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Permanent Magnet Materials and Applications

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Handbook of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials

Abstract

A permanent magnet (PM) is able to carry a macroscopic magnetization whose magnitude and direction are persistent and resist applied magnetic fields opposite or transverse to the magnetization. This is understood in terms of the relativistic quantum physics, solid-state physics, and physics of thermodynamically metastable states. Permanent magnetism is also a field of material science because resistance to magnetization reversal is governed by details of the microstructure of the PM material. The mechanisms behind that relationship are not yet well understood. Today hard ferrites represent the lion’s share by mass of the PM shipped worldwide, and Nd-Fe-B materials dominate by value the PM world market. The latter are indispensable for many modern static as well as dynamic applications such as electric motors in industry and household applications, hard disk drives, various automotive applications, wind power, electric bikes, air conditioning, and speakers. The Nd-Fe-B materials are highly critical in terms of resource criticality, which can be explained by a high risk in the raw material supply as well as the great economic importance of the magnet material. Current research tries to reduce the need of heavy rare-earth elements by advanced preparation routes for Nd-Fe-B magnets. Partial substitution of Nd by more available elements such as Ce or La and the search for novel materials, in particular those containing Mn, are expected to fill the gap between the magnetic properties of Nd-Fe-B and ferrites. Novel PM materials with an energy product (BH)max greater than that of sintered Nd-Fe-B are not in sight.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. IFW Dresden, Institute for Metallic Materials, Dresden, Germany

    Karl-Hartmut Müller

  2. Technische Universität Darmstadt, Materialwissenschaft, Darmstadt, Germany

    Simon Sawatzki

  3. Vacuumschmelze GmbH & Co.KG, Hanau, Germany

    Simon Sawatzki

  4. EIT RawMaterials GmbH, Berlin, Germany

    Oliver Gutfleisch

  5. Technische Universität Darmstadt, Materialwissenschaft, Darmstadt, Germany

    Roland Gauß

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  1. Karl-Hartmut Müller
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  2. Simon Sawatzki
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  3. Roland Gauß
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  4. Oliver Gutfleisch
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Correspondence to Oliver Gutfleisch .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Physics, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland

    J. M. D. Coey

  2. Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle (Saale), Germany

    Stuart S.P. Parkin

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Müller, KH., Sawatzki, S., Gauß, R., Gutfleisch, O. (2021). Permanent Magnet Materials and Applications. In: Coey, J.M.D., Parkin, S.S. (eds) Handbook of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63210-6_29

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