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Nanoremediation and Nanobioremediation in Water Treatment: The Search for an Eco-friendly Alternative

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Handbook of Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites for Energy and Environmental Applications

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Abstract

In the last decades, the worldwide industrial activity has increased exponentially and with it the destruction and pollution of the environment. Water from seas and rivers has been especially polluted due to effluents coming from several industries, such as mining, tannery, metallurgical, and electroplating. These effluents contain a great variety of heavy metals: lead, chromium, cadmium, copper, zinc, nickel, mercury, among others. Different removal methods have been used, such as ion exchange, solvent extraction, electrochemical treatment, ultrafiltration, and chemical precipitation; however, most of these are not suitable for the aqueous medium, are not cost-effective, and require high energy to be carried out. Adsorption, on the contrary, is an efficient and low cost technique that can be reversible because some of the adsorbents can be regenerated by desorption. Other eco-friendly and low-cost alternative is the bioremediation that uses material biological as adsorbent material in which a biosorption process takes place.

Within the remediation variants, there are two branches that have gained special attention in recent years: nanoremediation and nanobioremediation. The use of nanoparticles, in water treatment, provides certain advantages over traditional methods, due to its high surface area and reactivity. On the other hand, nanobioremediation is related to eco-friendly materials, which represents a big advantage over the remediation that uses oxide of metallic nanoparticles for the removal of heavy metals; however, the biological nanoparticles still present low removal efficiencies, compared with inorganic nanoparticles.

This chapter examines the advantages and disadvantages related to nanoremediation and nanobioremediation, from synthesis routes, efficiencies, and compatibility with the environment, to reuse capacity.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Laboratorio de Materiales I, Av. Universidad, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico

    Verónica González

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  1. Verónica González
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  1. Department of Chemistry Science, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico

    Oxana Vasilievna Kharissova

  2. Instituto de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico

    Leticia Myriam Torres-Martínez

  3. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico

    Boris Ildusovich Kharisov

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González, V. (2021). Nanoremediation and Nanobioremediation in Water Treatment: The Search for an Eco-friendly Alternative. In: Kharissova, O.V., Torres-Martínez, L.M., Kharisov, B.I. (eds) Handbook of Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites for Energy and Environmental Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36268-3_28

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