Skip to main content

LGBTQ+ Communities and US K-12 Schools

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
The Palgrave Handbook of Educational Leadership and Management Discourse
  • 16 Accesses

Abstract

The purpose of this chapter is to examine the extant literature on lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) communities in the United States and the role inclusive laws, policies, and practices play in the lives of K-12 students, educators, social activists, researchers, and sociologists have addressed the diverse needs of LGBTQ+ youth. However, despite nearly three decades of creating safe, welcoming, and inclusive schools across the country, heteronormativity remains the dominant narrative in schools. This chapter begins with a brief overview of contemporary issues facing LGBTQ+ communities, queer theory, and influence of historical events. In conclusion, the author suggests K-12 schools remain part of the solution to creating alliances, culturally responsive language/administrative policies, and historical contexts throughout student learning. The author encourages schools to actively address complicit practices/beliefs/attitudes/policies that often stigmatize LGBTQ+ communities. The author provides a conceptual model to shift from perpetuating anti-LGBTQ+ curricula, policies, and practices to an authentically inclusive LGBTQ+ curriculum in which students learn within a socially just learning community.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adam, B. (1995). The rise of the gay and lesbian movement. New York, NY: Twayne Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aston, J. (2001). Autopsy of hate: Ten years later. Outsmart, 8(6), 64–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bawer, B. (1993). A place at the table: The gay individual in American society. New York, NY: Touchstone Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, H. (1963). Outsiders. New York, NY: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belkin, A., & Bateman, G. (2003). Don’t ask, don’t tell: Debating the gay ban in the military. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Berlant, L., & Freeman, E. (1993). Queer nationality. In M. Warner (Ed.), Fear of a queer planet: Queer politics and social theory (pp. 193–229). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blumenfeld, W., & Raymond, D. (1993). Looking at gay and lesbian life. Boston, MA: Beacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouris, A., Everett, B. G., Health, R. D., Elsaesser, C. E., & Neilands, T. B. (2016). Effects of victimization and violence on suicidal ideation and behaviors among sexual minority and heterosexual adolescents. LGBT Health, 3(2), 153–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campos, D. (2005). Understanding gay and lesbian youth: Lessons for straight school teachers, counselors, and administrators. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Center for American Progress. (2020). The state of the LGBTQ community: A national public opinion study. https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/lgbtq-rights/reports/2020/10/06/491052/state-lgbtq-community-2020/

  • Center for Disease Control. (2021). Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth. https://www.cdc.gov/lgbthealth/youth.htm

  • Clendinen, D., & Nagourney, A. (1999). Out for good: The struggle to build a gay rights movement in America. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coker, T. R., Austin, S. B., & Schuster, M. A. (2010). The health and health care of lesbian, gay, and bisexual adolescents. Annual Review Public Health, 31, 457–477.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cruishank, M. (1992). The gay and lesbian liberation movement. New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Emilio, J. (1983). Sexual politics, sexual communities: The making of a homosexual minority in the United States. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Esseks, J. (2020). Supreme court says firing workers because they are LGBTQ is unlawful discrimination. Retrieved from aclu.org/news/lgbtq-rights

  • Faderman, L. (1981). Surpassing the love of men. London, England: Junction Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, E. S., & Komosa-Hawkins, K. (2013). Creating safe and supportive learning environments: A guide for working with lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning youth and families. New York, NY: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1980). The history of sexuality. New York, NY: Pantheon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gagnon, J., & Simon, W. (1973). Sexual conduct. Chicago, IL: Aldine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gay, Lesbian, Straight Education Network. (2021). National school climate survey. https://www.glsen.org/2021-national-school-climate-survey

