score, the stronger the attitude toward traditional Chinese values.