Abstract
The use of neutron resonance analysis (NRA) as a nondestructive analysis (NDA) method to determine the overall (bulk) composition of materials is discussed. This can be done by detecting prompt γ-rays, which are emitted after a neutron capture reaction in the object being studied. This technique, known as neutron resonance capture analysis (NRCA), is sensitive to almost all stable nuclides and can be applied to determine the elemental and isotopic composition including trace elements and impurities. It is extensively applied at the time-of-flight (TOF) facilities GELINA and ISIS to study objects and artifacts of archaeological and cultural heritage interest. Another technique, referred to as neutron transmission analysis (NRTA), is based on a measurement of the transmission of neutrons through the object. This is an absolute method that works well for the main elements present in the sample. It is shown that both NRCA and NRTA give consistent and accurate results of bulk compositions.
Hans Postma: deceased.
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Abbreviations
- ANNRI:
-
Accurate neutron-nucleus reaction measurement instruments
- BGO:
-
Bismuth germanium oxide
- CENDL:
-
Chinese evaluated nuclear data library
- CERN:
-
Conseil européen pour la recherche nucléaire (european organisation for nuclear research)
- CSNS:
-
China spallation neutron source
- ENDF:
-
Evaluated nuclear data file
- FGM:
-
Free gas model
- FWHM:
-
Full width at half maximum
- GELINA:
-
Geel linear accelerator
- ICPS:
-
Inductively coupled plasma spectrometry
- INES:
-
(The) Italian neutron experimental station
- JANIS:
-
Java-based nuclear data information system
- JEFF:
-
Joint evaluated fission and fusion nuclear data library
- JENDL:
-
Japanese evaluated nuclear data library
- J-PARC:
-
Japan proton accelerator research complex
- JRC:
-
Joint research centre
- KURRI:
-
Kyoto university research reactor institute
- LANSCE:
-
Los alamos neutron science center
- MLF:
-
Materials and life science experimental facility
- NAA:
-
Neutron activation analysis
- ND:
-
Neutron diffraction
- NDA:
-
Nondestructive analysis
- NEA:
-
Nuclear energy agency
- NMA:
-
National museum of antiquities (RMO)
- NOBORU:
-
Neutron beam-line for observation and research use
- NRA:
-
Neutron resonance analysis
- NRCA:
-
Neutron resonance capture analysis
- NRTA:
-
Neutron resonance transmission analysis
- OECD:
-
Organisation for economic co-operation and development
- PGA:
-
Prompt gamma-ray analysis
- PMT:
-
Photomultiplier
- PSND:
-
Position sensitive neutron detector
- REFIT:
-
Resonance fit
- ROSFOND:
-
Russian national library of neutron data
- RPI:
-
Rensselaer polytechnic institute
- SLBW:
-
Single-level breit-wigner
- TOF:
-
Time of flight
- YAP:
-
Yttrium aluminum perovskite
- YSO:
-
Yttrium oxyorthosilicate
- B:
-
Background
- Bin:
-
Background corresponding to a sample-in TOF spectrum
- Bout:
-
Background corresponding to a sample-out TOF spectrum
- Cin:
-
Sample-in TOF spectrum
- Cout:
-
Sample-out TOF spectrum
- ΔD:
-
Doppler width
- εc:
-
Efficiency to detect a capture event
- εγ:
-
Efficiency to detect a γ-ray
- En:
-
Incident neutron energy
- Eμ:
-
Resonance energy
- F:
-
Self-shielding factor
- Fμ:
-
Self-shielding correction factor for resonance μ
- φ:
-
Neutron fluence rate
- gJ:
-
Spin factor
- Γ:
-
Total resonance width
- Γγ:
-
Capture (or radiation) width
- Γn:
-
Neutron width
- I:
-
Spin of target nucleus
- J:
-
Total angular momentum
- :
-
Orbital angular momentum
- λ:
-
Wavelength
- L:
-
Flight path distance
- Ld:
-
Equivalent distance due to neutron transport in target/moderator
- Lt:
-
Equivalent distance due to neutron transport in the detector
- mn:
-
Neutron rest mass
- mX:
-
Rest mass of nucleus X
- nj:
-
Areal number density
- Nμ:
-
Net area of resonance μ in a capture spectrum
- ηc:
-
Ratio of efficiencies to detect a capture event
- R:
-
Scattering radius
- R(tm,En):
-
Response function for neutron TOF measurements
- R(Lt,En):
-
Response function for neutron TOF measurements expressed in equivalent distance Lt
- Sn:
-
Neutron separation energy
- σ:
-
Cross section
- \( \overline{\sigma} \):
-
Doppler broadened cross section
- σγ:
-
Neutron induced capture cross section
- \( {\overline{\sigma}}_{\gamma } \):
-
Doppler broadened capture cross section
- σn:
-
Neutron elastic scattering cross section
- \( {\overline{\sigma}}_n \):
-
Doppler broadened elastic scattering cross section
- σtot:
-
Total cross section
- \( {\overline{\sigma}}_{tot} \):
-
Doppler broadened total cross section
- td:
-
Time difference between the moment of detection and the moment the neutron enters the detector or sample
- tt:
-
Time that a neutron spends in the target/moderator assembly
- tm:
-
Experimentally observed time difference between stop and start signal
- T:
-
Target temperature
- Teff:
-
Effective temperature (FGM)
- θD:
-
Debye temperature
- T0:
-
Stop signal (TOF measurements)
- Ts:
-
Start signal (TOF measurements)
- TLB :
-
Transmission based on Lambert-Beer law
- Texp:
-
Experimentally observed transmission
- TM:
-
Theoretical (model) transmission
- Yc:
-
Capture yield
- Yexp:
-
Experimentally observed capture yield
- YM:
-
Theoretical (model) capture yield
- Y0:
-
Primary capture yield
- Ym:
-
Yield due to scattering followed by neutron capture
- vn:
-
Neutron velocity
- Ψ:
-
Voigt function
- WX:
-
Weight of nucleus X
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Schillebeeckx, P., Postma, H. (2022). Neutron Resonance Analysis Methods for Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Applications. In: D'Amico, S., Venuti, V. (eds) Handbook of Cultural Heritage Analysis. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60016-7_7
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