  • Griffith, K. H., & Heble, M. R. (2002). Disclosure dilemma for gay men and lesbians: “Coming out” at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(6), 1191–1199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, M. B., & Bliss, G. K. (1997). Coming out in a school setting: Former students’ experiences about disclosure. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services, 7(4), 85–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Issenberg, S. (2021). The engagement: America’s quarter century struggle over same-sex marriage. New York, NY: Pantheon Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kann, L., Olsen, E. O., McManus, T., William, A. H., Shanklin, S., Flint, K., … Zaza, S. (2016). Sex of sexual contacts and health-related behaviors among students in grades 9-12 United States and selected sites. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 65(9), 1–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, J. (1976). Gay American history. New York, NY: T. Y. Crowell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehman, J. R., Diaz, K., Ng, H., Petty, E. M., Thatikunta, M., & Eckstrand, K. (2019). The equal curriculum: The student and educator guide to LGBTQ health. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lesbian and Gay Community Services Center. (1996). The Gay almanac. New York, NY: Berkley Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacGillivray, I. K. (2004). Sexual orientation and school policy: A practical guide for teachers, administration, and community activists. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacGillivray, I. K. (2007). Gay-straight alliances: A handbook for students, educators, and parents. Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacIntosh, M. (1968). The homosexual role. Social Problems, 16, 182–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marcuse, H. (1970). Eros and civilisation. London, England: Allen Lane.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marotta, T. (1981). The politics of homosexuality. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayo, C. (2014). LGBTQ youth and education: Policies and practices. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayo, C. (2017). Gay-straight alliances and associations among youth in schools. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mezy, S. G. (2017). Beyond marriage: Continuing battles for LGBT rights. New York, NY: Roman & Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miceli, M. S. (2005). Standing out, standing together: The social and political impact of gay-straight alliances. New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Conor, A. (1995). Who gets called queer in school: Lesbian, gay, and bisexual teenagers, homophobia in high school. In G. Unks (Ed.), The gay teen: Educational practice and theory for lesbian, gay, and bisexual adolescents (pp. 95–101). New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Shaughnessy, M., Russell, S., Heck, K., Calhoun, C., & Laub, C. (2004). Safe place to learn: Consequences of harassment based on actual or perceived sexual orientation and gender non-conformity and steps for making schools safer. San Francisco, CA: California Safe Schools Coalition.

    Google Scholar 

  • Painter, D., & Young, W. (1996). Lesbian studies syllabi 1982–1994. In B. Zimmerman & T. McNaron (Eds.), The new lesbian studies (pp. 101–107). New York, NY: Feminist Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, D., & Panfil, V. R. (2013). Handbook of LGBT communities, crime, and justice. New York, NY: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plummer, K. (1975). Sexual stigma. London, England: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poteat, V. P., & Espelage, D. L. (2007). Predicting psychosocial consequences of homophobic victimization in middle school students. Journal of Early Adolescence, 27(2), 175–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pottie, L. (1997). Cross-border shopping and niche marketing. College Literature, 24(1), 183–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reich, W. (1962). The sexual revolution. New York, NY: The Noonday Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, D. (1996). Theorising heterosexuality: Telling it straight. Buckingham, England: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, D. (2000). Rethinking sexuality. London, England: SAGE.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, B. A. (2020). Coming out to the streets: LGBTQ youth experiencing homelessness. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ronan, W. (2021). 2021 slated to become worst year for LGBTQ state legislative attacks as unprecedented number of states poised to enact record-shattering number of anti-LGBTQ measures into law. Human Rights Campaign. https://www.hrc.org/press-releases/2021-slated-to-become-worst-year-for-lgbtq-state-legislative-attacks

  • Russell, S. T., Ryan, C., Toomey, R. B., Diaz, R. M., & Sanchez, J. (2011). Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender adolescent school victimization: Implications for young adult health and adjustment. Journal of Health, 81(5), 223–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Samuels, J. (1999). Dangerous liaisons. Cultural Studies, 13(1), 91–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, R. (2019). Stonewall: A building. An uprising. A revolution. New York, NY: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savin-Williams, R. C. (2005). The new gay teenager. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Schur, E. (1965). Crimes without victims. Toronto, ON: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seidman, S. (1993). Identity politics in a post-modern gay culture: Some historical and conceptual notes. In M. Warner (Ed.), Fear of a queer planet: Queer politics and social theory (pp. 105–142). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. E. (1998). The ideology of “fag.” The school experience of gay students. The Sociological Quarterly, 39(2), 309–335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith-Rosenberg, C. (1975). The female world of love and ritual: Relations between women in nineteenth-century America. Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 1(1), 55–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, A. (1996). Virtually normal: An argument about homosexuality. London, England: Picador.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarrow, S. (1994). Power in movement. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Trevor Project. (2021). 2021 National Survey on LGBTQ Youth Mental Health. West Hollywood, CA: The Trevor Project.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trumbach, R. (1977). London’s sodomites. Journal of Social History, 11, 1–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaid, U. (1995). Virtual equality: The mainstreaming of gay and lesbian liberation. New York, NY: Anchor Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walters, S. D. (1996). From here to queer. Signs, 21(4), 830–869.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weeks, J. (1991). Against nature: Essays on history, sexuality and identity. London, England: Rivers Oram Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmer, B., & McNaron, T. (1996). The new lesbian studies. New York, NY: Feminist Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christa Boske .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Boske, C. (2022). LGBTQ+ Communities and US K-12 Schools. In: The Palgrave Handbook of Educational Leadership and Management Discourse. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39666-4_71-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39666-4_71-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-39666-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-39666-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference EducationReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Education

Publish with us

Policies and ethics